<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><channel rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/rss/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3156" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health</title><description> Wiley Online Library : Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health</description><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2F%28ISSN%291365-3156</link><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc</dc:publisher><dc:language xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">en</dc:language><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">© John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd</dc:rights><prism:issn xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">1360-2276</prism:issn><prism:eIssn xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">1365-3156</prism:eIssn><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-07-01T00:00:00-05:00</dc:date><prism:coverDisplayDate xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">July 2013</prism:coverDisplayDate><prism:volume xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">18</prism:volume><prism:number xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">7</prism:number><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">795</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">914</prism:endingPage><image rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/tmi.2013.18.issue-7/asset/cover.gif?v=1&amp;s=6a285ba3d3c34e629f5965c58af725c149a3900d"/><items><rdf:Seq><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12139"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12134"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12135"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12131"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12133"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12132"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12136"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12130"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12129"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12125"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12121"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12127"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12117"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12111"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12108"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02607.x"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12138"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12118"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12119"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12112"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12120"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12105"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12115"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12116"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12103"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12113"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12137"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12114"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12107"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12106"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12110"/></rdf:Seq></items></channel><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12139" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and albuminuria in rural Zambia: a hospital-based survey</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12139</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and albuminuria in rural Zambia: a hospital-based survey</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Jon B. Rasmussen, Jakúp A. Thomsen, Peter Rossing, Shelagh Parkinson, Dirk L. Christensen, Ib C. Bygbjerg</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-14T01:15:24.406534-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12139</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12139</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12139</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12139-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To assess albuminuria in rural Zambia among patients with diabetes mellitus only (DM group), hypertension only (HTN group) and patients with combined DM and HTN (DM/HTN group).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12139-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted at St. Francis Hospital in the Eastern province of Zambia. Albumin–creatinine ratio in one urine sample was used to assess albuminuria. Other information obtained included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>), random capillary glucose, time since diagnosis, medication and family history of DM or HTN.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12139-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>A total of 193 participants were included (DM group: <em>n </em>= 33; HTN group: <em>n</em> = 92; DM/HTN group: <em>n</em> = 68). The participants in the DM group used insulin more frequently as diabetes medication than the DM/HTN group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the DM group was younger and had lower BMI, WC and BP than the two other groups. In the DM group, HTN group and DM/HTN group, microalbuminuria was found in 12.1%, 19.6% and 29.4% (<em>P </em>= 0.11), and macroalbuminuria was found in 0.0%, 3.3% and 13.2% (<em>P</em> = 0.014), respectively. The urine albumin (<em>P</em> = 0.014) and albumin–creatinine ratio (<em>P</em> = 0.0006) differed between the three groups.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12139-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>This hospital-based survey in rural Zambia found a lower frequency of albuminuria among the participants than in previous studies of patients with DM or HTN in urban sub-Saharan Africa.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To assess albuminuria in rural Zambia among patients with diabetes mellitus only (DM group), hypertension only (HTN group) and patients with combined DM and HTN (DM/HTN group).


Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted at St. Francis Hospital in the Eastern province of Zambia. Albumin–creatinine ratio in one urine sample was used to assess albuminuria. Other information obtained included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), random capillary glucose, time since diagnosis, medication and family history of DM or HTN.


Results
A total of 193 participants were included (DM group: n = 33; HTN group: n = 92; DM/HTN group: n = 68). The participants in the DM group used insulin more frequently as diabetes medication than the DM/HTN group (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the DM group was younger and had lower BMI, WC and BP than the two other groups. In the DM group, HTN group and DM/HTN group, microalbuminuria was found in 12.1%, 19.6% and 29.4% (P = 0.11), and macroalbuminuria was found in 0.0%, 3.3% and 13.2% (P = 0.014), respectively. The urine albumin (P = 0.014) and albumin–creatinine ratio (P = 0.0006) differed between the three groups.


Conclusion
This hospital-based survey in rural Zambia found a lower frequency of albuminuria among the participants than in previous studies of patients with DM or HTN in urban sub-Saharan Africa.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12134" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Promoting skin-to-skin care for low birthweight babies: findings from the Ghana Newhints cluster-randomised trial</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12134</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Promoting skin-to-skin care for low birthweight babies: findings from the Ghana Newhints cluster-randomised trial</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Linda Vesel, Augustinus H.A. ten Asbroek, Alexander Manu, Seyi Soremekun, Charlotte Tawiah Agyemang, Eunice Okyere, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Zelee Hill, Betty R Kirkwood</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-03T06:16:24.999894-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12134</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12134</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12134</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12134-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To evaluate whether the Newhints home visits intervention increased the adoption of skin-to-skin care (SSC), in particular, among low birthweight (LBW) (&lt;2.5 kg) babies.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12134-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>A cluster-randomised trial, with 49 Newhints zones and 49 control zones, was conducted in seven districts in the Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. It included all live births between November 2008 and December 2009. In Newhints zones, existing community-based surveillance volunteers were trained to conduct home visits during which they weighed babies and counselled mothers of LBW babies on SSC. Performance of any SSC and SSC for more than 2 h was evaluated.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12134-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Of 15,615 live births, 68.5% had recorded birthweights; 10.1% were LBW. Any SSC was 19.4% higher among babies in Newhints <em>vs</em>. control zones (risk ratio, RR: 1.81; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.40–2.35). Performance of SSC for more than 2 h was, however, low, at only 7.5%, although more than double compared with control zones (RR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.80–4.10). LBW babies visited and weighed by a volunteer were more likely to receive SSC (P<sub>A</sub><sub>ny</sub> = 0.005; <em>P</em> <sub>&gt;</sub> <sub>2 h</sub> = 0.021), greater for LBW babies, particularly for more than 2 h of SSC (P<sub>interaction</sub> = 0.050).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12134-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Newhints successfully promoted the uptake of SSC in rural Ghana. Although findings are encouraging, promotion in rural community settings in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging. Lessons learned can help shape SSC promotion in efforts to increase adoption and save newborn lives.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To evaluate whether the Newhints home visits intervention increased the adoption of skin-to-skin care (SSC), in particular, among low birthweight (LBW) (&lt;2.5 kg) babies.


Methods
A cluster-randomised trial, with 49 Newhints zones and 49 control zones, was conducted in seven districts in the Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. It included all live births between November 2008 and December 2009. In Newhints zones, existing community-based surveillance volunteers were trained to conduct home visits during which they weighed babies and counselled mothers of LBW babies on SSC. Performance of any SSC and SSC for more than 2 h was evaluated.


Results
Of 15,615 live births, 68.5% had recorded birthweights; 10.1% were LBW. Any SSC was 19.4% higher among babies in Newhints vs. control zones (risk ratio, RR: 1.81; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.40–2.35). Performance of SSC for more than 2 h was, however, low, at only 7.5%, although more than double compared with control zones (RR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.80–4.10). LBW babies visited and weighed by a volunteer were more likely to receive SSC (PAny = 0.005; P &gt; 2 h = 0.021), greater for LBW babies, particularly for more than 2 h of SSC (Pinteraction = 0.050).


Conclusion
Newhints successfully promoted the uptake of SSC in rural Ghana. Although findings are encouraging, promotion in rural community settings in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging. Lessons learned can help shape SSC promotion in efforts to increase adoption and save newborn lives.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12135" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Disengagement from care in a decentralised primary health care antiretroviral treatment programme: cohort study in rural South Africa</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12135</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Disengagement from care in a decentralised primary health care antiretroviral treatment programme: cohort study in rural South Africa</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Portia C. Mutevedzi, Richard J. Lessells, Marie-Louise Newell</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-03T05:45:32.106164-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12135</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12135</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12135</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12135-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To determine rates of, and factors associated with, disengagement from care in a decentralised antiretroviral programme.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12135-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Adults (≥16 years) who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Hlabisa HIV Treatment and Care Programme August 2004–March 2011 were included. Disengagement from care was defined as no clinic visit for 180 days, after adjustment for mortality. Cumulative incidence functions for disengagement from care, stratified by year of ART initiation, were obtained; competing-risks regression was used to explore factors associated with disengagement from care.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12135-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>A total of 4,674 individuals (median age 34 years, 29% male) contributed 13 610 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for mortality, incidence of disengagement from care was 3.4 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–3.8). Estimated retention at 5 years was 61%. The risk of disengagement from care increased with each calendar year of ART initiation (<em>P</em> for trend &lt;0.001). There was a strong association between disengagement from care and higher baseline CD4+ cell count (subhazard ratio (SHR) 1.94 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and 2.35 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) for CD4+ cell count 150–200 cells/μl and &gt;200 cells/μl respectively, compared with CD4 count &lt;50 cells/μl). Of those disengaged from care with known outcomes, the majority (206/303, 68.0%) remained resident within the local community.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12135-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Increasing disengagement from care threatens to limit the population impact of expanded antiretroviral coverage. The influence of both individual and programmatic factors suggests that alternative service delivery strategies will be required to achieve high rates of long-term retention.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To determine rates of, and factors associated with, disengagement from care in a decentralised antiretroviral programme.


Methods
Adults (≥16 years) who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Hlabisa HIV Treatment and Care Programme August 2004–March 2011 were included. Disengagement from care was defined as no clinic visit for 180 days, after adjustment for mortality. Cumulative incidence functions for disengagement from care, stratified by year of ART initiation, were obtained; competing-risks regression was used to explore factors associated with disengagement from care.


Results
A total of 4,674 individuals (median age 34 years, 29% male) contributed 13 610 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for mortality, incidence of disengagement from care was 3.4 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–3.8). Estimated retention at 5 years was 61%. The risk of disengagement from care increased with each calendar year of ART initiation (P for trend &lt;0.001). There was a strong association between disengagement from care and higher baseline CD4+ cell count (subhazard ratio (SHR) 1.94 (P &lt; 0.001) and 2.35 (P &lt; 0.001) for CD4+ cell count 150–200 cells/μl and &gt;200 cells/μl respectively, compared with CD4 count &lt;50 cells/μl). Of those disengaged from care with known outcomes, the majority (206/303, 68.0%) remained resident within the local community.


Conclusions
Increasing disengagement from care threatens to limit the population impact of expanded antiretroviral coverage. The influence of both individual and programmatic factors suggests that alternative service delivery strategies will be required to achieve high rates of long-term retention.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12131" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Experimental comparison of pathogenic potential of two sibling species Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii in Wistar rat</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12131</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Experimental comparison of pathogenic potential of two sibling species Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii in Wistar rat</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">María del Carmen Romero, Adela Valero, María Concepción Navarro-Moll, Joaquina Martín-Sánchez</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-03T04:49:43.069488-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12131</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12131</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12131</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12131-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>There are little data available on the pathology caused by the sibling species <em>Anisakis simplex</em> s.s. and <em>Anisakis pegreffii</em>. The differences shown in their ability to penetrate the muscle of fish may also be manifested in humans. The purpose of this study is to confirm possible differences in pathogenicity between <em>A. simplex</em> s.s. and <em>A. pegreffii</em> using an experimental model which simulates infection in humans.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12131-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Female Wistar rats were infected with 190 <em>Anisakis</em> type I L3 larvae from the Iberian coastline. After the animal was sacrificed, these L3 larvae were then recovered and identified via PCR-RFLP of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. A logistic regression analysis was performed searching for association between experimental pathogenic potential and species.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12131-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>The distribution of <em>A. simplex</em> s.s. and <em>A. pegreffii</em> between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters of the Iberian Peninsula showed statistically significant differences (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) which were not observed in the hybrid genotypes (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.3). 21.6% showed pathogenic potential, interpreted as the capacity of the larvae to cause lesions, stick to the gastrointestinal wall or penetrate it. The species variable showed association with the pathogenic role of the larva (<em>P</em> = 0.008). Taking <em>A. simplex</em> s.s. as our reference, the OR for <em>A. pegreffii</em> is 0.351 (<em>P</em> = 0.028).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12131-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Despite this difference, <em>A. pegreffii</em> is also capable of causing anisakiasis, being responsible for 14.3% of the penetrations of the gastric mucosa found in rats, which justifies both species being considered aetiologic agents of this parasitic disorder.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
There are little data available on the pathology caused by the sibling species Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii. The differences shown in their ability to penetrate the muscle of fish may also be manifested in humans. The purpose of this study is to confirm possible differences in pathogenicity between A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii using an experimental model which simulates infection in humans.


Methods
Female Wistar rats were infected with 190 Anisakis type I L3 larvae from the Iberian coastline. After the animal was sacrificed, these L3 larvae were then recovered and identified via PCR-RFLP of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. A logistic regression analysis was performed searching for association between experimental pathogenic potential and species.


Results
The distribution of A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters of the Iberian Peninsula showed statistically significant differences (P &lt; 0.001) which were not observed in the hybrid genotypes (P &gt; 0.3). 21.6% showed pathogenic potential, interpreted as the capacity of the larvae to cause lesions, stick to the gastrointestinal wall or penetrate it. The species variable showed association with the pathogenic role of the larva (P = 0.008). Taking A. simplex s.s. as our reference, the OR for A. pegreffii is 0.351 (P = 0.028).


Conclusions
Despite this difference, A. pegreffii is also capable of causing anisakiasis, being responsible for 14.3% of the penetrations of the gastric mucosa found in rats, which justifies both species being considered aetiologic agents of this parasitic disorder.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12133" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Applying the ICMJE authorship criteria to operational research in low-income countries: the need to engage programme managers and policy makers</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12133</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Applying the ICMJE authorship criteria to operational research in low-income countries: the need to engage programme managers and policy makers</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">R. Zachariah, T. Reid, R. Bergh, A. Dahmane, R. J. Kosgei, S. G. Hinderaker, K. Tayler-Smith, M. Manzi, W. Kizito, M. Khogali, A. M. V. Kumar, B. Baruani, A. Bishinga, A. M. Kilale, M. Nqobili, G. Patten, A. Sobry, E. Cheti, A. Nakanwagi, D. A. Enarson, M. E. Edginton, R. Upshur, A. D. Harries</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-30T01:40:32.051136-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12133</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12133</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12133</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Editorial</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[]]></content:encoded><description/></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12132" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Village registers for vital registration in rural Malawi</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12132</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Village registers for vital registration in rural Malawi</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">E. Singogo, E. Kanike, M. Lettow, F. Cataldo, R. Zachariah, K. Bissell, A. D. Harries</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-30T01:40:30.657658-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12132</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12132</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12132</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Short Communication</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>Paper-based village registers were introduced 5 years ago in Malawi as a tool to measure vital statistics of births and deaths at the population level. However, usage, completeness and accuracy of their content have never been formally evaluated. In Traditional Authority Mwambo, Zomba district, Malawi, we assessed 280 of the 325 village registers with respect to (i) characteristics of village headmen who used village registers, (ii) use and content of village registers, and (iii) whether village registers provided accurate information on births and deaths. All village headpersons used registers. There were 185 (66%) registers that were regarded as 95% completed, and according to the registers, there were 115 840 people living in the villages in the catchment area. In 2011, there were 1753 births recorded in village registers, while 6397 births were recorded in health centre registers in the same catchment area. For the same year, 199 deaths were recorded in village registers, giving crude death rates per 100 000 population of 189 for males and 153 for females. These could not be compared with death rates in health centre registers due to poor and inconsistent recording in these registers, but they were compared with death rates obtained from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey that reported 880 and 840 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that village registers are a potential source for vital statistics. However, considerable inputs are needed to improve accuracy of births and deaths, and there are no functional systems for the collation and analysis of data at the traditional authority level. Innovative ways to address these challenges are discussed, including the use of solar-powered electronic village registers and mobile phones, connected with each other and the health facilities and the District Commissioner's office through the cellular network and wireless coverage.</p></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>

Paper-based village registers were introduced 5 years ago in Malawi as a tool to measure vital statistics of births and deaths at the population level. However, usage, completeness and accuracy of their content have never been formally evaluated. In Traditional Authority Mwambo, Zomba district, Malawi, we assessed 280 of the 325 village registers with respect to (i) characteristics of village headmen who used village registers, (ii) use and content of village registers, and (iii) whether village registers provided accurate information on births and deaths. All village headpersons used registers. There were 185 (66%) registers that were regarded as 95% completed, and according to the registers, there were 115 840 people living in the villages in the catchment area. In 2011, there were 1753 births recorded in village registers, while 6397 births were recorded in health centre registers in the same catchment area. For the same year, 199 deaths were recorded in village registers, giving crude death rates per 100 000 population of 189 for males and 153 for females. These could not be compared with death rates in health centre registers due to poor and inconsistent recording in these registers, but they were compared with death rates obtained from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey that reported 880 and 840 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that village registers are a potential source for vital statistics. However, considerable inputs are needed to improve accuracy of births and deaths, and there are no functional systems for the collation and analysis of data at the traditional authority level. Innovative ways to address these challenges are discussed, including the use of solar-powered electronic village registers and mobile phones, connected with each other and the health facilities and the District Commissioner's office through the cellular network and wireless coverage.
</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12136" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Seroprevalence of dengue in the general population of Hong Kong</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12136</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Seroprevalence of dengue in the general population of Hong Kong</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Constance LH Lo, Shea Ping Yip, Polly HM Leung</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-30T01:40:22.184133-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12136</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12136</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12136</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12136-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>To assess the extent of dengue virus exposure in the population.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12136-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>In this seroepidemiological study, 685 blood samples were collected (from April 2007 to July 2009) from two subject groups: (i) 344 samples from anonymous blood donors of the Hong Kong Red Cross and (ii) 341 samples from healthy volunteers recruited from a university, a community centre and a hospital. Demographic information and travel history were collected for the second subject group. All blood samples were subjected to the PanBio Dengue IgG Indirect ELISA.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12136-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Anti-dengue virus IgG was detected in 1.6% of the blood samples. Individuals who visited countries in Southeast Asia in the past year were significantly associated with seropositivity (<em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.03, OR 5.38, CI 1.13–25.54).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12136-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>The overall dengue seroprevalence was 1.6%, and visit to Southeast Asia was the only independent predictor for seropositivity. Although the current situation is not alarming, frequent travel, presence of mosquito vector and emergence of local cases suggest that the risk of dengue virus infection within the local community cannot be overlooked, and continuous vigilance is warranted.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
To assess the extent of dengue virus exposure in the population.


Methods
In this seroepidemiological study, 685 blood samples were collected (from April 2007 to July 2009) from two subject groups: (i) 344 samples from anonymous blood donors of the Hong Kong Red Cross and (ii) 341 samples from healthy volunteers recruited from a university, a community centre and a hospital. Demographic information and travel history were collected for the second subject group. All blood samples were subjected to the PanBio Dengue IgG Indirect ELISA.


Results
Anti-dengue virus IgG was detected in 1.6% of the blood samples. Individuals who visited countries in Southeast Asia in the past year were significantly associated with seropositivity (P = 0.03, OR 5.38, CI 1.13–25.54).


Conclusions
The overall dengue seroprevalence was 1.6%, and visit to Southeast Asia was the only independent predictor for seropositivity. Although the current situation is not alarming, frequent travel, presence of mosquito vector and emergence of local cases suggest that the risk of dengue virus infection within the local community cannot be overlooked, and continuous vigilance is warranted.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12130" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Myanmar: results of 7 years of deworming</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12130</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Myanmar: results of 7 years of deworming</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Aung Tun, Su Mon Myat, Albis Francesco Gabrielli, Antonio Montresor</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-24T04:55:34.708992-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12130</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12130</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12130</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>After a baseline survey in 2003 which showed an overall parasitological prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths of 69.7% in school children (prevalence of ascariasis 48.5%, prevalence of trichuriasis 57.5% and prevalence of hookworm infection 6.5), a national deworming programme was established. After 7 years of implementation, it had resulted in a significant reduction of STH prevalence (prevalence of any STH 21%, prevalence of ascariasis 5.8%, prevalence of trichuriasis 18.6% and prevalence of hookworm infection 0.3%) as well as a reduction of the infections of moderate-heavy intensity from 18.5% at baseline to less than 7%. The results are encouraging and a reduction of the frequency of deworming can be envisaged in two of four ecological areas of Myanmar.</p></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>

After a baseline survey in 2003 which showed an overall parasitological prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths of 69.7% in school children (prevalence of ascariasis 48.5%, prevalence of trichuriasis 57.5% and prevalence of hookworm infection 6.5), a national deworming programme was established. After 7 years of implementation, it had resulted in a significant reduction of STH prevalence (prevalence of any STH 21%, prevalence of ascariasis 5.8%, prevalence of trichuriasis 18.6% and prevalence of hookworm infection 0.3%) as well as a reduction of the infections of moderate-heavy intensity from 18.5% at baseline to less than 7%. The results are encouraging and a reduction of the frequency of deworming can be envisaged in two of four ecological areas of Myanmar.
</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12129" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Prevalence of PTSD and depression, and associated sexual risk factors, among male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12129</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Prevalence of PTSD and depression, and associated sexual risk factors, among male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Judith Harbertson, Michael Grillo, Eugene Zimulinda, Charles Murego, Terry Cronan, Susanne May, Stephanie Brodine, Marcellin Sebagabo, Maria Rosario G. Araneta, Richard Shaffer</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-22T01:55:36.835813-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12129</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12129</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12129</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12129-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>To assess depression and PTSD prevalence among the Rwanda Defense Forces (RDF) and evaluate whether sexual risk behaviour, STIs, HIV and alcohol use were significantly higher among those who screened positive.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12129-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Consenting active-duty male RDF personnel, aged ≥21 years, completed an anonymous sexual risk survey linked to HIV rapid testing that included standardised assessments for PTSD (PCL-M), depression (CES-D) and alcohol use (AUDIT). PTSD and depression prevalence were calculated (data available for 1238 and 1120 participants, respectively), and multivariable regression analyses were conducted.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12129-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>22.5% screened positive for depression, 4.2% for PTSD and 3.4% for both. In adjusted analyses, odds of either depression or PTSD were significantly higher in participants reporting STI symptoms (OR = 2.27, 2.78, respectively) and harmful alcohol use (OR = 3.13, 3.21, respectively). Sex with a high-risk sex partner, lower rank and never deploying were also significantly associated with depression in adjusted analyses.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12129-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Nearly one-fourth of RDF participants screened positive for PTSD or depression, which impacts sexual risk behaviour, HIV acquisition risk and military readiness. Findings may extend to other deploying militaries and provide additional evidence of an association between mental health status and sexual risk behaviour. Effective mental health treatment interventions that also include alcohol use assessments, STI identification/treatment and sexual risk behaviour reduction are needed.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
To assess depression and PTSD prevalence among the Rwanda Defense Forces (RDF) and evaluate whether sexual risk behaviour, STIs, HIV and alcohol use were significantly higher among those who screened positive.


Methods
Consenting active-duty male RDF personnel, aged ≥21 years, completed an anonymous sexual risk survey linked to HIV rapid testing that included standardised assessments for PTSD (PCL-M), depression (CES-D) and alcohol use (AUDIT). PTSD and depression prevalence were calculated (data available for 1238 and 1120 participants, respectively), and multivariable regression analyses were conducted.


Results
22.5% screened positive for depression, 4.2% for PTSD and 3.4% for both. In adjusted analyses, odds of either depression or PTSD were significantly higher in participants reporting STI symptoms (OR = 2.27, 2.78, respectively) and harmful alcohol use (OR = 3.13, 3.21, respectively). Sex with a high-risk sex partner, lower rank and never deploying were also significantly associated with depression in adjusted analyses.


Conclusions
Nearly one-fourth of RDF participants screened positive for PTSD or depression, which impacts sexual risk behaviour, HIV acquisition risk and military readiness. Findings may extend to other deploying militaries and provide additional evidence of an association between mental health status and sexual risk behaviour. Effective mental health treatment interventions that also include alcohol use assessments, STI identification/treatment and sexual risk behaviour reduction are needed.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12125" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12125</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-18T01:54:09.626716-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12125</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12125</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12125</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>A meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide/tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) (MenAfriVac<sup>™</sup>) is being deployed in countries of the African meningitis belt. Experience with other polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccines has shown that an important part of their success has been their ability to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage and hence to stop transmission and induce herd immunity. If PsA-TT is to achieve the goal of preventing epidemics, it must be able to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage as well as invasive meningococcal disease and whether PsA-TT can prevent pharyngeal carriage needs to be determined. To address this issue, a consortium (the African Meningococcal Carriage (MenAfriCar) consortium) was established in 2009 to investigate the pattern of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt prior to and after the introduction of PsA-TT. This article describes how the consortium was established, its objectives and the standardised field and laboratory methods that were used to achieve these objectives. The experience of the MenAfriCar consortium will help in planning future studies on the epidemiology of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt and elsewhere.</p></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>

A meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide/tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) (MenAfriVac™) is being deployed in countries of the African meningitis belt. Experience with other polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccines has shown that an important part of their success has been their ability to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage and hence to stop transmission and induce herd immunity. If PsA-TT is to achieve the goal of preventing epidemics, it must be able to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage as well as invasive meningococcal disease and whether PsA-TT can prevent pharyngeal carriage needs to be determined. To address this issue, a consortium (the African Meningococcal Carriage (MenAfriCar) consortium) was established in 2009 to investigate the pattern of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt prior to and after the introduction of PsA-TT. This article describes how the consortium was established, its objectives and the standardised field and laboratory methods that were used to achieve these objectives. The experience of the MenAfriCar consortium will help in planning future studies on the epidemiology of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt and elsewhere.
</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12121" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>An ambulance referral network improves access to emergency obstetric and neonatal care in a district of rural Burundi with high maternal mortality</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12121</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">An ambulance referral network improves access to emergency obstetric and neonatal care in a district of rural Burundi with high maternal mortality</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">K. Tayler-Smith, R. Zachariah, M. Manzi, W. Boogaard, G. Nyandwi, T. Reid, E. Plecker, V. Lambert, M. Nicolai, S. Goetghebuer, B. Christiaens, B. Ndelema, A. Kabangu, J. Manirampa, A. D. Harries</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-18T01:52:51.637637-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12121</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12121</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12121</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12121-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>In 2006, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) established an emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) referral facility linked to an ambulance referral system for the transfer of women with obstetric complications from peripheral maternity units in Kabezi district, rural Burundi. This study aimed to (i) describe the communication and ambulance service together with the cost; (ii) examine the association between referral times and maternal and early neonatal deaths; and (iii) assess the impact of the referral service on coverage of complicated obstetric cases and caesarean sections.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12121-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Data were collected for the period January to December 2011, using ambulance log books, patient registers and logistics records.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12121-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>In 2011, there were 1478 ambulance call-outs. The median referral time (time from maternity calling for an ambulance to the time the patient arrived at the MSF referral facility) was 78 min (interquartile range, 52–130 min). The total annual cost of the referral system (comprising 1.6 ambulances linked with nine maternity units) was € 85 586 (€ 61/obstetric case transferred or € 0.43/capita/year). Referral times exceeding 3 h were associated with a significantly higher risk of early neonatal deaths (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.2). MSF coverage of complicated obstetric cases and caesarean sections was estimated to be 80% and 92%, respectively.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12121-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>This study demonstrates that it is possible to implement an effective communication and transport system to ensure access to EmONC and also highlights some of the important operational factors to consider, particularly in relation to minimising referral delays.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
In 2006, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) established an emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) referral facility linked to an ambulance referral system for the transfer of women with obstetric complications from peripheral maternity units in Kabezi district, rural Burundi. This study aimed to (i) describe the communication and ambulance service together with the cost; (ii) examine the association between referral times and maternal and early neonatal deaths; and (iii) assess the impact of the referral service on coverage of complicated obstetric cases and caesarean sections.


Methods
Data were collected for the period January to December 2011, using ambulance log books, patient registers and logistics records.


Results
In 2011, there were 1478 ambulance call-outs. The median referral time (time from maternity calling for an ambulance to the time the patient arrived at the MSF referral facility) was 78 min (interquartile range, 52–130 min). The total annual cost of the referral system (comprising 1.6 ambulances linked with nine maternity units) was € 85 586 (€ 61/obstetric case transferred or € 0.43/capita/year). Referral times exceeding 3 h were associated with a significantly higher risk of early neonatal deaths (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.2). MSF coverage of complicated obstetric cases and caesarean sections was estimated to be 80% and 92%, respectively.


Conclusion
This study demonstrates that it is possible to implement an effective communication and transport system to ensure access to EmONC and also highlights some of the important operational factors to consider, particularly in relation to minimising referral delays.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12127" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Provision of bednets and water filters to delay HIV-1 progression: cost-effectiveness analysis of a Kenyan multisite study</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12127</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Provision of bednets and water filters to delay HIV-1 progression: cost-effectiveness analysis of a Kenyan multisite study</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Eli Kern, Stéphane Verguet, Krista Yuhas, Frederick H. Odhiambo, James G. Kahn, Judd Walson</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-10T01:01:43.730758-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12127</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12127</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12127</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12127-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To estimate the effectiveness, costs and cost-effectiveness of providing long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and point-of-use water filters to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected adults and their family members, in the context of a multisite study in Kenya of 589 HIV-positive adults followed on average for 1.7 years.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12127-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>The effectiveness, costs and cost-effectiveness of the intervention were estimated using an epidemiologic-cost model. Model epidemiologic inputs were derived from the Kenya multisite study data, local epidemiological data and from the published literature. Model cost inputs were derived from published literature specific to Kenya. Uncertainty in the model estimates was assessed through univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12127-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>We estimated net cost savings of about US$ 26 000 for the intervention, over 1.7 years. Even when ignoring net cost savings, the intervention was found to be very cost-effective at a cost of US$ 3100 per death averted or US$ 99 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The findings were robust to the sensitivity analysis and remained most sensitive to both the duration of ART use and the cost of ART per person-year.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12127-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>The provision of LLINs and water filters to ART-naïve HIV-infected adults in the Kenyan study resulted in substantial net cost savings, due to the delay in the initiation of ART. The addition of an LLIN and a point-of-use water filter to the existing package of care provided to ART-naïve HIV-infected adults could bring substantial cost savings to resource-constrained health systems in low- and middle-income countries.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To estimate the effectiveness, costs and cost-effectiveness of providing long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and point-of-use water filters to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected adults and their family members, in the context of a multisite study in Kenya of 589 HIV-positive adults followed on average for 1.7 years.


Methods
The effectiveness, costs and cost-effectiveness of the intervention were estimated using an epidemiologic-cost model. Model epidemiologic inputs were derived from the Kenya multisite study data, local epidemiological data and from the published literature. Model cost inputs were derived from published literature specific to Kenya. Uncertainty in the model estimates was assessed through univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses.


Results
We estimated net cost savings of about US$ 26 000 for the intervention, over 1.7 years. Even when ignoring net cost savings, the intervention was found to be very cost-effective at a cost of US$ 3100 per death averted or US$ 99 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The findings were robust to the sensitivity analysis and remained most sensitive to both the duration of ART use and the cost of ART per person-year.


Conclusions
The provision of LLINs and water filters to ART-naïve HIV-infected adults in the Kenyan study resulted in substantial net cost savings, due to the delay in the initiation of ART. The addition of an LLIN and a point-of-use water filter to the existing package of care provided to ART-naïve HIV-infected adults could bring substantial cost savings to resource-constrained health systems in low- and middle-income countries.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12117" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12117</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Berhanu Erko, Girmay Medhin, Tilahun Teklehaymanot, Abraham Degarege, Mengistu Legesse</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-17T01:31:49.922223-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12117</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12117</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12117</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12117-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To evaluate the diagnostic performance of antigen detecting urine-CCA cassette test for the detection of <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12117-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Stool specimens were collected from 620 schoolchildren on three consecutive days. The samples were microscopically examined using double Kato slides; midstream urine specimens were also collected for three consecutive days and tested for <em>S. mansoni</em>. The sensitivity of the urine-CCA cassette test was determined using combined results of six Kato–Katz thick smears and three urine-CCA cassette tests as gold standard. The specificity of the urine-CCA cassette test was evaluated in an area where schistosomiasis is not endemic.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12117-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Prevalence of <em>S. mansoni</em> infection as determined by single urine-CCA cassette test was 65.9%, by single Kato–Katz smear 37.3% and by six Kato–Katz thick smears 53.1% (<em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0.001). A single urine-CCA cassette test was significantly (<em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0.001) more sensitive (89.1%), had a lower negative predictive value (78.2%), was more accurate (92.6%) and agreed better with the gold standard (<em>k </em>=<em> </em>0.83) than one or six Kato–Katz thick smears. However, both the Kato–Katz and urine-CCA cassette test showed 100% specificity in endemic settings.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12117-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>In moderate and high prevalence areas, urine-CCA cassette test is more sensitive than the Kato–Katz method and can be used for screening and mapping of <em>S. mansoni</em> infection.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of antigen detecting urine-CCA cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia.


Methods
Stool specimens were collected from 620 schoolchildren on three consecutive days. The samples were microscopically examined using double Kato slides; midstream urine specimens were also collected for three consecutive days and tested for S. mansoni. The sensitivity of the urine-CCA cassette test was determined using combined results of six Kato–Katz thick smears and three urine-CCA cassette tests as gold standard. The specificity of the urine-CCA cassette test was evaluated in an area where schistosomiasis is not endemic.


Results
Prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by single urine-CCA cassette test was 65.9%, by single Kato–Katz smear 37.3% and by six Kato–Katz thick smears 53.1% (P &lt; 0.001). A single urine-CCA cassette test was significantly (P &lt; 0.001) more sensitive (89.1%), had a lower negative predictive value (78.2%), was more accurate (92.6%) and agreed better with the gold standard (k = 0.83) than one or six Kato–Katz thick smears. However, both the Kato–Katz and urine-CCA cassette test showed 100% specificity in endemic settings.


Conclusions
In moderate and high prevalence areas, urine-CCA cassette test is more sensitive than the Kato–Katz method and can be used for screening and mapping of S. mansoni infection.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12111" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Recurrence of preterm birth and perinatal mortality in northern Tanzania: registry-based cohort study</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12111</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Recurrence of preterm birth and perinatal mortality in northern Tanzania: registry-based cohort study</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Michael J. Mahande, Anne K. Daltveit, Joseph Obure, Blandina T. Mmbaga, Gileard Masenga, Rachel Manongi, Rolv T. Lie</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-13T01:00:34.325826-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12111</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12111</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12111</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12111-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>To estimate the recurrence risk of preterm delivery and estimate the perinatal mortality in repeated preterm deliveries.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12111-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Prospective study in Tanzania of 18 176 women who delivered a singleton between 2000 and 2008 at KCMC hospital. The women were followed up to 2010 for consecutive births. A total of 3359 women were identified with a total of 3867 subsequent deliveries in the follow-up period. Recurrence risk of preterm birth and perinatal mortality was estimated using log-binomial regression and adjusted for potential confounders.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12111-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>For women with a previous preterm birth, the risk of preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy was 17%. This recurrence risk was estimated to be 2.7-fold (95% CI: 2.1–3.4) of the risk of women with a previous term birth. The perinatal mortality of babies in a second preterm birth of the same woman was 15%. Babies born at term who had an older sibling that was born preterm had a perinatal mortality of 10%. Babies born at term who had an older sibling who was also born at term had a perinatal mortality of 1.7%.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12111-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Previous delivery of a preterm infant is a strong predictor of future preterm births in Tanzania. Previous or repeated preterm births increase the risk of perinatal death substantially in the subsequent pregnancy.</p></div></div>
]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
To estimate the recurrence risk of preterm delivery and estimate the perinatal mortality in repeated preterm deliveries.


Methods
Prospective study in Tanzania of 18 176 women who delivered a singleton between 2000 and 2008 at KCMC hospital. The women were followed up to 2010 for consecutive births. A total of 3359 women were identified with a total of 3867 subsequent deliveries in the follow-up period. Recurrence risk of preterm birth and perinatal mortality was estimated using log-binomial regression and adjusted for potential confounders.


Results
For women with a previous preterm birth, the risk of preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy was 17%. This recurrence risk was estimated to be 2.7-fold (95% CI: 2.1–3.4) of the risk of women with a previous term birth. The perinatal mortality of babies in a second preterm birth of the same woman was 15%. Babies born at term who had an older sibling that was born preterm had a perinatal mortality of 10%. Babies born at term who had an older sibling who was also born at term had a perinatal mortality of 1.7%.


Conclusion
Previous delivery of a preterm infant is a strong predictor of future preterm births in Tanzania. Previous or repeated preterm births increase the risk of perinatal death substantially in the subsequent pregnancy.

</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12108" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Tempering the risk: Rift Valley fever and bioterrorism</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12108</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Tempering the risk: Rift Valley fever and bioterrorism</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Osman Dar, Sue Hogarth, Sabrina McIntyre</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-03-26T01:37:34.1056-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12108</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12108</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12108</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Editorial</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">n/a</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[]]></content:encoded><description/></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02607.x" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Per diems undermine health interventions, systems and research in Africa: burying our heads in the sand</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02607.x</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Per diems undermine health interventions, systems and research in Africa: burying our heads in the sand</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Valéry Ridde</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2010-07-28T00:00:00-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02607.x</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02607.x</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02607.x</prism:url><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">no</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">no</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[]]></content:encoded><description/></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12138" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Tropical medicine and international health</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12138</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Tropical medicine and international health</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-12T23:33:14.588869-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12138</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12138</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12138</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Feature page</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">795</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">795</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[]]></content:encoded><description/></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12118" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Increased pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Suriname</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12118</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Increased pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Suriname</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Mergiory Labadie-Bracho, Malti R. Adhin</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-27T00:37:51.627955-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12118</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12118</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12118</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Short Communication</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">796</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">799</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>Amplification of the <em>pfmdr1</em> gene is associated with clinical failures and reduced <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> sensitivity to both mefloquine and artemether–lumefantrine in South-East Asia. Several African countries have reported the absence or very low prevalence of increased copy number, whilst South American reports are limited to Peru without and Venezuela with increased <em>pfmdr1</em> multiplication. The relative <em>pfmdr1</em> copy numbers were assessed in 68 isolates from Suriname collected from different endemic villages (2005) and from mining areas (2009). 11% of the isolates harbour multiple copies of the <em>pfmdr1</em> gene. Isolates originating from mining areas do not yet display a higher tendency for increased copy number and no significant differences could be registered within a time span of 4 years, but the mere presence of increased copy number warrants caution and should be considered as an early warning sign for emerging drug resistance in Suriname and South America.</p></div>
<div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>L'amplification du gène <em>pfmdr1</em> est associée à des échecs cliniques et à une sensibilité réduite in vivo et in vitro à la fois à la méfloquine et à l'artéméther-luméfantrine, en Asie du sud-est. Plusieurs pays africains ont rapporté l'absence ou la très faible prévalence d'un nombre accru de copies du gène, tandis que les reports d'Amérique du sud sont limités au Pérou et au Venezuela avec une augmentation de la multiplication de <em>pfmdr1</em>. Les nombres relatifs de copies de <em>pfmdr1</em> ont été évalués sur 68 isolats de Suriname recueillis dans différents villages endémiques (2005) et dans des zones minières (2009). 11% des isolats hébergeaient de multiples copies du gène <em>pfmdr1</em>. Les isolats provenant des zones minières n'affichaient pas encore une tendance plus élevée de nombre accru de copies et aucune différence significative n'a pu être enregistrée sur une période de quatre ans. Mais la simple présence d'une augmentation du nombre de copies justifie une attention et doit être considérée comme un signe d'alerte précoce pour l’émergence de résistance aux médicaments au Suriname et en Amérique du Sud.</p></div><div class="para" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>La amplificación del gen <em>pfmdr1</em> está asociado con el fallo clínico y una reducción en la sensibilidad <em>in vivo</em> e <em>in vitro</em> frente a la mefloquina y el artemeter-lumefantrina en el Sudeste Asiático. Varios países africanos han reportado la ausencia o muy baja prevalencia de un aumento en el número de copias, mientras que en Sudamérica los informes se limitan al Perú sin un aumento, y Venezuela con un aumento en la multiplicación de <em>pfmdr1</em>. El número relativo de copias de <em>pfmdr1</em> se evaluó en 68 aislados de Surinam, recolectados en diferentes poblados endémicos (2005) y en áreas mineras (2009). Un 11% de los aislados contienen copias múltiples del gen <em>pfmdr1</em>. Los aislados cuyo origen son áreas mineras aún no muestran mayor tendencia a un aumento en el número de copias, ni se han registrado diferencias significativas dentro del periodo de cuatro años, pero la sola presencia de un aumento en el número de copias exige proceder con cautela y debería considerarse como una señal de advertencia temprana del posible surgimiento de resistencia a medicamentos en Surinam y Sudamérica.</p></div>]]></content:encoded><description>

Amplification of the pfmdr1 gene is associated with clinical failures and reduced in vivo and in vitro sensitivity to both mefloquine and artemether–lumefantrine in South-East Asia. Several African countries have reported the absence or very low prevalence of increased copy number, whilst South American reports are limited to Peru without and Venezuela with increased pfmdr1 multiplication. The relative pfmdr1 copy numbers were assessed in 68 isolates from Suriname collected from different endemic villages (2005) and from mining areas (2009). 11% of the isolates harbour multiple copies of the pfmdr1 gene. Isolates originating from mining areas do not yet display a higher tendency for increased copy number and no significant differences could be registered within a time span of 4 years, but the mere presence of increased copy number warrants caution and should be considered as an early warning sign for emerging drug resistance in Suriname and South America.
L'amplification du gène pfmdr1 est associée à des échecs cliniques et à une sensibilité réduite in vivo et in vitro à la fois à la méfloquine et à l'artéméther-luméfantrine, en Asie du sud-est. Plusieurs pays africains ont rapporté l'absence ou la très faible prévalence d'un nombre accru de copies du gène, tandis que les reports d'Amérique du sud sont limités au Pérou et au Venezuela avec une augmentation de la multiplication de pfmdr1. Les nombres relatifs de copies de pfmdr1 ont été évalués sur 68 isolats de Suriname recueillis dans différents villages endémiques (2005) et dans des zones minières (2009). 11% des isolats hébergeaient de multiples copies du gène pfmdr1. Les isolats provenant des zones minières n'affichaient pas encore une tendance plus élevée de nombre accru de copies et aucune différence significative n'a pu être enregistrée sur une période de quatre ans. Mais la simple présence d'une augmentation du nombre de copies justifie une attention et doit être considérée comme un signe d'alerte précoce pour l’émergence de résistance aux médicaments au Suriname et en Amérique du Sud.La amplificación del gen pfmdr1 está asociado con el fallo clínico y una reducción en la sensibilidad in vivo e in vitro frente a la mefloquina y el artemeter-lumefantrina en el Sudeste Asiático. Varios países africanos han reportado la ausencia o muy baja prevalencia de un aumento en el número de copias, mientras que en Sudamérica los informes se limitan al Perú sin un aumento, y Venezuela con un aumento en la multiplicación de pfmdr1. El número relativo de copias de pfmdr1 se evaluó en 68 aislados de Surinam, recolectados en diferentes poblados endémicos (2005) y en áreas mineras (2009). Un 11% de los aislados contienen copias múltiples del gen pfmdr1. Los aislados cuyo origen son áreas mineras aún no muestran mayor tendencia a un aumento en el número de copias, ni se han registrado diferencias significativas dentro del periodo de cuatro años, pero la sola presencia de un aumento en el número de copias exige proceder con cautela y debería considerarse como una señal de advertencia temprana del posible surgimiento de resistencia a medicamentos en Surinam y Sudamérica.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12119" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in India: prevalence, age structure, risk factors and the role of a predictive score for detection</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12119</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in India: prevalence, age structure, risk factors and the role of a predictive score for detection</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Naman K. Shah, Charles Poole, Pia D. M. MacDonald, Bina Srivastava, Allan Schapira, Jonathan J. Juliano, Anup Anvikar, Steven R. Meshnick, Neena Valecha, Neelima Mishra</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-30T04:56:31.678123-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12119</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12119</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12119</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">800</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">809</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To characterise the epidemiology of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> gametocytemia and determine the prevalence, age structure and the viability of a predictive model for detection.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>We collected data from 21 therapeutic efficacy trials conducted in India during 2009–2010 and estimated the contribution of each age group to the reservoir of transmission. We built a predictive model for gametocytemia and calculated the diagnostic utility of different score cut-offs from our risk score.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Gametocytemia was present in 18% (248/1 335) of patients and decreased with age. Adults constituted 43%, school-age children 45% and under fives 12% of the reservoir for potential transmission. Our model retained age, sex, region and previous antimalarial drug intake as predictors of gametocytemia. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.76 (95%CI:0.73,0.78), and a cut-off of 14 or more on a risk score ranging from 0 to 46 provided 91% (95%CI:88,95) sensitivity and 33% (95%CI:31,36) specificity for detecting gametocytemia.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Gametocytemia was common in India and varied by region. Notably, adults contributed substantially to the reservoir for potential transmission. Predictive modelling to generate a clinical algorithm for detecting gametocytemia did not provide sufficient discrimination for targeting interventions.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Caractériser l’épidémiologie de la gamétocytémie de <em>P</em><em>lasmodium falciparum</em> et déterminer la prévalence, la structure d’âge et la viabilité d'un modèle prédictif pour la détection.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons recueilli des données provenant de 21 essais d'efficacité thérapeutiques réalisés en Inde durant la période 2009–2010 et avons estimé la contribution de chaque groupe d’âge au réservoir de la transmission. Nous avons construit un modèle prédictif pour la gamétocytémie et avons calculé l'utilité diagnostic de différents seuils de notre score de risque.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>La gamétocytémie était présente chez 18% (248/1.335) des patients et diminuait avec l’âge. Les adultes constituaient 43%, les enfants d’âge scolaire 45% et ceux de moins de cinq ans, 12% du réservoir pour la transmission potentielle. Notre modèle a retenu l’âge, le sexe, la région et la prise précédente d'un médicament antipaludique, comme facteurs prédictifs de la gamétocytémie. L'aire sous la courbe d'efficacité du récepteur opérateur était de 0,76 (IC95%: 0,73–0,78) et un seuil de 14 ou plus sur un score de risque allant de 0 à 46, procurait une sensibilité de 91% (IC95%: 88–95) et une spécificité de 33% (IC95%: 31–36) pour la détection de la gamétocytémie.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>La gamétocytémie était courante en Inde et variait selon les régions. Notamment, les adultes contribuaient de façon substantielle au réservoir pour une potentielle transmission. La modélisation prédictive pour générer un algorithme clinique pour la détection de la gamétocytémie ne fournit pas une discrimination suffisante pour les interventions cibles.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Caracterizar la epidemiología de la gametocitemia de <em>P</em><em>lasmodium falciparum</em> y determinar la prevalencia, la estructura de edad y la viabilidad de un modelo predictivo para la detección.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos recolectado datos de 21 ensayos de eficacia terapéutica realizados en India durante 2009–2010, y calculado la contribución de cada grupo de edad al reservorio de transmisión. Hemos construido un modelo predictivo para la gametocitemia y calculado la utilidad en el diagnóstico de diferentes puntos de corte de nuestra puntuación del riesgo.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>La gametocitemia estaba presente en un 18% (248/1,335) de los pacientes y disminuía con la edad. Los adultos constituían un 43%, los niños en edad escolar un 45% y los menores de doce años un 12% del reservorio para una transmisión potencial. Nuestro modelo retenía la edad, el sexo, la región y la toma previa de antimaláricos como vaticinadores de gametocitemia. El área bajo la curva ROC (Característica Operativa del Receptor) era de 0.76 (95%CI:0.73,0.78) y el punto de corte de 14 o más en la puntuación del riesgo con un rango entre 0 a 46 tenía un 91% (IC 95%:88,95) de sensibilidad y un 33% (IC95%:31,36) de especificidad para detectar la gametocitemia.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12119-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>La gametocitemia era común en la India y variaba según la región. De forma notable, los adultos contribuían sustancialmente al reservorio para una transmisión potencial. Los modelos predictivos para generar un algoritmo clínico para detectar la gametocitemia no proveían suficiente discriminación para aplicar en intervenciones.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To characterise the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and determine the prevalence, age structure and the viability of a predictive model for detection.


Methods
We collected data from 21 therapeutic efficacy trials conducted in India during 2009–2010 and estimated the contribution of each age group to the reservoir of transmission. We built a predictive model for gametocytemia and calculated the diagnostic utility of different score cut-offs from our risk score.


Results
Gametocytemia was present in 18% (248/1 335) of patients and decreased with age. Adults constituted 43%, school-age children 45% and under fives 12% of the reservoir for potential transmission. Our model retained age, sex, region and previous antimalarial drug intake as predictors of gametocytemia. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.76 (95%CI:0.73,0.78), and a cut-off of 14 or more on a risk score ranging from 0 to 46 provided 91% (95%CI:88,95) sensitivity and 33% (95%CI:31,36) specificity for detecting gametocytemia.


Conclusions
Gametocytemia was common in India and varied by region. Notably, adults contributed substantially to the reservoir for potential transmission. Predictive modelling to generate a clinical algorithm for detecting gametocytemia did not provide sufficient discrimination for targeting interventions.

ObjectifCaractériser l’épidémiologie de la gamétocytémie de Plasmodium falciparum et déterminer la prévalence, la structure d’âge et la viabilité d'un modèle prédictif pour la détection.MéthodesNous avons recueilli des données provenant de 21 essais d'efficacité thérapeutiques réalisés en Inde durant la période 2009–2010 et avons estimé la contribution de chaque groupe d’âge au réservoir de la transmission. Nous avons construit un modèle prédictif pour la gamétocytémie et avons calculé l'utilité diagnostic de différents seuils de notre score de risque.RésultatsLa gamétocytémie était présente chez 18% (248/1.335) des patients et diminuait avec l’âge. Les adultes constituaient 43%, les enfants d’âge scolaire 45% et ceux de moins de cinq ans, 12% du réservoir pour la transmission potentielle. Notre modèle a retenu l’âge, le sexe, la région et la prise précédente d'un médicament antipaludique, comme facteurs prédictifs de la gamétocytémie. L'aire sous la courbe d'efficacité du récepteur opérateur était de 0,76 (IC95%: 0,73–0,78) et un seuil de 14 ou plus sur un score de risque allant de 0 à 46, procurait une sensibilité de 91% (IC95%: 88–95) et une spécificité de 33% (IC95%: 31–36) pour la détection de la gamétocytémie.ConclusionsLa gamétocytémie était courante en Inde et variait selon les régions. Notamment, les adultes contribuaient de façon substantielle au réservoir pour une potentielle transmission. La modélisation prédictive pour générer un algorithme clinique pour la détection de la gamétocytémie ne fournit pas une discrimination suffisante pour les interventions cibles.ObjetivoCaracterizar la epidemiología de la gametocitemia de Plasmodium falciparum y determinar la prevalencia, la estructura de edad y la viabilidad de un modelo predictivo para la detección.MétodosHemos recolectado datos de 21 ensayos de eficacia terapéutica realizados en India durante 2009–2010, y calculado la contribución de cada grupo de edad al reservorio de transmisión. Hemos construido un modelo predictivo para la gametocitemia y calculado la utilidad en el diagnóstico de diferentes puntos de corte de nuestra puntuación del riesgo.ResultadosLa gametocitemia estaba presente en un 18% (248/1,335) de los pacientes y disminuía con la edad. Los adultos constituían un 43%, los niños en edad escolar un 45% y los menores de doce años un 12% del reservorio para una transmisión potencial. Nuestro modelo retenía la edad, el sexo, la región y la toma previa de antimaláricos como vaticinadores de gametocitemia. El área bajo la curva ROC (Característica Operativa del Receptor) era de 0.76 (95%CI:0.73,0.78) y el punto de corte de 14 o más en la puntuación del riesgo con un rango entre 0 a 46 tenía un 91% (IC 95%:88,95) de sensibilidad y un 33% (IC95%:31,36) de especificidad para detectar la gametocitemia.ConclusionesLa gametocitemia era común en la India y variaba según la región. De forma notable, los adultos contribuían sustancialmente al reservorio para una transmisión potencial. Los modelos predictivos para generar un algoritmo clínico para detectar la gametocitemia no proveían suficiente discriminación para aplicar en intervenciones.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12112" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Anopheles culicifacies sibling species in Odisha, eastern India: First appearance of Anopheles culicifacies E and its vectorial role in malaria transmission</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12112</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Anopheles culicifacies sibling species in Odisha, eastern India: First appearance of Anopheles culicifacies E and its vectorial role in malaria transmission</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Mumani Das, Biswadeep Das, Aparna P. Patra, Hare K. Tripathy, Namita Mohapatra, Santanu K. Kar, Rupenangshu K. Hazra</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-27T03:02:11.821271-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12112</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12112</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12112</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">810</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">821</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To identify the <em>Anopheles culicifacies</em> sibling species complex and study their vectorial role in malaria endemic regions of Odisha.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Mosquitoes were collected from 6 malaria endemic districts using standard entomological collection methods. <em>An. culicifacies</em> sibling species were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region of mitochondrial DNA. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> (Pf) sporozoite rate and human blood fed percentage (HBF) were estimated by PCR using Pf- and human-specific primers. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to confirm the type of sibling species of <em>An. culicifacies</em> found in Odisha.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Multiplex PCR detected <em>An. culicifacies</em> sibling species A, B, C, D and E in the malaria endemic regions of Odisha. <em>An. culicifacies</em> E was detected for the first time in Odisha, which was further confirmed by molecular phylogenetics. Highest sporozoite rate and HBF percentage were observed in <em>An. culicifacies</em> E in comparison with other sibling species. <em>An. culicifacies</em> E collected from Nawarangapur, Nuapara and Keonjhar district showed high HBF percentage and sporozoite rates.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p><em>An. culicifacies</em> B was the most abundant species, followed by <em>An. culicifacies</em> C and E. High sporozoite rate and HBF of <em>An. culicifacies</em> E indicated that it plays an important role in malaria transmission in Odisha. Appropriate control measures against <em>An. culicifacies</em> E at an early stage are needed to prevent further malaria transmission in Odisha.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Identifier les espèces sœurs du complexe <em>A</em><em>nopheles culicifacies</em> et étudier leur rôle de vecteur dans les régions de Odisha endémiques pour le paludisme.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Les moustiques ont été recueillis dans 6 districts endémiques pour le paludisme en utilisant les méthodes entomologiques standard de collecte. Des espèces sœurs d’<em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> ont été identifiées par la réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (PCR) multiplex basée sur la région de la sous-unité II de l’ADN mitochondrial du cytochrome oxydase (COII). Le taux de sporozoaires de <em>P</em><em>lasmodium falciparum</em> (Pf) et le pourcentage de sang humain consommé (SHC) ont été estimés par PCR en utilisant des amorces d’ADN spécifiques de Pf et humaines. Le séquençage et l'analyse phylogénétique ont été effectués pour confirmer le type d'espèces sœurs d’<em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> à Odisha.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>La PCR multiplex a détecté les espèces sœurs d’<em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> A, B, C, D et E dans les régions de Odisha endémiques pour le paludisme. <em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> E a été détectée pour la première fois à Odisha, ce qui a été confirmé par la phylogénie moléculaire. Le taux le plus élevé de sporozoaires et le pourcentage de SHC le plus élevé ont été observé chez <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> E comparée aux autres espèces sœurs. <em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> E, recueillie dans les districts de Nawarangapur, Nuapara et Keonjhar a révélé un pourcentage de SHC et un taux de sporozoaires élevés.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p><em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> B était l'espèce la plus abondante, suivie par <em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> C et E. Un taux de sporozoaires et un pourcentage de SHC élevés d’<em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> E ont indiqué qu'il joue un rôle important dans la transmission du paludisme à Odisha. Des mesures de contrôle appropriées contre <em>A</em><em>n.</em> <em>culicifacies</em> E à un stade précoce sont nécessaires pour prévenir plus de transmission de paludisme à Odisha.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Identificar el complejo críptico de especies de <em>A</em><em>nopheles culicifacies</em> y estudiar su papel vectorial en las regiones endémicas para malaria de Odisha.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Utilizando métodos entomológicos de recolección estándares se recogieron mosquitos en 6 distritos endémicos para malaria. Se identificaron las especies gemelas de <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> mediante una PCR multiplex utilizando la subunidad II de la citocromo oxidasa (COII) del ADN mitocondrial. La tasa de esporozoitos de <em>P</em><em>lasmodium falciparum</em> (Pf) y el porcentaje alimentado con sangre humana (ASH) se calcularon mediante PCR utilizando cebadores específicos para Pf y humanos. Los análisis de secuenciación y filogenéticos se realizaron para confirmar el tipo de especies crípticas de <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> encontradas en Odisha.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>La PCR multiplex detectó las especies crípticas de <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> A, B, C, D y E en las regiones endémicas para malaria de Odisha. Se detectó <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> E por primera vez en Odisha, confirmado mediante filogenética molecular. La tasa de esporozoitos más alta y el porcentaje de ASH se observó para <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> E en comparación con otras especies crípticas. Los <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> E recolectados en los distritos de Nawarangapur, Nuapara y Keonjhar mostraron un porcentaje de ASH y una tasa de esporozoitos altos.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12112-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusión</h4><div class="para"><p><em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> B fue la especia más abundante, seguida por <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> C y E. La alta tasa de esporozoitos y de <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> ASH indicaba que jugaban un papel importante en la transmisión de malaria en Odisha. Las medidas de control apropiadas frente a <em>A</em><em>n. culicifacies</em> E en una etapa temprana son necesarias para prevenir una mayor transmisión de malaria en Odisha.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To identify the Anopheles culicifacies sibling species complex and study their vectorial role in malaria endemic regions of Odisha.


Methods
Mosquitoes were collected from 6 malaria endemic districts using standard entomological collection methods. An. culicifacies sibling species were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) region of mitochondrial DNA. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite rate and human blood fed percentage (HBF) were estimated by PCR using Pf- and human-specific primers. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to confirm the type of sibling species of An. culicifacies found in Odisha.


Results
Multiplex PCR detected An. culicifacies sibling species A, B, C, D and E in the malaria endemic regions of Odisha. An. culicifacies E was detected for the first time in Odisha, which was further confirmed by molecular phylogenetics. Highest sporozoite rate and HBF percentage were observed in An. culicifacies E in comparison with other sibling species. An. culicifacies E collected from Nawarangapur, Nuapara and Keonjhar district showed high HBF percentage and sporozoite rates.


Conclusion
An. culicifacies B was the most abundant species, followed by An. culicifacies C and E. High sporozoite rate and HBF of An. culicifacies E indicated that it plays an important role in malaria transmission in Odisha. Appropriate control measures against An. culicifacies E at an early stage are needed to prevent further malaria transmission in Odisha.

ObjectifIdentifier les espèces sœurs du complexe Anopheles culicifacies et étudier leur rôle de vecteur dans les régions de Odisha endémiques pour le paludisme.MéthodesLes moustiques ont été recueillis dans 6 districts endémiques pour le paludisme en utilisant les méthodes entomologiques standard de collecte. Des espèces sœurs d’An. culicifacies ont été identifiées par la réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (PCR) multiplex basée sur la région de la sous-unité II de l’ADN mitochondrial du cytochrome oxydase (COII). Le taux de sporozoaires de Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) et le pourcentage de sang humain consommé (SHC) ont été estimés par PCR en utilisant des amorces d’ADN spécifiques de Pf et humaines. Le séquençage et l'analyse phylogénétique ont été effectués pour confirmer le type d'espèces sœurs d’An. culicifacies à Odisha.RésultatsLa PCR multiplex a détecté les espèces sœurs d’An. culicifacies A, B, C, D et E dans les régions de Odisha endémiques pour le paludisme. An. culicifacies E a été détectée pour la première fois à Odisha, ce qui a été confirmé par la phylogénie moléculaire. Le taux le plus élevé de sporozoaires et le pourcentage de SHC le plus élevé ont été observé chez An. culicifacies E comparée aux autres espèces sœurs. An. culicifacies E, recueillie dans les districts de Nawarangapur, Nuapara et Keonjhar a révélé un pourcentage de SHC et un taux de sporozoaires élevés.ConclusionAn. culicifacies B était l'espèce la plus abondante, suivie par An. culicifacies C et E. Un taux de sporozoaires et un pourcentage de SHC élevés d’An. culicifacies E ont indiqué qu'il joue un rôle important dans la transmission du paludisme à Odisha. Des mesures de contrôle appropriées contre An. culicifacies E à un stade précoce sont nécessaires pour prévenir plus de transmission de paludisme à Odisha.ObjetivoIdentificar el complejo críptico de especies de Anopheles culicifacies y estudiar su papel vectorial en las regiones endémicas para malaria de Odisha.MétodosUtilizando métodos entomológicos de recolección estándares se recogieron mosquitos en 6 distritos endémicos para malaria. Se identificaron las especies gemelas de An. culicifacies mediante una PCR multiplex utilizando la subunidad II de la citocromo oxidasa (COII) del ADN mitocondrial. La tasa de esporozoitos de Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) y el porcentaje alimentado con sangre humana (ASH) se calcularon mediante PCR utilizando cebadores específicos para Pf y humanos. Los análisis de secuenciación y filogenéticos se realizaron para confirmar el tipo de especies crípticas de An. culicifacies encontradas en Odisha.ResultadosLa PCR multiplex detectó las especies crípticas de An. culicifacies A, B, C, D y E en las regiones endémicas para malaria de Odisha. Se detectó An. culicifacies E por primera vez en Odisha, confirmado mediante filogenética molecular. La tasa de esporozoitos más alta y el porcentaje de ASH se observó para An. culicifacies E en comparación con otras especies crípticas. Los An. culicifacies E recolectados en los distritos de Nawarangapur, Nuapara y Keonjhar mostraron un porcentaje de ASH y una tasa de esporozoitos altos.ConclusiónAn. culicifacies B fue la especia más abundante, seguida por An. culicifacies C y E. La alta tasa de esporozoitos y de An. culicifacies ASH indicaba que jugaban un papel importante en la transmisión de malaria en Odisha. Las medidas de control apropiadas frente a An. culicifacies E en una etapa temprana son necesarias para prevenir una mayor transmisión de malaria en Odisha.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12120" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Diabetes is a strong predictor of mortality during tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort study among tuberculosis patients from Mwanza, Tanzania</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12120</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Diabetes is a strong predictor of mortality during tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort study among tuberculosis patients from Mwanza, Tanzania</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, Nyagosya Range, George PrayGod, Kidola Jeremiah, Maria Faurholt-Jepsen, Martine G. Aabye, John Changalucha, Dirk L. Christensen, Harleen M. S. Grewal, Torben Martinussen, Henrik Krarup, Daniel R. Witte, Aase B. Andersen, Henrik Friis</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-05-06T02:59:31.674745-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12120</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12120</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12120</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">822</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">829</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>Strong evidence suggests diabetes may be associated with tuberculosis (TB) and could influence TB treatment outcomes. We assessed the role of diabetes on sputum culture conversion and mortality among patients undergoing TB treatment.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>A total of 1250 Tanzanian TB patients were followed prospectively during TB treatment with sputum culture after 2 and 5 months. Survival status was assessed at least 1 year after initiation of treatment. At baseline, all participants underwent testing for diabetes and HIV, and the serum concentration of the acute phase reactant alpha-1 glycoprotein (AGP) was determined.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>There were no differences between participants with and without diabetes regarding the proportion of positive cultures at 2 (3.8% <em>vs</em>. 5.8%) and 5 (1.3% <em>vs</em>. 0.9%) months (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.46). However, among patients with a positive TB culture, relatively more patients with diabetes died before the 5-month follow-up. Within the initial 100 days of TB treatment, diabetes was associated with a fivefold increased risk of mortality (RR 5.09, 95% CI 2.36; 11.02, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) among HIV uninfected, and a twofold increase among HIV co-infected patient (RR 2.33 95% CI 1.20; 4.53, <em>P</em> = 0.012), while diabetes was not associated with long-term mortality. Further adjustment with AGP did not change the estimates.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Diabetes considerably increases risk of early mortality during TB treatment. The effect may not be explained by increased severity of TB, but could be due to impaired TB treatment response. Research is needed to clarify the mechanism and to assess whether glycaemic control improves survival.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Des preuves solides suggèrent que le diabète pourrait être associé à la tuberculose (TB) et pourrait influencer les résultats du traitement antituberculeux. Nous avons évalué le rôle du diabète dans la conversion des cultures d'expectorations et sur la mortalité chez les patients sous traitement de la TB.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Au total 1250 patients tanzaniens atteints de TB ont été suivis prospectivement pendant le traitement de la TB avec une culture des crachats au bout de 2 et 5 mois. L’état de survie a été évalué au moins un an après le début du traitement. Au départ, tous les participants ont subi des tests pour le diabète et le VIH, et la concentration sérique de glycoprotéine alpha-1 (AGP) de la phase aiguë a été déterminée.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Il n'y avait pas de différences entre les participants avec et sans diabète, concernant la proportion de cultures positives à 2 (3,8 <em>vs</em>. 5,8%) et à 5 (1,3 <em>vs</em>. 0,9%) mois (<em>P </em>&gt; 0,46). Cependant, chez les patients avec une culture TB positive, relativement plus de patients atteints de diabète sont décédés avant les 5 mois de suivi. Au cours des 100 premiers jours de traitement de la TB, le diabète était associé à un risque cinq fois plus élevé de mortalité (RR: 5,09; IC95%: 2,36–11,02; <em>P</em> &lt; 0,001) chez les patients non infectés par le VIH et deux fois plus élevé chez les patients coinfectés avec le VIH (RR: 2,33, IC95%: 1,20–4,53; <em>P</em> = 0,012), tandis que le diabète n’était pas associé à la mortalité à long terme. Un ajustement supplémentaire selon l’AGP n'a pas modifié les estimations.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Le diabète augmente considérablement le risque de mortalité précoce au cours du traitement de la TB. L'effet ne peut pas être expliqué par la sévérité accrue de la TB, mais pourrait être dû à une réponse au traitement défaillant de la TB. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour clarifier le mécanisme et évaluer si le contrôle glycémique améliore la survie.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Hay evidencia que sugiere que la diabetes podría estar asociada con la tuberculosis (TB) y podría influenciar el resultado de su tratamiento. Hemos evaluado el papel de la diabetes sobre la conversión del cultivo de esputo y la mortalidad en pacientes recibiendo tratamiento para la TB.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Se siguió de forma prospectiva a un total de 1250 pacientes Tanzanos con TB, realizándoseles un cultivo de esputo tras 2 y 5 meses. El estatus de supervivencia se evaluó al menos un año después de iniciar el tratamiento. Al comienzo del estudio a todos los participantes se les practicaron pruebas para diabetes y VIH, y se determinó la concentración en suero de la Alfa-1 glicoproteína (AGP), reactivo de fase aguda.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>No había diferencias entre los participantes con y sin diabetes con respecto a la proporción de cultivos positivos a los 2 (3.8 <em>vs</em>. 5.8%) y 5 (1.3 <em>vs</em>. 0.9%) meses (<em>P </em>&gt;<em> </em>0.46). Sin embargo, entre aquellos pacientes con un cultivo positivo para TB, un número relativamente mayor de pacientes con diabetes murió antes de los 5-meses de seguimiento. Dentro de los 100 días iniciales de tratamiento de la TB, la diabetes estaba asociada con un aumento de cinco veces el riesgo de mortalidad (RR 5.09, IC 95% 2.36; 11.02, <em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0.001) entre aquellos pacientes sin infección por VIH, y un aumento del doble entre los pacientes coinfectados con VIH (RR 2.33 IC 95% 1.20; 4.53, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.012), mientras que la diabetes no estaba asociada con una mortalidad a largo plazo. Un ajuste posterior con respecto al AGP no afectó los resultados.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12120-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusión</h4><div class="para"><p>La diabetes aumenta considerablemente el riesgo de una mortalidad temprana durante el tratamiento para la TB. El efecto podría no explicarse por un aumento en la severidad de TB, pero podría estar relacionado con un deterioro en la respuesta al tratamiento para la TB. Es necesario investigar para clarificar el mecanismo y evaluar si el control de la glicemia mejora la supervivencia.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
Strong evidence suggests diabetes may be associated with tuberculosis (TB) and could influence TB treatment outcomes. We assessed the role of diabetes on sputum culture conversion and mortality among patients undergoing TB treatment.


Methods
A total of 1250 Tanzanian TB patients were followed prospectively during TB treatment with sputum culture after 2 and 5 months. Survival status was assessed at least 1 year after initiation of treatment. At baseline, all participants underwent testing for diabetes and HIV, and the serum concentration of the acute phase reactant alpha-1 glycoprotein (AGP) was determined.


Results
There were no differences between participants with and without diabetes regarding the proportion of positive cultures at 2 (3.8% vs. 5.8%) and 5 (1.3% vs. 0.9%) months (P &gt; 0.46). However, among patients with a positive TB culture, relatively more patients with diabetes died before the 5-month follow-up. Within the initial 100 days of TB treatment, diabetes was associated with a fivefold increased risk of mortality (RR 5.09, 95% CI 2.36; 11.02, P &lt; 0.001) among HIV uninfected, and a twofold increase among HIV co-infected patient (RR 2.33 95% CI 1.20; 4.53, P = 0.012), while diabetes was not associated with long-term mortality. Further adjustment with AGP did not change the estimates.


Conclusion
Diabetes considerably increases risk of early mortality during TB treatment. The effect may not be explained by increased severity of TB, but could be due to impaired TB treatment response. Research is needed to clarify the mechanism and to assess whether glycaemic control improves survival.

ObjectifDes preuves solides suggèrent que le diabète pourrait être associé à la tuberculose (TB) et pourrait influencer les résultats du traitement antituberculeux. Nous avons évalué le rôle du diabète dans la conversion des cultures d'expectorations et sur la mortalité chez les patients sous traitement de la TB.MéthodesAu total 1250 patients tanzaniens atteints de TB ont été suivis prospectivement pendant le traitement de la TB avec une culture des crachats au bout de 2 et 5 mois. L’état de survie a été évalué au moins un an après le début du traitement. Au départ, tous les participants ont subi des tests pour le diabète et le VIH, et la concentration sérique de glycoprotéine alpha-1 (AGP) de la phase aiguë a été déterminée.RésultatsIl n'y avait pas de différences entre les participants avec et sans diabète, concernant la proportion de cultures positives à 2 (3,8 vs. 5,8%) et à 5 (1,3 vs. 0,9%) mois (P &gt; 0,46). Cependant, chez les patients avec une culture TB positive, relativement plus de patients atteints de diabète sont décédés avant les 5 mois de suivi. Au cours des 100 premiers jours de traitement de la TB, le diabète était associé à un risque cinq fois plus élevé de mortalité (RR: 5,09; IC95%: 2,36–11,02; P &lt; 0,001) chez les patients non infectés par le VIH et deux fois plus élevé chez les patients coinfectés avec le VIH (RR: 2,33, IC95%: 1,20–4,53; P = 0,012), tandis que le diabète n’était pas associé à la mortalité à long terme. Un ajustement supplémentaire selon l’AGP n'a pas modifié les estimations.ConclusionLe diabète augmente considérablement le risque de mortalité précoce au cours du traitement de la TB. L'effet ne peut pas être expliqué par la sévérité accrue de la TB, mais pourrait être dû à une réponse au traitement défaillant de la TB. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour clarifier le mécanisme et évaluer si le contrôle glycémique améliore la survie.ObjetivoHay evidencia que sugiere que la diabetes podría estar asociada con la tuberculosis (TB) y podría influenciar el resultado de su tratamiento. Hemos evaluado el papel de la diabetes sobre la conversión del cultivo de esputo y la mortalidad en pacientes recibiendo tratamiento para la TB.MétodosSe siguió de forma prospectiva a un total de 1250 pacientes Tanzanos con TB, realizándoseles un cultivo de esputo tras 2 y 5 meses. El estatus de supervivencia se evaluó al menos un año después de iniciar el tratamiento. Al comienzo del estudio a todos los participantes se les practicaron pruebas para diabetes y VIH, y se determinó la concentración en suero de la Alfa-1 glicoproteína (AGP), reactivo de fase aguda.ResultadosNo había diferencias entre los participantes con y sin diabetes con respecto a la proporción de cultivos positivos a los 2 (3.8 vs. 5.8%) y 5 (1.3 vs. 0.9%) meses (P &gt; 0.46). Sin embargo, entre aquellos pacientes con un cultivo positivo para TB, un número relativamente mayor de pacientes con diabetes murió antes de los 5-meses de seguimiento. Dentro de los 100 días iniciales de tratamiento de la TB, la diabetes estaba asociada con un aumento de cinco veces el riesgo de mortalidad (RR 5.09, IC 95% 2.36; 11.02, P &lt; 0.001) entre aquellos pacientes sin infección por VIH, y un aumento del doble entre los pacientes coinfectados con VIH (RR 2.33 IC 95% 1.20; 4.53, P = 0.012), mientras que la diabetes no estaba asociada con una mortalidad a largo plazo. Un ajuste posterior con respecto al AGP no afectó los resultados.ConclusiónLa diabetes aumenta considerablemente el riesgo de una mortalidad temprana durante el tratamiento para la TB. El efecto podría no explicarse por un aumento en la severidad de TB, pero podría estar relacionado con un deterioro en la respuesta al tratamiento para la TB. Es necesario investigar para clarificar el mecanismo y evaluar si el control de la glicemia mejora la supervivencia.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12105" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Temporal trends and regional variability of 2001–2002 multiwave DENV-3 epidemic in Havana City: did Hurricane Michelle contribute to its severity?</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12105</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Temporal trends and regional variability of 2001–2002 multiwave DENV-3 epidemic in Havana City: did Hurricane Michelle contribute to its severity?</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Ying-Hen Hsieh, Hector Arazoza, Rachid Lounes</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-17T01:31:39.42025-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12105</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12105</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12105</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">830</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">838</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12105-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>To investigate the temporal and regional variability of the 2001–2002 dengue outbreak in Havana City where 12 889 cases, mostly of DENV-3 type, were reported over a period of 7 months.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12105-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>A simple mathematical model, the Richards model, was used to fit the weekly reported dengue case data by municipality, in order to quantify the transmissibility and temporal changes in the epidemic in each municipality via the basic reproduction number <em>R</em><sub>0</sub>.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12105-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Model fits indicate either a 2-wave or 3-wave outbreak in all municipalities. Estimates for R<sub>0</sub> varied greatly, from 1.97 (95% CI: 1.94, 2.01), for Arroyo Naranjo, to 61.06 (60.44, 61.68), for Boyeros, most likely due to heterogeneity in community structure, geographical locations and social networking.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12105-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Our results illustrate the potential impact of climatological events on disease spread, further highlighting the need to be well prepared for potentially worsening disease spread in the aftermath of natural disasters such as hurricanes/typhoons.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectifs</h4><div class="para"><p>Etudier la variabilité temporelle et régionale de l’épidémie de dengue de 2001–2002 à La Havane où 12.889 cas, pour la plupart de type DENV-3, ont été signalés sur une période de 7 mois.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Un modèle mathématique simple, le modèle de Richards, a été utilisé pour ajuster les données hebdomadaires de cas de dengue déclarés par municipalité, afin de quantifier la transmissibilité et les changements temporels de l’épidémie dans chaque commune, par le nombre de reproduction de base R<sub>0</sub>.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Les ajustements du modèle indiquent une épidémie à 2 ou 3 vagues dans toutes les municipalités. Les estimations de R<sub>0</sub> variaient considérablement, allant de 1,97 (IC95%: 1,94–2,01) pour Arroyo Naranjo à 61,06 (60,44–61,68) pour Boyeros, probablement en raison de l'hétérogénéité de la structure des communautés, des situations géographiques et des réseaux sociaux.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Nos résultats illustrent l'impact potentiel des événements climatiques sur la propagation de la maladie, soulignant la nécessité de bien se préparer contre la propagation potentiellement aggravée de la maladie à la suite de catastrophes naturelles telles que les ouragans/typhons.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="sect-tmi12103-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivos</h4><div class="para"><p>Investigar la variabilidad temporal y regional del brote de dengue del 2001–2002 en la ciudad de La Habana donde se reportaron 12,889 casos, la mayoría del tipo DENV-3, y a lo largo de un período de 7 meses.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Se utilizó un modelo matemático simple, el modelo de Richards, para ajustar los datos semanales de casos por municipalidad con el fin de cuantificar la transmisibilidad y los cambios temporales de la epidemia en cada municipalidad mediante el número básico de reproducción R<sub>0</sub>.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Los ajustes del modelo indican un brote en 2 o en 3 olas en todas las municipalidades. Los cálculos de R<sub>0</sub> variaban muchísimo, desde 1.97 (IC 95%: 1.94, 2.01) para Arroyo Naranjo a 61.06 (60.44, 61.68) para Boyeros, probablemente debido a la heterogeneidad de la estructura comunitaria, a la localización geográfica y a las redes sociales.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>Nuestros resultados ilustran el potencial impacto que los eventos climatológicos tienen sobre la propagación de las enfermedades, enfatizando la necesidad de estar bien preparados para un posible empeoramiento de la propagación después de un desastre natural, como un huracán o un tifón.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
To investigate the temporal and regional variability of the 2001–2002 dengue outbreak in Havana City where 12 889 cases, mostly of DENV-3 type, were reported over a period of 7 months.


Methods
A simple mathematical model, the Richards model, was used to fit the weekly reported dengue case data by municipality, in order to quantify the transmissibility and temporal changes in the epidemic in each municipality via the basic reproduction number R0.


Results
Model fits indicate either a 2-wave or 3-wave outbreak in all municipalities. Estimates for R0 varied greatly, from 1.97 (95% CI: 1.94, 2.01), for Arroyo Naranjo, to 61.06 (60.44, 61.68), for Boyeros, most likely due to heterogeneity in community structure, geographical locations and social networking.


Conclusions
Our results illustrate the potential impact of climatological events on disease spread, further highlighting the need to be well prepared for potentially worsening disease spread in the aftermath of natural disasters such as hurricanes/typhoons.

ObjectifsEtudier la variabilité temporelle et régionale de l’épidémie de dengue de 2001–2002 à La Havane où 12.889 cas, pour la plupart de type DENV-3, ont été signalés sur une période de 7 mois.MéthodesUn modèle mathématique simple, le modèle de Richards, a été utilisé pour ajuster les données hebdomadaires de cas de dengue déclarés par municipalité, afin de quantifier la transmissibilité et les changements temporels de l’épidémie dans chaque commune, par le nombre de reproduction de base R0.RésultatsLes ajustements du modèle indiquent une épidémie à 2 ou 3 vagues dans toutes les municipalités. Les estimations de R0 variaient considérablement, allant de 1,97 (IC95%: 1,94–2,01) pour Arroyo Naranjo à 61,06 (60,44–61,68) pour Boyeros, probablement en raison de l'hétérogénéité de la structure des communautés, des situations géographiques et des réseaux sociaux.ConclusionsNos résultats illustrent l'impact potentiel des événements climatiques sur la propagation de la maladie, soulignant la nécessité de bien se préparer contre la propagation potentiellement aggravée de la maladie à la suite de catastrophes naturelles telles que les ouragans/typhons.ObjetivosInvestigar la variabilidad temporal y regional del brote de dengue del 2001–2002 en la ciudad de La Habana donde se reportaron 12,889 casos, la mayoría del tipo DENV-3, y a lo largo de un período de 7 meses.MétodosSe utilizó un modelo matemático simple, el modelo de Richards, para ajustar los datos semanales de casos por municipalidad con el fin de cuantificar la transmisibilidad y los cambios temporales de la epidemia en cada municipalidad mediante el número básico de reproducción R0.ResultadosLos ajustes del modelo indican un brote en 2 o en 3 olas en todas las municipalidades. Los cálculos de R0 variaban muchísimo, desde 1.97 (IC 95%: 1.94, 2.01) para Arroyo Naranjo a 61.06 (60.44, 61.68) para Boyeros, probablemente debido a la heterogeneidad de la estructura comunitaria, a la localización geográfica y a las redes sociales.ConclusionesNuestros resultados ilustran el potencial impacto que los eventos climatológicos tienen sobre la propagación de las enfermedades, enfatizando la necesidad de estar bien preparados para un posible empeoramiento de la propagación después de un desastre natural, como un huracán o un tifón.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12115" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes aegypti populations in Cairns, Australia: assessing drivers of dengue transmission</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12115</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes aegypti populations in Cairns, Australia: assessing drivers of dengue transmission</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Jennifer Duncombe, Archie Clements, Joe Davis, Wenbiao Hu, Philip Weinstein, Scott Ritchie</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-26T05:29:07.749298-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12115</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12115</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12115</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">839</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">849</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectives</h4><div class="para"><p>To identify the meteorological drivers of dengue vector density and determine high- and low-risk transmission zones for dengue prevention and control in Cairns, Australia.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Weekly adult female <em>Ae. aegypti</em> data were obtained from 79 double sticky ovitraps (SOs) located in Cairns for the period September 2007–May 2012. Maximum temperature, total rainfall and average relative humidity data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for the study period. Time series–distributed lag nonlinear models were used to assess the relationship between meteorological variables and vector density. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed via semivariography, and ordinary kriging was undertaken to predict vector density in Cairns.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p><em>Ae. aegypti</em> density was associated with temperature and rainfall. However, these relationships differed between short (0–6 weeks) and long (0–30 weeks) lag periods. Semivariograms showed that vector distributions were spatially autocorrelated in September 2007–May 2008 and January 2009–May 2009, and vector density maps identified high transmission zones in the most populated parts of Cairns city, as well as Machans Beach.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Spatiotemporal patterns of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> in Cairns are complex, showing spatial autocorrelation and associations with temperature and rainfall. Sticky ovitraps should be placed no more than 1.2 km apart to ensure entomological coverage and efficient use of resources. Vector density maps provide evidence for the targeting of prevention and control activities. Further research is needed to explore the possibility of developing an early warning system of dengue based on meteorological and environmental factors.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectifs</h4><div class="para"><p>Identifier les déterminants météorologiques de la densité du vecteur de la dengue et déterminer les zones de haut et de bas risque de transmission pour la prévention et le control de la dengue à Cairns, en Australie.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Les données hebdomadaires sur les femelles adultes d’<em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> ont été obtenues à partir de 79 pondoirs pièges à doubles collants situés à Cairns durant la période de septembre 2007 à mai 2012. La température maximale, les précipitations totales et la moyenne des données d'humidité relative ont été obtenues auprès du Bureau Australien de la Météorologie pour la période d’étude. Des modèles de distribution non linéaire des séries de latence ont été utilisés pour évaluer la relation entre les variables météorologiques et la densité du vecteur. L'autocorrélation spatiale évaluée par semivariography et par krigeage ordinaire a été entreprise afin de prédire la densité du vecteur à Cairns.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>La densité d’<em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> a été associée avec la température et les précipitations. Cependant, ces relations différaient entre les périodes de latence courte (0–6 semaines) et longue (0–30 semaines). Les semivariogrammes ont montré que les distributions du vecteur étaient spatialement autocorrélées dans la période de septembre 2007 à mai 2008 et de janvier 2009 à mai 2009, et les cartes de densité du vecteur ont identifié des zones de haute transmission dans les zones les plus peuplées de la ville de Cairns, ainsi que de Machans Beach.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Les tendances spatio-temporelles d’<em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> à Cairns sont complexes, montrant une autocorrélation spatiale et des associations avec la température et les précipitations. Les pondoirs pièges collants ne doivent pas être placés à plus d'1,2 km les uns des autres afin d'assurer une couverture entomologique et l'utilisation efficace des ressources. Les cartes de densité vectorielle fournissent des preuves pour le ciblage des activités de prévention et de contrôle. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour explorer la possibilité de développer un système d'alerte précoce de la dengue basée sur les facteurs météorologiques et environnementaux.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivos</h4><div class="para"><p>Identificar los factores meteorológicos con influencia sobre la densidad del vector del dengue y determinar las zonas de alto y bajo riesgo de transmisión para la prevención del dengue y su control en Cairns, Australia.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Semanalmente se obtuvieron datos sobre hembras adultas de <em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> data de 79 trampas pegajosas dobles (TP) localizadas en Cairns entre Septiembre 2007 – Mayo 2012. Datos para el periodo del estudio de temperatura máxima, precipitación total y datos promedio de humedad relativa se obtuvieron de la Oficina Australiana de Meteorología. Se utilizaron modelos de retardos distribuidos de series temporales no lineales para evaluar la relación entre las variables meteorológicas y la densidad vectorial. La autocorrelación espacial se evaluó mediante semivariografía y se realizó un <em>kriging</em> ordinario para predecir la densidad vectorial en Cairns.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>La densidad de <em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> estaba asociada con la temperatura y las precipitaciones. Sin embargo, esta relación difería entre periodos de tiempo cortos (0–6 semanas) y largos (0–30 semanas). Los semivariogramas mostraban que las distribuciones vectoriales estaban espacialmente autocorrelacionadas entre Septiembre 2007 – Mayo 2008 y Enero 2009 – Mayo 2009 y los mapas de densidad vectorial identificaron áreas de transmisión alta en las partes más pobladas de la ciudad de Cairns, al igual que en la playa de Machans.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12115-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusión</h4><div class="para"><p>Los patrones espaciotemporales de <em>A</em><em>e. aegypti</em> en Cairns son complejos, mostrando una autocorrelación espacial y asociaciones con la temperatura y las precipitaciones. Las trampas pegajosas deberían de colocarse con un máximo de 1.2 km de separación entre ellas, con el fin de asegurar la cobertura entomológica y un uso eficiente de recursos. Los mapas de densidad vectorial aportan evidencia para afinar en las actividades de prevención y de control. Se requieren más estudios para explorar la posibilidad de desarrollar un sistema de advertencia temprana para el dengue, basado en factores meteorológicos y ambientales.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objectives
To identify the meteorological drivers of dengue vector density and determine high- and low-risk transmission zones for dengue prevention and control in Cairns, Australia.


Methods
Weekly adult female Ae. aegypti data were obtained from 79 double sticky ovitraps (SOs) located in Cairns for the period September 2007–May 2012. Maximum temperature, total rainfall and average relative humidity data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for the study period. Time series–distributed lag nonlinear models were used to assess the relationship between meteorological variables and vector density. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed via semivariography, and ordinary kriging was undertaken to predict vector density in Cairns.


Results
Ae. aegypti density was associated with temperature and rainfall. However, these relationships differed between short (0–6 weeks) and long (0–30 weeks) lag periods. Semivariograms showed that vector distributions were spatially autocorrelated in September 2007–May 2008 and January 2009–May 2009, and vector density maps identified high transmission zones in the most populated parts of Cairns city, as well as Machans Beach.


Conclusion
Spatiotemporal patterns of Ae. aegypti in Cairns are complex, showing spatial autocorrelation and associations with temperature and rainfall. Sticky ovitraps should be placed no more than 1.2 km apart to ensure entomological coverage and efficient use of resources. Vector density maps provide evidence for the targeting of prevention and control activities. Further research is needed to explore the possibility of developing an early warning system of dengue based on meteorological and environmental factors.

ObjectifsIdentifier les déterminants météorologiques de la densité du vecteur de la dengue et déterminer les zones de haut et de bas risque de transmission pour la prévention et le control de la dengue à Cairns, en Australie.MéthodesLes données hebdomadaires sur les femelles adultes d’Ae. aegypti ont été obtenues à partir de 79 pondoirs pièges à doubles collants situés à Cairns durant la période de septembre 2007 à mai 2012. La température maximale, les précipitations totales et la moyenne des données d'humidité relative ont été obtenues auprès du Bureau Australien de la Météorologie pour la période d’étude. Des modèles de distribution non linéaire des séries de latence ont été utilisés pour évaluer la relation entre les variables météorologiques et la densité du vecteur. L'autocorrélation spatiale évaluée par semivariography et par krigeage ordinaire a été entreprise afin de prédire la densité du vecteur à Cairns.RésultatsLa densité d’Ae. aegypti a été associée avec la température et les précipitations. Cependant, ces relations différaient entre les périodes de latence courte (0–6 semaines) et longue (0–30 semaines). Les semivariogrammes ont montré que les distributions du vecteur étaient spatialement autocorrélées dans la période de septembre 2007 à mai 2008 et de janvier 2009 à mai 2009, et les cartes de densité du vecteur ont identifié des zones de haute transmission dans les zones les plus peuplées de la ville de Cairns, ainsi que de Machans Beach.ConclusionLes tendances spatio-temporelles d’Ae. aegypti à Cairns sont complexes, montrant une autocorrélation spatiale et des associations avec la température et les précipitations. Les pondoirs pièges collants ne doivent pas être placés à plus d'1,2 km les uns des autres afin d'assurer une couverture entomologique et l'utilisation efficace des ressources. Les cartes de densité vectorielle fournissent des preuves pour le ciblage des activités de prévention et de contrôle. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour explorer la possibilité de développer un système d'alerte précoce de la dengue basée sur les facteurs météorologiques et environnementaux.ObjetivosIdentificar los factores meteorológicos con influencia sobre la densidad del vector del dengue y determinar las zonas de alto y bajo riesgo de transmisión para la prevención del dengue y su control en Cairns, Australia.MétodosSemanalmente se obtuvieron datos sobre hembras adultas de Ae. aegypti data de 79 trampas pegajosas dobles (TP) localizadas en Cairns entre Septiembre 2007 – Mayo 2012. Datos para el periodo del estudio de temperatura máxima, precipitación total y datos promedio de humedad relativa se obtuvieron de la Oficina Australiana de Meteorología. Se utilizaron modelos de retardos distribuidos de series temporales no lineales para evaluar la relación entre las variables meteorológicas y la densidad vectorial. La autocorrelación espacial se evaluó mediante semivariografía y se realizó un kriging ordinario para predecir la densidad vectorial en Cairns.ResultadosLa densidad de Ae. aegypti estaba asociada con la temperatura y las precipitaciones. Sin embargo, esta relación difería entre periodos de tiempo cortos (0–6 semanas) y largos (0–30 semanas). Los semivariogramas mostraban que las distribuciones vectoriales estaban espacialmente autocorrelacionadas entre Septiembre 2007 – Mayo 2008 y Enero 2009 – Mayo 2009 y los mapas de densidad vectorial identificaron áreas de transmisión alta en las partes más pobladas de la ciudad de Cairns, al igual que en la playa de Machans.ConclusiónLos patrones espaciotemporales de Ae. aegypti en Cairns son complejos, mostrando una autocorrelación espacial y asociaciones con la temperatura y las precipitaciones. Las trampas pegajosas deberían de colocarse con un máximo de 1.2 km de separación entre ellas, con el fin de asegurar la cobertura entomológica y un uso eficiente de recursos. Los mapas de densidad vectorial aportan evidencia para afinar en las actividades de prevención y de control. Se requieren más estudios para explorar la posibilidad de desarrollar un sistema de advertencia temprana para el dengue, basado en factores meteorológicos y ambientales.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12116" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Short Communication: Prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in children in The Gambia, West Africa</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12116</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Short Communication: Prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in children in The Gambia, West Africa</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Wim Hoek, Ramu Sarge-Njie, Tineke Herremans, Thomas Chisnall, Joseph Okebe, Eniyou Oriero, Bart Versteeg, Bart Goossens, Marianne Sande, Beate Kampmann, Davis Nwakanma</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-18T23:21:31.223536-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12116</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12116</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12116</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">850</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">853</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To estimate the prevalence of antibodies against <em>Coxiella burnetii</em> (Q fever) among children in eight villages in The Gambia, West Africa.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Sera of 796 children aged 1–15 years were tested for presence of antibodies against phase II of <em>C. burnetii</em> by ELISA.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>IgG and/or IgM phase II antibodies against <em>C. burnetii</em> were detectable in 8.3% (66/796) of all serum samples analysed with significant differences in seroprevalence between villages. Highest prevalence was found in the age group 1–4 years.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Exposure to <em>C. burnetii</em> is considerable in the early years of life in The Gambia, and further studies are warranted to estimate the role of Q fever in acute febrile illness in The Gambia and elsewhere in Africa.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Estimer la prévalence des anticorps contre <em>C</em><em>oxiella burnetii</em> (fièvre Q) chez les enfants de 8 villages de la Gambie, en Afrique de l’Ouest.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Les échantillons de sérum de 796 enfants âgés de 1 à 15 ans ont été testés par ELISA pour la présence d'anticorps contre la phase II de <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em>.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Les anticorps IgG et/ou IgM de phase II contre <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em> étaient détectables dans 8,3% (66/796) de tous les échantillons de sérum analysés avec des différences significatives dans la séroprévalence entre les villages. La plus haute prévalence a été observée dans le groupe d’âge de 1 à 4 ans.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>L'exposition à <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em> est considérable dans les premières années de la vie en Gambie et des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer le rôle de la fièvre Q dans la maladie fébrile aiguë en Gambie et ailleurs en Afrique.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Calcular la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a <em>C</em><em>oxiella burnetii</em> (fiebre Q) en niños pertenecientes a 8 poblados en Gambia, África Occidental.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Mediante un ELISA en suero se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos frente a la fase II de <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em> en 796 niños con edades entre 1–15 años.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Se detectaron anticuerpos IgG y/o IgM en fase II frente <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em> en 8.3% (66/796) de todas las muestras de suero analizadas con diferencias significativas en la seroprevalencia entre poblados. La mayor prevalencia se encontró en el grupo de edad de 1–4 años.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12116-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>La exposición a <em>C</em><em>. burnetii</em> es considerable en los primeros años de vida en Gambia y se necesitarían más estudios para calcular el papel de la fiebre Q entre la enfermedad febril en Gambia así como en otros lugares de África.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) among children in eight villages in The Gambia, West Africa.


Methods
Sera of 796 children aged 1–15 years were tested for presence of antibodies against phase II of C. burnetii by ELISA.


Results
IgG and/or IgM phase II antibodies against C. burnetii were detectable in 8.3% (66/796) of all serum samples analysed with significant differences in seroprevalence between villages. Highest prevalence was found in the age group 1–4 years.


Conclusions
Exposure to C. burnetii is considerable in the early years of life in The Gambia, and further studies are warranted to estimate the role of Q fever in acute febrile illness in The Gambia and elsewhere in Africa.

ObjectifEstimer la prévalence des anticorps contre Coxiella burnetii (fièvre Q) chez les enfants de 8 villages de la Gambie, en Afrique de l’Ouest.MéthodesLes échantillons de sérum de 796 enfants âgés de 1 à 15 ans ont été testés par ELISA pour la présence d'anticorps contre la phase II de C. burnetii.RésultatsLes anticorps IgG et/ou IgM de phase II contre C. burnetii étaient détectables dans 8,3% (66/796) de tous les échantillons de sérum analysés avec des différences significatives dans la séroprévalence entre les villages. La plus haute prévalence a été observée dans le groupe d’âge de 1 à 4 ans.ConclusionsL'exposition à C. burnetii est considérable dans les premières années de la vie en Gambie et des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer le rôle de la fièvre Q dans la maladie fébrile aiguë en Gambie et ailleurs en Afrique.ObjetivoCalcular la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a Coxiella burnetii (fiebre Q) en niños pertenecientes a 8 poblados en Gambia, África Occidental.MétodosMediante un ELISA en suero se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos frente a la fase II de C. burnetii en 796 niños con edades entre 1–15 años.ResultadosSe detectaron anticuerpos IgG y/o IgM en fase II frente C. burnetii en 8.3% (66/796) de todas las muestras de suero analizadas con diferencias significativas en la seroprevalencia entre poblados. La mayor prevalencia se encontró en el grupo de edad de 1–4 años.ConclusionesLa exposición a C. burnetii es considerable en los primeros años de vida en Gambia y se necesitarían más estudios para calcular el papel de la fiebre Q entre la enfermedad febril en Gambia así como en otros lugares de África.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12103" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>An improved tool for household faeces management in rural Bangladeshi communities</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12103</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">An improved tool for household faeces management in rural Bangladeshi communities</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Rebeca Sultana, Utpal K. Mondal, Nadia Ali Rimi, Leanne Unicomb, Peter J. Winch, Nazmun Nahar, Stephen P. Luby</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-05T01:48:04.494172-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12103</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12103</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12103</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">854</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">860</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To explore child defecation and faeces management practices in rural Bangladesh with the aim to redesign and pilot a tool to facilitate removal and disposal of faeces.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>We conducted six group discussions, six short interviews and three observations of practices and designed the new tool. We piloted the new tool and elicited feedback through two in-depth interviews and two observations.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>Until three years of age, a child commonly defecates in the courtyard and occasionally inside the house. A heavy digging hoe was commonly used to remove child faeces. Mothers preferred a redesigned ‘mini-hoe’ and found it easier to use for removal and disposal of liquid faeces.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Promoting modified local tools may contribute to improving environmental sanitation and health.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Explorer les pratiques de défécation des enfants et les efforts pour l'enlèvement et l’élimination des excréments, en zone rurale au Bangladesh, dans le but de développer et appliquer un outil pour faciliter ce processus.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons mené 6 discussions de groupe, 6 courtes interviews, 3 observations de pratiques et avons conçu le nouvel outil. Nous avons appliqué ce nouvel outil et suscité des commentaires à travers 2 interviews en profondeur et 2 observations.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Jusqu’à trois ans, un enfant défèque souvent dans la cour et parfois à l'intérieur de la maison. Une houe à creuser était couramment utilisée pour enlever les selles de l'enfant. Les mères ont préféré une version remaniée «mini-houe» et l'ont trouvée plus facile à utiliser pour l'enlèvement et l’élimination des selles liquides.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Promouvoir des outils locaux modifiés peut contribuer à l'amélioration de l'assainissement de l'environnement et de la santé.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Explorar las prácticas de defecación de los niños, así como los esfuerzos para retirarlas y desecharlos en zonas rurales de Bangladesh, con el objetivo de desarrollar y adaptar una herramienta que facilitase el proceso.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos realizado 6 discusiones en grupo, 6 entrevistas cortas, 3 observaciones de prácticas y el diseño de una nueva herramienta. Hemos probado la nueva herramienta y obtenido información de los usuarios mediante 2 entrevistas en profundidad y 2 observaciones.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Hasta los tres años de edad por lo general un niño defeca en el jardín, y ocasionalmente dentro de la casa. Comúnmente se utilizaba una azada grande y pesada para remover las heces del niño. Las madres preferían utilizar una “pequeña azada” rediseñada, la cual encontraron que era más fácil de utilizar para remover y deshacerse de las heces líquidas.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12103-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>Promover herramientas locales modificadas puede contribuir a mejorar la sanidad ambiental y la salud.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To explore child defecation and faeces management practices in rural Bangladesh with the aim to redesign and pilot a tool to facilitate removal and disposal of faeces.


Methods
We conducted six group discussions, six short interviews and three observations of practices and designed the new tool. We piloted the new tool and elicited feedback through two in-depth interviews and two observations.


Results
Until three years of age, a child commonly defecates in the courtyard and occasionally inside the house. A heavy digging hoe was commonly used to remove child faeces. Mothers preferred a redesigned ‘mini-hoe’ and found it easier to use for removal and disposal of liquid faeces.


Conclusions
Promoting modified local tools may contribute to improving environmental sanitation and health.

ObjectifExplorer les pratiques de défécation des enfants et les efforts pour l'enlèvement et l’élimination des excréments, en zone rurale au Bangladesh, dans le but de développer et appliquer un outil pour faciliter ce processus.MéthodesNous avons mené 6 discussions de groupe, 6 courtes interviews, 3 observations de pratiques et avons conçu le nouvel outil. Nous avons appliqué ce nouvel outil et suscité des commentaires à travers 2 interviews en profondeur et 2 observations.RésultatsJusqu’à trois ans, un enfant défèque souvent dans la cour et parfois à l'intérieur de la maison. Une houe à creuser était couramment utilisée pour enlever les selles de l'enfant. Les mères ont préféré une version remaniée «mini-houe» et l'ont trouvée plus facile à utiliser pour l'enlèvement et l’élimination des selles liquides.ConclusionsPromouvoir des outils locaux modifiés peut contribuer à l'amélioration de l'assainissement de l'environnement et de la santé.ObjetivoExplorar las prácticas de defecación de los niños, así como los esfuerzos para retirarlas y desecharlos en zonas rurales de Bangladesh, con el objetivo de desarrollar y adaptar una herramienta que facilitase el proceso.MétodosHemos realizado 6 discusiones en grupo, 6 entrevistas cortas, 3 observaciones de prácticas y el diseño de una nueva herramienta. Hemos probado la nueva herramienta y obtenido información de los usuarios mediante 2 entrevistas en profundidad y 2 observaciones.ResultadosHasta los tres años de edad por lo general un niño defeca en el jardín, y ocasionalmente dentro de la casa. Comúnmente se utilizaba una azada grande y pesada para remover las heces del niño. Las madres preferían utilizar una “pequeña azada” rediseñada, la cual encontraron que era más fácil de utilizar para remover y deshacerse de las heces líquidas.ConclusionesPromover herramientas locales modificadas puede contribuir a mejorar la sanidad ambiental y la salud.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12113" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Contracting urban primary healthcare services in Bangladesh – effect on use, efficiency, equity and quality of care</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12113</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Contracting urban primary healthcare services in Bangladesh – effect on use, efficiency, equity and quality of care</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Anna Heard, Dhiraj Kumar Nath, Benjamin Loevinsohn</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-24T03:09:12.528334-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12113</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12113</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12113</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">861</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">870</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To evaluate a large, ongoing effort to improve urban primary health care (PHC) in Bangladesh through expansion of publicly funded urban health facilities and contracting with partner non-governmental organisations (NGOs).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>A part of Chittagong was assigned to a contracted NGO while the other parts of the city were contracted to the local government. Performance was assessed by baseline and follow-on household surveys, an endline health facility survey and routinely collected data.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>The results of a health facility survey indicated that overall quality of care was better in the NGO area, and routinely collected data showed that the NGO provided many more services <em>per capita</em>. Based on household survey data, the NGO area of Chittagong was poorer and had lower coverage at baseline. There were significant improvements in both government and NGO-run areas. However, larger improvements were observed on some coverage indicators in the NGO area compared to the government area. Improvements in coverage among the poorest 50% of the population were greater in the NGO-run area. The cost per service delivered was 47% lower in the NGO area.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Investments in urban PHC led to an improvement in the coverage of basic services. Contracting with an NGO had an additional effect in terms of improving coverage, equity, quality of care and efficiency. Increased investments in PHC facilities and contracting with NGOs may be effective in improving urban health services.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Alors que le monde s'urbanise rapidement, la fourniture de soins de santé primaire (SSP) en milieu urbain, en particulier pour les pauvres, reste un défi majeur. Nous décrivons ici un grand effort en cours pour l'amélioration des SSP en milieu urbain au Bangladesh à travers l'expansion des établissements de santé urbains financés publiquement et les contrats des services avec les partenaires ONG.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Une partie de Chittagong a été confiée à une ONG en sous-traitance tandis que les autres parties de la ville ont été gérées par le gouvernement local. La performance a été évaluée à l'aide de surveillances auprès des ménages, au départ et lors de suivi, par une surveillance des établissements de santé à la fin et par des données recueillies en routine.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Les résultats de surveillance des établissements de santé ont indiqué que la qualité globale des soins était meilleure dans la zone desservie par l’ONG et les données recueillies en routine ont montré que l’ONG a fourni beaucoup plus de services par habitant. Sur base des données d'enquêtes auprès des ménages, la zone de l’ONG à Chittagong était plus pauvre et avait une couverture plus réduite au départ. Il y avait des améliorations significatives à la fois dans les zones gérées par le gouvernement et par l’ONG. Cependant, des améliorations plus importantes ont été observées pour certains indicateurs de couverture dans la zone gérée par l’ONG comparée à celle gérée par le gouvernement. L'amélioration de la couverture parmi les 50% plus pauvres de la population était plus élevée dans la zone gérée par l’ONG. Le coût par service délivré était 47% plus faible dans la zone gérée par l’ONG.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Les investissements dans les SSP en zones urbaines ont conduit à une amélioration de la couverture des services de base. Le contrat avec une ONG a eu un effet supplémentaire en termes d'amélioration de la couverture, de l’équité, de la qualité des soins et de l'efficacité. L'accroissement des investissements dans les établissements de SSP et la sous-traitance avec les ONG peut être efficace dans l'amélioration des services de santé en milieu urbain.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>En medio de un rápida urbanización mundial, el ofrecer servicios urbanos de atención primaria de salud (SAPS) y en especial para los pobres, es un reto crítico. Describimos aquí un gran esfuerzo, actualmente en marcha para mejorar los SAPS urbanos en Bangladesh mediante la expansión de centros sanitarios con financiación pública y contratos con ONGs socias.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Una parte de Chittagong se asignó a una ONG contratada, mientras que en las otras partes de la ciudad se contrató al gobierno local. El desempeño se evaluó al comienzo del estudio y mediante encuestas de seguimiento en los hogares, una encuesta en los centros sanitarios al final del estudio y los datos recogidos de forma rutinaria.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Los resultados de la encuesta en el centro sanitario indican que, en general, la calidad de los cuidados era mejor en el área de la ONG, y los datos recogidos de forma rutinaria mostraban que la ONG prestaba muchos más servicios <em>per cápita</em>. Basándose en los datos de las encuestas a los hogares, el área a cargo de la ONG en Chittagong era más pobre y tenía una menor cobertura al inicio del estudio. Hubo mejoras significativas tanto en las áreas con servicios gubernamentales como en la manejada por la ONG. Sin embargo, se observaron mejoras mayores en ciertos indicadores de cobertura en el área de la ONG en comparación con el área del gobierno. Las mejoras en cobertura entre la mitad más pobre de la población eran mayores en el área manejada por la ONG. El coste por servicio entregado era un 47% menos en el área de la ONG.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12113-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>Las inversiones en centros sanitarios públicos en áreas urbanas han mejorado la cobertura de los servicios básicos. El contratar una ONG tiene un efecto adicional en términos de mejorar la cobertura, la equidad, la calidad de los cuidados y su eficiencia. Un aumento en las inversiones en los centros sanitarios públicos y el contratar ONGs pueden ser efectivos a la hora de mejorar los servicios sanitarios urbanos.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To evaluate a large, ongoing effort to improve urban primary health care (PHC) in Bangladesh through expansion of publicly funded urban health facilities and contracting with partner non-governmental organisations (NGOs).


Methods
A part of Chittagong was assigned to a contracted NGO while the other parts of the city were contracted to the local government. Performance was assessed by baseline and follow-on household surveys, an endline health facility survey and routinely collected data.


Results
The results of a health facility survey indicated that overall quality of care was better in the NGO area, and routinely collected data showed that the NGO provided many more services per capita. Based on household survey data, the NGO area of Chittagong was poorer and had lower coverage at baseline. There were significant improvements in both government and NGO-run areas. However, larger improvements were observed on some coverage indicators in the NGO area compared to the government area. Improvements in coverage among the poorest 50% of the population were greater in the NGO-run area. The cost per service delivered was 47% lower in the NGO area.


Conclusions
Investments in urban PHC led to an improvement in the coverage of basic services. Contracting with an NGO had an additional effect in terms of improving coverage, equity, quality of care and efficiency. Increased investments in PHC facilities and contracting with NGOs may be effective in improving urban health services.

ObjectifAlors que le monde s'urbanise rapidement, la fourniture de soins de santé primaire (SSP) en milieu urbain, en particulier pour les pauvres, reste un défi majeur. Nous décrivons ici un grand effort en cours pour l'amélioration des SSP en milieu urbain au Bangladesh à travers l'expansion des établissements de santé urbains financés publiquement et les contrats des services avec les partenaires ONG.MéthodesUne partie de Chittagong a été confiée à une ONG en sous-traitance tandis que les autres parties de la ville ont été gérées par le gouvernement local. La performance a été évaluée à l'aide de surveillances auprès des ménages, au départ et lors de suivi, par une surveillance des établissements de santé à la fin et par des données recueillies en routine.RésultatsLes résultats de surveillance des établissements de santé ont indiqué que la qualité globale des soins était meilleure dans la zone desservie par l’ONG et les données recueillies en routine ont montré que l’ONG a fourni beaucoup plus de services par habitant. Sur base des données d'enquêtes auprès des ménages, la zone de l’ONG à Chittagong était plus pauvre et avait une couverture plus réduite au départ. Il y avait des améliorations significatives à la fois dans les zones gérées par le gouvernement et par l’ONG. Cependant, des améliorations plus importantes ont été observées pour certains indicateurs de couverture dans la zone gérée par l’ONG comparée à celle gérée par le gouvernement. L'amélioration de la couverture parmi les 50% plus pauvres de la population était plus élevée dans la zone gérée par l’ONG. Le coût par service délivré était 47% plus faible dans la zone gérée par l’ONG.ConclusionsLes investissements dans les SSP en zones urbaines ont conduit à une amélioration de la couverture des services de base. Le contrat avec une ONG a eu un effet supplémentaire en termes d'amélioration de la couverture, de l’équité, de la qualité des soins et de l'efficacité. L'accroissement des investissements dans les établissements de SSP et la sous-traitance avec les ONG peut être efficace dans l'amélioration des services de santé en milieu urbain.ObjetivoEn medio de un rápida urbanización mundial, el ofrecer servicios urbanos de atención primaria de salud (SAPS) y en especial para los pobres, es un reto crítico. Describimos aquí un gran esfuerzo, actualmente en marcha para mejorar los SAPS urbanos en Bangladesh mediante la expansión de centros sanitarios con financiación pública y contratos con ONGs socias.MétodosUna parte de Chittagong se asignó a una ONG contratada, mientras que en las otras partes de la ciudad se contrató al gobierno local. El desempeño se evaluó al comienzo del estudio y mediante encuestas de seguimiento en los hogares, una encuesta en los centros sanitarios al final del estudio y los datos recogidos de forma rutinaria.ResultadosLos resultados de la encuesta en el centro sanitario indican que, en general, la calidad de los cuidados era mejor en el área de la ONG, y los datos recogidos de forma rutinaria mostraban que la ONG prestaba muchos más servicios per cápita. Basándose en los datos de las encuestas a los hogares, el área a cargo de la ONG en Chittagong era más pobre y tenía una menor cobertura al inicio del estudio. Hubo mejoras significativas tanto en las áreas con servicios gubernamentales como en la manejada por la ONG. Sin embargo, se observaron mejoras mayores en ciertos indicadores de cobertura en el área de la ONG en comparación con el área del gobierno. Las mejoras en cobertura entre la mitad más pobre de la población eran mayores en el área manejada por la ONG. El coste por servicio entregado era un 47% menos en el área de la ONG.ConclusionesLas inversiones en centros sanitarios públicos en áreas urbanas han mejorado la cobertura de los servicios básicos. El contratar una ONG tiene un efecto adicional en términos de mejorar la cobertura, la equidad, la calidad de los cuidados y su eficiencia. Un aumento en las inversiones en los centros sanitarios públicos y el contratar ONGs pueden ser efectivos a la hora de mejorar los servicios sanitarios urbanos.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12137" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Development of a severity of illness scoring system (inpatient triage, assessment and treatment) for resource-constrained hospitals in developing countries</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12137</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Development of a severity of illness scoring system (inpatient triage, assessment and treatment) for resource-constrained hospitals in developing countries</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Dan Olson, Nicole L. Davis, Robert Milazi, Norman Lufesi, William C. Miller, Geoffrey A. Preidis, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Eric D. McCollum</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-06-12T23:33:14.588869-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12137</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12137</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12137</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">871</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">878</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To develop a new paediatric illness severity score, called inpatient triage, assessment and treatment (ITAT), for resource-limited settings to identify hospitalised patients at highest risk of death and facilitate urgent clinical re-evaluation.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>We performed a nested case–control study at a Malawian referral hospital. The ITAT score was derived from four equally weighted variables, yielding a cumulative score between 0 and 8. Variables included oxygen saturation, temperature, and age-adjusted heart and respiratory rates. We compared the ITAT score between cases (deaths) and controls (discharges) in predicting death within 2 days. Our analysis includes predictive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression, and calculation of data-driven scores.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>A total of 54 cases and 161 controls were included in the analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.76. At an ITAT cut-off of 4, the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio were 0.44, 0.86 and 1.70, respectively. A cumulative ITAT score of 4 or higher was associated with increased odds of death (OR 4.80; 95% CI 2.39–9.64). A score of 2 for all individual vital signs was a statistically significant independent predictor of death.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>We developed an inpatient triage tool (ITAT) appropriate for resource-constrained hospitals that identifies high-risk children after hospital admission. Further research is needed to study how best to operationalise ITAT in developing countries.</p></div></div>

<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Développer un nouveau score de sévérité de la maladie pédiatrique, appelé Triage des Patients Hospitalisés, Evaluation et Traitement (ITAT), pour les régions à ressources limitées pour l'identification des patients hospitalisés à risque le plus élevé de décès et pour faciliter une réévaluation clinique d'urgence.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons effectué une étude cas-témoin imbriquée dans un hôpital de référence au Malawi. Le score ITAT a été dérivé de 4 variables équitablement pondérées, ce qui a donné un score cumulatif entre 0 et 8. Les variables comprenaient la saturation en oxygène, la température, les fréquences cardiaques et respiratoires ajustés selon l'âge. Nous avons comparé le score ITAT entre les cas (décès) et les témoins (libérés) pour prédire le décès dans les 2 jours. Notre analyse s'est appuyée sur les statistiques prédictifs, la régression logistique bivariée et multivariée, et le calcul des scores guidé par les données.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Un total de 54 cas et 161 témoins ont été inclus dans l'analyse. L'aire sous la courbe ROC était de 0,76. Pour un seuil ITAT de 4, les rapports de sensibilité, de spécificité et de probabilité étaient de 0,44; 0,86 et 1,70, respectivement. Un score ITAT cumulatif de 4 ou plus était associé à une probabilité accrue de décès (OR: 4,80; IC95%: 2,39 à 9,64). Un score de 2 pour tous les signes vitaux individuels était un facteur prédictif indépendant de décès statistiquement significatif.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons développé un outil de triage en milieu hospitalier (ITAT) approprié pour les hôpitaux à ressources limitées, qui identifie les enfants à risque élevé après l'hospitalisation. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour étudier la meilleure manière d'appliquer l'ITAT dans les pays en développement.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Desarrollar un nuevo sistema de puntuación para evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad en pediatría llamado ITAT (<em>por sus siglas en inglés Inpatient Triage, Assessment, and Treatment</em>) para utilizar en lugares con recursos limitados que identifique a los pacientes hospitalizados con un mayor riesgo de muerte y facilite su reevaluación clínica urgente.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos realizado un estudio caso-control anidado en un hospital de referencia de Malawi. El puntaje ITAT se derivó de 4 variables con el mismo peso, con un puntaje acumulativo de entre 0 y 8. Las variables incluían la saturación de oxígeno, la temperatura y las tasas cardiaca y respiratoria ajustadas por edad. Hemos comparado el puntaje ITAT entre casos (muertes) y controles (dados de alta) para predecir la muerte en los 2 días siguientes. Nuestro análisis incluye estadísticas predictivas, regresión logística bivariada y multinomial, y el cálculo de puntuaciones derivadas de datos.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>En el análisis se incluyeron un total de 54 casos y 161 controles. El área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ROC) era de 0.76. En un punto de corte ITAT de 4, la sensibilidad, especificidad, y tasa de probabilidades eran 0.44, 0.86, y 1.70, respectivamente. Un puntaje ITAT acumulativo de 4 o más estaba asociado con un aumento en la probabilidad de muerte (OR: 4.80; IC 95%: 2.39–9.64). Un puntaje de 2 para todos los signos vitales individuales era estadísticamente significativo, independientemente del vaticinador de muerte.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12137-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos desarrollado una herramienta de evaluación de pacientes ingresados (ITAT), apropiada para hospitales con recursos limitados, que identifica a los niños hospitalizados con un mayor riesgo. Es necesario llevar a cabo más estudios para determinar la mejor forma de hacer que el ITAT sea operativo en países en vías de desarrollo.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To develop a new paediatric illness severity score, called inpatient triage, assessment and treatment (ITAT), for resource-limited settings to identify hospitalised patients at highest risk of death and facilitate urgent clinical re-evaluation.


Methods
We performed a nested case–control study at a Malawian referral hospital. The ITAT score was derived from four equally weighted variables, yielding a cumulative score between 0 and 8. Variables included oxygen saturation, temperature, and age-adjusted heart and respiratory rates. We compared the ITAT score between cases (deaths) and controls (discharges) in predicting death within 2 days. Our analysis includes predictive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression, and calculation of data-driven scores.


Results
A total of 54 cases and 161 controls were included in the analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.76. At an ITAT cut-off of 4, the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio were 0.44, 0.86 and 1.70, respectively. A cumulative ITAT score of 4 or higher was associated with increased odds of death (OR 4.80; 95% CI 2.39–9.64). A score of 2 for all individual vital signs was a statistically significant independent predictor of death.


Conclusions
We developed an inpatient triage tool (ITAT) appropriate for resource-constrained hospitals that identifies high-risk children after hospital admission. Further research is needed to study how best to operationalise ITAT in developing countries.


Objectif
Développer un nouveau score de sévérité de la maladie pédiatrique, appelé Triage des Patients Hospitalisés, Evaluation et Traitement (ITAT), pour les régions à ressources limitées pour l'identification des patients hospitalisés à risque le plus élevé de décès et pour faciliter une réévaluation clinique d'urgence.Méthodes
Nous avons effectué une étude cas-témoin imbriquée dans un hôpital de référence au Malawi. Le score ITAT a été dérivé de 4 variables équitablement pondérées, ce qui a donné un score cumulatif entre 0 et 8. Les variables comprenaient la saturation en oxygène, la température, les fréquences cardiaques et respiratoires ajustés selon l'âge. Nous avons comparé le score ITAT entre les cas (décès) et les témoins (libérés) pour prédire le décès dans les 2 jours. Notre analyse s'est appuyée sur les statistiques prédictifs, la régression logistique bivariée et multivariée, et le calcul des scores guidé par les données.
RésultatsUn total de 54 cas et 161 témoins ont été inclus dans l'analyse. L'aire sous la courbe ROC était de 0,76. Pour un seuil ITAT de 4, les rapports de sensibilité, de spécificité et de probabilité étaient de 0,44; 0,86 et 1,70, respectivement. Un score ITAT cumulatif de 4 ou plus était associé à une probabilité accrue de décès (OR: 4,80; IC95%: 2,39 à 9,64). Un score de 2 pour tous les signes vitaux individuels était un facteur prédictif indépendant de décès statistiquement significatif.
ConclusionsNous avons développé un outil de triage en milieu hospitalier (ITAT) approprié pour les hôpitaux à ressources limitées, qui identifie les enfants à risque élevé après l'hospitalisation. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour étudier la meilleure manière d'appliquer l'ITAT dans les pays en développement.ObjetivoDesarrollar un nuevo sistema de puntuación para evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad en pediatría llamado ITAT (por sus siglas en inglés Inpatient Triage, Assessment, and Treatment) para utilizar en lugares con recursos limitados que identifique a los pacientes hospitalizados con un mayor riesgo de muerte y facilite su reevaluación clínica urgente.MétodosHemos realizado un estudio caso-control anidado en un hospital de referencia de Malawi. El puntaje ITAT se derivó de 4 variables con el mismo peso, con un puntaje acumulativo de entre 0 y 8. Las variables incluían la saturación de oxígeno, la temperatura y las tasas cardiaca y respiratoria ajustadas por edad. Hemos comparado el puntaje ITAT entre casos (muertes) y controles (dados de alta) para predecir la muerte en los 2 días siguientes. Nuestro análisis incluye estadísticas predictivas, regresión logística bivariada y multinomial, y el cálculo de puntuaciones derivadas de datos.
ResultadosEn el análisis se incluyeron un total de 54 casos y 161 controles. El área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ROC) era de 0.76. En un punto de corte ITAT de 4, la sensibilidad, especificidad, y tasa de probabilidades eran 0.44, 0.86, y 1.70, respectivamente. Un puntaje ITAT acumulativo de 4 o más estaba asociado con un aumento en la probabilidad de muerte (OR: 4.80; IC 95%: 2.39–9.64). Un puntaje de 2 para todos los signos vitales individuales era estadísticamente significativo, independientemente del vaticinador de muerte.ConclusionesHemos desarrollado una herramienta de evaluación de pacientes ingresados (ITAT), apropiada para hospitales con recursos limitados, que identifica a los niños hospitalizados con un mayor riesgo. Es necesario llevar a cabo más estudios para determinar la mejor forma de hacer que el ITAT sea operativo en países en vías de desarrollo.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12114" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Task shifting an inpatient triage, assessment and treatment programme improves the quality of care for hospitalised Malawian children</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12114</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Task shifting an inpatient triage, assessment and treatment programme improves the quality of care for hospitalised Malawian children</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Daniel Olson, Geoffrey A. Preidis, Robert Milazi, Jennifer K. Spinler, Norman Lufesi, Charles Mwansambo, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Eric D. McCollum</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-21T23:22:23.860856-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12114</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12114</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12114</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">879</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">886</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>We aimed to improve paediatric inpatient surveillance at a busy referral hospital in Malawi with two new programmes: (i) the provision of vital sign equipment and implementation of an inpatient triage programme (ITAT) that includes a simplified paediatric severity-of-illness score, and (ii) task shifting ITAT to a new cadre of healthcare workers called ‘vital sign assistants’ (VSAs).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>This study, conducted on the paediatric inpatient ward of a large referral hospital in Malawi, was divided into three phases, each lasting 4 weeks. In Phase A, we collected baseline data. In Phase B, we provided three new automated vital sign poles and implemented ITAT with current hospital staff. In Phase C, VSAs were introduced and performed ITAT. Our primary outcome measures were the number of vital sign assessments performed and clinician notifications to reassess patients with high ITAT scores.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>We enrolled 3994 patients who received 5155 vital sign assessments. Assessment frequency was equal between Phases A (0.67 assessments/patient) and B (0.61 assessments/patient), but increased 3.6-fold in Phase C (2.44 assessments/patient, <em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0.001). Clinician notifications increased from Phases A (84) and B (113) to Phase C (161, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.002). Inpatient mortality fell from Phase A (9.3%) to Phases B (5.7) and C (6.9%).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>ITAT with VSAs improved vital sign assessments and nearly doubled clinician notifications of patients needing further assessment due to high ITAT scores, while equipment alone made no difference. Task shifting ITAT to VSAs may improve outcomes in paediatric hospitals in the developing world.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons cherché à améliorer la surveillance des patients pédiatriques hospitalisés dans un hôpital de référence très chargé au Malawi, avec 2 nouveaux programmes: (1) la fourniture d’équipements pour les signes vitaux et la mise en œuvre d'un programme de triage des patients hospitalisés (ITATI) qui comprend une version simplifiée du score de sévérité de la maladie pédiatrique, (2) la délégation des tâches ITAT à une nouvelle catégorie d'agents de santé appelés «Assistants des Signes Vitaux» (ASV).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Cette étude, menée dans le département des hospitalisations pédiatriques d'un grand hôpital de référence au Malawi, a été divisée en 3 phases, chacune durant 4 semaines. Dans la phase A, nous avons recueilli les données de base. Dans la phase B, nous avons fourni 3 nouveaux pôles automatisés pour les signes vitaux et avons implémenté l’ITAT avec le personnel actuel de l'hôpital. Dans la phase C, les ASV ont été introduits et ont effectué l’ITATI. Les résultats principaux mesurés étaient le nombre d’évaluations de signes vitaux effectuées et les notifications aux cliniciens pour la réévaluation des patients ayant des scores ITAT élevés.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons inclus 3.994 patients qui ont reçu 5.155 évaluations des signes vitaux. La fréquence des évaluations était égale entre les phases A (0,67 évaluations/patient) et B (0,61 évaluations/patient), mais a augmenté de 3,6 fois dans la phase C (2,44 évaluations/patient, <em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0,001). Les notifications aux cliniciens ont augmenté des phases A (84) et B (113) à la phase C (161, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0,002). La mortalité hospitalière a chuté de la phase A (9,3%) aux phases B (5,7) et C (6,9%).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>l’ITAT avec les ASV a permis d'améliorer l’évaluation des signes vitaux et a presque doublé les notifications aux cliniciens des patients nécessitant une évaluation plus approfondie en raison de scores ITAT élevés, tandis que l’équipement seul n'a apporté aucune différence. La délégation des tâches ITAT aux VSA peut améliorer les résultats dans les hôpitaux pédiatriques dans les pays en développement.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Buscamos mejorar la vigilancia de pacientes pediátricos ingresados en un hospital de referencia en Malawi mediante 2 nuevos programas: (1) incorporar nuevos equipos para signos vitales e implementar un programa de triaje de pacientes hospitalizados (ITAT) que incluye un puntaje simplificado de severidad de la enfermedad pediátrica; (2) delegación del ITAT a un nuevo grupo de trabajadores sanitarios llamado “Asistentes de Signos Vitales” (ASVs).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>El estudio, realizado en el ala de hospitalización de pediatría de un gran hospital de referencia de Malawi, se dividió en 3 fases, cada una de ellas con una duración de 4 semanas. En la Fase A, recogimos datos basales al comienzo del estudio. En la Fase B, se introdujeron 3 nuevos equipos automatizados para la monitorización y el diagnóstico de signos vitales y se implementó el ITAT con el personal sanitario disponible. En la Fase C, se introdujeron los ASVs y realizaron el ITAT. Nuestro principal resultado a analizar era el número de evaluaciones de signos vitales realizados y las notificaciones clínicas para reevaluar los pacientes con los puntajes ITAT más altos.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Se incluyeron 3,994 pacientes que recibieron 5,155 evaluaciones de signos vitales. La frecuencia de evaluación era igual entre las Fases A (0.67 evaluaciones/paciente) y B (0.61 evaluaciones/paciente), pero aumentó 3.6-veces en Fase C (2.44 evaluaciones/paciente, <em>P </em>&lt;<em> </em>0.001). Las notificaciones clínicas aumentaron desde las Fases A (84) y B (113) a la Fase C (161, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.002). La mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados disminuyó de la Fase A (9.3%) a las Fases B (5.7) y C (6.9%).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12114-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>El ITAT con ASVs mejoró las evaluaciones de signos vitales y prácticamente dobló las notificaciones clínicas de pacientes que requerían una nueva evaluación por tener puntajes ITAT muy altos, mientras que los equipos por si solos no tuvieron ninguna influencia. La delegación de tareas del ITAT a ASVs puede mejorar los resultados en hospitales pediátricos de países en vías de desarrollo.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
We aimed to improve paediatric inpatient surveillance at a busy referral hospital in Malawi with two new programmes: (i) the provision of vital sign equipment and implementation of an inpatient triage programme (ITAT) that includes a simplified paediatric severity-of-illness score, and (ii) task shifting ITAT to a new cadre of healthcare workers called ‘vital sign assistants’ (VSAs).


Methods
This study, conducted on the paediatric inpatient ward of a large referral hospital in Malawi, was divided into three phases, each lasting 4 weeks. In Phase A, we collected baseline data. In Phase B, we provided three new automated vital sign poles and implemented ITAT with current hospital staff. In Phase C, VSAs were introduced and performed ITAT. Our primary outcome measures were the number of vital sign assessments performed and clinician notifications to reassess patients with high ITAT scores.


Results
We enrolled 3994 patients who received 5155 vital sign assessments. Assessment frequency was equal between Phases A (0.67 assessments/patient) and B (0.61 assessments/patient), but increased 3.6-fold in Phase C (2.44 assessments/patient, P &lt; 0.001). Clinician notifications increased from Phases A (84) and B (113) to Phase C (161, P = 0.002). Inpatient mortality fell from Phase A (9.3%) to Phases B (5.7) and C (6.9%).


Conclusion
ITAT with VSAs improved vital sign assessments and nearly doubled clinician notifications of patients needing further assessment due to high ITAT scores, while equipment alone made no difference. Task shifting ITAT to VSAs may improve outcomes in paediatric hospitals in the developing world.

ObjectifNous avons cherché à améliorer la surveillance des patients pédiatriques hospitalisés dans un hôpital de référence très chargé au Malawi, avec 2 nouveaux programmes: (1) la fourniture d’équipements pour les signes vitaux et la mise en œuvre d'un programme de triage des patients hospitalisés (ITATI) qui comprend une version simplifiée du score de sévérité de la maladie pédiatrique, (2) la délégation des tâches ITAT à une nouvelle catégorie d'agents de santé appelés «Assistants des Signes Vitaux» (ASV).MéthodesCette étude, menée dans le département des hospitalisations pédiatriques d'un grand hôpital de référence au Malawi, a été divisée en 3 phases, chacune durant 4 semaines. Dans la phase A, nous avons recueilli les données de base. Dans la phase B, nous avons fourni 3 nouveaux pôles automatisés pour les signes vitaux et avons implémenté l’ITAT avec le personnel actuel de l'hôpital. Dans la phase C, les ASV ont été introduits et ont effectué l’ITATI. Les résultats principaux mesurés étaient le nombre d’évaluations de signes vitaux effectuées et les notifications aux cliniciens pour la réévaluation des patients ayant des scores ITAT élevés.RésultatsNous avons inclus 3.994 patients qui ont reçu 5.155 évaluations des signes vitaux. La fréquence des évaluations était égale entre les phases A (0,67 évaluations/patient) et B (0,61 évaluations/patient), mais a augmenté de 3,6 fois dans la phase C (2,44 évaluations/patient, P &lt; 0,001). Les notifications aux cliniciens ont augmenté des phases A (84) et B (113) à la phase C (161, P = 0,002). La mortalité hospitalière a chuté de la phase A (9,3%) aux phases B (5,7) et C (6,9%).Conclusionsl’ITAT avec les ASV a permis d'améliorer l’évaluation des signes vitaux et a presque doublé les notifications aux cliniciens des patients nécessitant une évaluation plus approfondie en raison de scores ITAT élevés, tandis que l’équipement seul n'a apporté aucune différence. La délégation des tâches ITAT aux VSA peut améliorer les résultats dans les hôpitaux pédiatriques dans les pays en développement.ObjetivoBuscamos mejorar la vigilancia de pacientes pediátricos ingresados en un hospital de referencia en Malawi mediante 2 nuevos programas: (1) incorporar nuevos equipos para signos vitales e implementar un programa de triaje de pacientes hospitalizados (ITAT) que incluye un puntaje simplificado de severidad de la enfermedad pediátrica; (2) delegación del ITAT a un nuevo grupo de trabajadores sanitarios llamado “Asistentes de Signos Vitales” (ASVs).MétodosEl estudio, realizado en el ala de hospitalización de pediatría de un gran hospital de referencia de Malawi, se dividió en 3 fases, cada una de ellas con una duración de 4 semanas. En la Fase A, recogimos datos basales al comienzo del estudio. En la Fase B, se introdujeron 3 nuevos equipos automatizados para la monitorización y el diagnóstico de signos vitales y se implementó el ITAT con el personal sanitario disponible. En la Fase C, se introdujeron los ASVs y realizaron el ITAT. Nuestro principal resultado a analizar era el número de evaluaciones de signos vitales realizados y las notificaciones clínicas para reevaluar los pacientes con los puntajes ITAT más altos.ResultadosSe incluyeron 3,994 pacientes que recibieron 5,155 evaluaciones de signos vitales. La frecuencia de evaluación era igual entre las Fases A (0.67 evaluaciones/paciente) y B (0.61 evaluaciones/paciente), pero aumentó 3.6-veces en Fase C (2.44 evaluaciones/paciente, P &lt; 0.001). Las notificaciones clínicas aumentaron desde las Fases A (84) y B (113) a la Fase C (161, P = 0.002). La mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados disminuyó de la Fase A (9.3%) a las Fases B (5.7) y C (6.9%).ConclusionesEl ITAT con ASVs mejoró las evaluaciones de signos vitales y prácticamente dobló las notificaciones clínicas de pacientes que requerían una nueva evaluación por tener puntajes ITAT muy altos, mientras que los equipos por si solos no tuvieron ninguna influencia. La delegación de tareas del ITAT a ASVs puede mejorar los resultados en hospitales pediátricos de países en vías de desarrollo.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12107" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>The internal migration between public and faith-based health providers: a cross-sectional, retrospective and multicentre study from southern Tanzania</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12107</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">The internal migration between public and faith-based health providers: a cross-sectional, retrospective and multicentre study from southern Tanzania</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Patrik Tabatabai, Helen Prytherch, Inge Baumgarten, Oberlin M. E. Kisanga, Bergis Schmidt-Ehry, Michael Marx</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-04T05:19:07.089987-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12107</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12107</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12107</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">887</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">897</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To assess the magnitude, direction and underlying dynamics of internal health worker migration between public and faith-based health providers from a hospital perspective.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Two complementary tools were implemented in 10 public and six faith-based hospitals in southern Tanzania. A hospital questionnaire assessed magnitude and direction of staff migration between January 2006 and June 2009. Interviews with 42 public and 20 faith-based maternity nurses evaluated differences in staff perspectives and motives for the observed migration patterns.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>The predominant direction of staff movement was from the faith-based to the public sector: 69.1% (<em>n</em> = 105/152) of hospital staff exits and 60.6% (<em>n</em> = 60/99) of hospital staff gains. Nurses were the largest group among the migrating health workforce. Faith-based hospitals lost 59.3% (<em>n</em> = 86/145) of nurses and 90.6% (<em>n</em> = 77/85) of registered nurses to the public sector, whereby public hospitals reported 13.5% (<em>n</em> = 59/436) of nurses and 24.4% (<em>n</em> = 41/168) of registered nurses being former faith-based employees. Interviews revealed significantly inferior staff perspectives among faith-based respondents than their public colleagues. Main differences were identified regarding career development and training, management support, employee engagement and workload.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>This study revealed considerable internal health worker migration from the faith-based to the public sector. Staff retention and motivation within faith-based hospitals are not restricted to financial considerations, and salary gaps can no longer uniquely explain this movement pattern. The consequences for the catchment area of faith-based hospitals are potentially severe and erode cooperation potential between the public and private health sector.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Evaluer l'ampleur, la direction et la dynamique sous-jacente de la migration interne des agents de la santé entre les prestataires de la santé publique et confessionnels, d'un point de vue hospitalier.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Deux outils complémentaires ont été mis en œuvre dans 10 hôpitaux publics et 6 hôpitaux confessionnels dans le sud de la Tanzanie. Un questionnaire de l'hôpital a évalué l'ampleur et la direction de la migration du personnel entre 01/2006 et 06/2009. Des entretiens avec 42 infirmier(e)s de maternités publiques et 20 de maternités confessionnelles ont évalué les différences dans les perspectives et les motivations du personnel pour les schémas observés de migration.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>La direction prédominante des mouvements de personnel était du secteur confessionnel vers le secteur public: 69,1% (<em>n</em> = 105/152) des départs de personnel hospitalier et 60,6% (<em>n</em> = 60/99) de gain de personnel hospitalier. Les infirmier(e)s étaient le groupe le plus important parmi le personnel de santé migrant. Les hôpitaux confessionnels ont perdu 59,3% (<em>n</em> = 86/145) d'infirmier(e)s et 90,6% (<em>n</em> = 77/85) des infirmier(e)s enregistré(e)e pour le compte du secteur public, sur base duquel les hôpitaux publics ont rapporté 13,5% (<em>n</em> = 59/436) d’ infirmier(e)s et 24,4% (<em>n</em> = 41/168) d’ infirmier(e)s enregistré(e)s comme étant d'anciens employés confessionnels. Les entretiens ont révélé des perspectives nettement inférieures chez le personnel confessionnel que chez leurs collègues du secteur public. Les principales différences ont été identifiées en ce qui concerne le développement de carrière et la formation, l'aide à la prise en charge, l'engagement des employés et la charge de travail.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Cette étude révèle une importante migration interne des agents de la santé du secteur confessionnel vers le secteur public. La rétention et la motivation du personnel au sein des hôpitaux confessionnels limitées aux considérations financières et aux écarts salariaux ne peuvent plus expliquer seules ce mode de déplacement. Les conséquences pour les hôpitaux confessionnels dans ce cadre d’étude sont potentiellement graves et érodent le potentiel de coopération entre les secteurs de la santé publique et privée.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Evaluar desde una perspectiva hospitalaria, la magnitud, la dirección y la dinámica subyacente en la migración interna de trabajadores sanitarios entre centros sanitarios públicos y religiosos.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Se implementaron dos herramientas complementarias en 10 hospitales públicos y 6 centros sanitarios religiosos del sur de Tanzania. Un cuestionario hospitalario evaluó la magnitud y la dirección de la migración del personal entre 01/2006 y 06/2009. Las entrevistas con 42 enfermeras de maternidades públicas y 20 de maternidades religiosas evaluaron las diferencias en la perspectiva del personal sanitario y los motivos subyacentes a los patrones migratorios observados.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>La dirección predominante en el movimiento del personal sanitario era desde los centros religiosos hacia los del sector público: un 69.1% (<em>n</em> = 105/152) del personal hospitalario se va y un 60.6% (<em>n</em> = 60/99) del personal hospitalario entra. El de las enfermeras era, entre el personal sanitario, el grupo con mayor migración. Los hospitales religiosos perdieron un 59.3% (<em>n</em> = 86/145) de las enfermeras y un 90.6% (<em>n</em> = 77/85) de las enfermeras registradas al sector público, mientras que los hospitales públicos reportaron que un 13.5% (<em>n</em> = 59/436) de sus enfermeras y un 24.4% (<em>n</em> = 41/168) de sus enfermeras registradas habían sido previamente empleadas en centros sanitarios religiosos. Las entrevistas revelaron unas perspectivas significativamente inferiores entre el personal perteneciente a los centros sanitarios religiosos que entre sus colegas de centros públicos. Las principales diferencias identificadas tenían que ver con el desarrollo profesional, el entrenamiento, el apoyo administrativo, el compromiso de los empleados y la carga de trabajo.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12107-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusión</h4><div class="para"><p>Este estudio revela una importante migración interna de trabajadores sanitarios desde los centros religiosos hacia el sector público. La retención del personal y la motivación dentro de los hospitales religiosos no está restringida a consideraciones económicas y las brechas salariales ya no pueden explicar por sí solas este patrón de movimiento. Las consecuencias para el área de influencia de los centros sanitarios religiosos son potencialmente severas y podrían erosionar la cooperación entre los sectores sanitarios público y privado.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To assess the magnitude, direction and underlying dynamics of internal health worker migration between public and faith-based health providers from a hospital perspective.


Methods
Two complementary tools were implemented in 10 public and six faith-based hospitals in southern Tanzania. A hospital questionnaire assessed magnitude and direction of staff migration between January 2006 and June 2009. Interviews with 42 public and 20 faith-based maternity nurses evaluated differences in staff perspectives and motives for the observed migration patterns.


Results
The predominant direction of staff movement was from the faith-based to the public sector: 69.1% (n = 105/152) of hospital staff exits and 60.6% (n = 60/99) of hospital staff gains. Nurses were the largest group among the migrating health workforce. Faith-based hospitals lost 59.3% (n = 86/145) of nurses and 90.6% (n = 77/85) of registered nurses to the public sector, whereby public hospitals reported 13.5% (n = 59/436) of nurses and 24.4% (n = 41/168) of registered nurses being former faith-based employees. Interviews revealed significantly inferior staff perspectives among faith-based respondents than their public colleagues. Main differences were identified regarding career development and training, management support, employee engagement and workload.


Conclusion
This study revealed considerable internal health worker migration from the faith-based to the public sector. Staff retention and motivation within faith-based hospitals are not restricted to financial considerations, and salary gaps can no longer uniquely explain this movement pattern. The consequences for the catchment area of faith-based hospitals are potentially severe and erode cooperation potential between the public and private health sector.

ObjectifEvaluer l'ampleur, la direction et la dynamique sous-jacente de la migration interne des agents de la santé entre les prestataires de la santé publique et confessionnels, d'un point de vue hospitalier.MéthodesDeux outils complémentaires ont été mis en œuvre dans 10 hôpitaux publics et 6 hôpitaux confessionnels dans le sud de la Tanzanie. Un questionnaire de l'hôpital a évalué l'ampleur et la direction de la migration du personnel entre 01/2006 et 06/2009. Des entretiens avec 42 infirmier(e)s de maternités publiques et 20 de maternités confessionnelles ont évalué les différences dans les perspectives et les motivations du personnel pour les schémas observés de migration.RésultatsLa direction prédominante des mouvements de personnel était du secteur confessionnel vers le secteur public: 69,1% (n = 105/152) des départs de personnel hospitalier et 60,6% (n = 60/99) de gain de personnel hospitalier. Les infirmier(e)s étaient le groupe le plus important parmi le personnel de santé migrant. Les hôpitaux confessionnels ont perdu 59,3% (n = 86/145) d'infirmier(e)s et 90,6% (n = 77/85) des infirmier(e)s enregistré(e)e pour le compte du secteur public, sur base duquel les hôpitaux publics ont rapporté 13,5% (n = 59/436) d’ infirmier(e)s et 24,4% (n = 41/168) d’ infirmier(e)s enregistré(e)s comme étant d'anciens employés confessionnels. Les entretiens ont révélé des perspectives nettement inférieures chez le personnel confessionnel que chez leurs collègues du secteur public. Les principales différences ont été identifiées en ce qui concerne le développement de carrière et la formation, l'aide à la prise en charge, l'engagement des employés et la charge de travail.ConclusionCette étude révèle une importante migration interne des agents de la santé du secteur confessionnel vers le secteur public. La rétention et la motivation du personnel au sein des hôpitaux confessionnels limitées aux considérations financières et aux écarts salariaux ne peuvent plus expliquer seules ce mode de déplacement. Les conséquences pour les hôpitaux confessionnels dans ce cadre d’étude sont potentiellement graves et érodent le potentiel de coopération entre les secteurs de la santé publique et privée.ObjetivoEvaluar desde una perspectiva hospitalaria, la magnitud, la dirección y la dinámica subyacente en la migración interna de trabajadores sanitarios entre centros sanitarios públicos y religiosos.MétodosSe implementaron dos herramientas complementarias en 10 hospitales públicos y 6 centros sanitarios religiosos del sur de Tanzania. Un cuestionario hospitalario evaluó la magnitud y la dirección de la migración del personal entre 01/2006 y 06/2009. Las entrevistas con 42 enfermeras de maternidades públicas y 20 de maternidades religiosas evaluaron las diferencias en la perspectiva del personal sanitario y los motivos subyacentes a los patrones migratorios observados.ResultadosLa dirección predominante en el movimiento del personal sanitario era desde los centros religiosos hacia los del sector público: un 69.1% (n = 105/152) del personal hospitalario se va y un 60.6% (n = 60/99) del personal hospitalario entra. El de las enfermeras era, entre el personal sanitario, el grupo con mayor migración. Los hospitales religiosos perdieron un 59.3% (n = 86/145) de las enfermeras y un 90.6% (n = 77/85) de las enfermeras registradas al sector público, mientras que los hospitales públicos reportaron que un 13.5% (n = 59/436) de sus enfermeras y un 24.4% (n = 41/168) de sus enfermeras registradas habían sido previamente empleadas en centros sanitarios religiosos. Las entrevistas revelaron unas perspectivas significativamente inferiores entre el personal perteneciente a los centros sanitarios religiosos que entre sus colegas de centros públicos. Las principales diferencias identificadas tenían que ver con el desarrollo profesional, el entrenamiento, el apoyo administrativo, el compromiso de los empleados y la carga de trabajo.ConclusiónEste estudio revela una importante migración interna de trabajadores sanitarios desde los centros religiosos hacia el sector público. La retención del personal y la motivación dentro de los hospitales religiosos no está restringida a consideraciones económicas y las brechas salariales ya no pueden explicar por sí solas este patrón de movimiento. Las consecuencias para el área de influencia de los centros sanitarios religiosos son potencialmente severas y podrían erosionar la cooperación entre los sectores sanitarios público y privado.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12106" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Community health workers – a resource for identification and referral of sick newborns in rural Uganda</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12106</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Community health workers – a resource for identification and referral of sick newborns in rural Uganda</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Christine Kayemba Nalwadda, David Guwatudde, Peter Waiswa, Juliet Kiguli, Gertrude Namazzi, Sarah Namutumba, Göran Tomson, Stefan Peterson</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-02T00:47:10.242922-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12106</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12106</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12106</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">898</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">906</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To determine community health workers' (CHWs) competence in identifying and referring sick newborns in Uganda.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>Case-vignettes, observations of role-plays and interviews were employed to collect data using checklists and semistructured questionnaires, from 57 trained CHWs participating in a community health facility–linked cluster randomised trial. Competence to identify and refer sick newborns was measured by knowledge of newborn danger signs, skills to identify sick newborns and effective communication to mothers. Proportions and median scores were computed for each attribute with a pre-defined pass mark of 100% for knowledge and 90% for skill and communication.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>For knowledge, 68% of the CHWs attained the pass mark. The median percentage score was 100 (IQR 94 100). 74% mentioned the required five newborn danger signs unprompted. ‘Red umbilicus/cord with pus’ was mentioned by all CHWs (100%), but none mentioned chest in-drawing and grunting as newborn danger signs. 63% attained the pass mark for both skill and communication. The median percentage scores were 91 (IQR 82 100) for skills and 94 (IQR 89, 94) for effective communication. 98% correctly identified the four case-vignettes as sick or not sick newborn. ‘Preterm birth’ was the least identified danger sign from the case-vignettes, by 51% of the CHWs.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>CHWs trained for a short period but effectively supervised are competent in identifying and referring sick newborns in a poor resource setting.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Déterminer la compétence des agents de santé communautaire (ASC) à identifier et référer les nouveau-nés malades en Ouganda.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Des cas illustrés, des observations de jeux de rôle et des entretiens ont été utilisées pour recueillir des données à l'aide de listes de contrôle et de questionnaires semi structurés, à partir de 57 ASC formés, participants dans un essai randomisé en grappes sur le lien entre l’établissement de santé et la communauté. La compétence à identifier et à référer les nouveau-nés malades a été mesurée selon la connaissance des signes de danger du nouveau-né, les compétences à identifier les nouveau-nés malades et la communication efficace avec les mères. Les proportions et les médians des scores ont été calculés pour chaque attribut avec une note de passage prédéfini de 100% pour la connaissance et 90% pour les compétences et la communication.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>Pour les connaissances, 68% des ASC ont atteint la note de passage. Le score de pourcentage médian était de 100 (IQR 94–100). 74% ont mentionné les cinq signes nécessaires de danger nouveau-nés spontanément. Le signe «cordon ombilical rouge/cordon avec de pus» a été mentionné par tous les ASC (100%), mais aucun d'eux n'a mentionné la rétraction de la poitrine et des grognements comme signes de danger du nouveau-né. 63% des ASC ont atteint le minimum requis pour les compétences et la communication. Le médian des pourcentages de scores étaient de 91 (IQR 82–100) pour les compétences et 94 (IQR 89–94) pour la communication efficace. 98% ont correctement identifié les quatre cas illustrés comme nouveau-nés malades ou non malades. «La prématurité était le signe de danger le moins identifié à partir des cas illustrés, par 51% des ASC.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusion</h4><div class="para"><p>Les ASC formés pendant une courte période, mais efficacement supervisés sont compétents dans l'identification et l'orientation des nouveau-nés malades dans un contexte à ressources pauvres.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Determinar las competencias de los trabajadores sanitarios comunitarios (TSC) al identificar y remitir a neonatos enfermos en Uganda.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Se utilizaron viñetas clínicas, observaciones de juegos de roles y entrevistas para recoger datos utilizando listas de comprobación y cuestionarios semiestructurados, de 57 TSC entrenados para participar en un ensayo aleatorizado y en conglomerados vinculado a un centro sanitario comunitario. Las competencias para identificar y remitir a los neonatos enfermos se midió mediante el conocimiento de las señales de peligro en neonatos, las aptitudes para identificar a los neonatos enfermos y la comunicación efectiva con las madres. Las proporciones y puntajes medios se sumaron para cada atributo con una puntuación predefinida de “<em>aprobado</em>” de un 100% para conocimientos y del 90% para aptitudes y comunicación efectiva.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Un 68% de los TSCs consiguieron aprobar en conocimiento. La puntuación media era de un porcentaje de 100 (IQR 94,100). Un 74% mencionó las cinco señales de peligro en un neonato que se pedían. ‘Ombligo rojo/cordón umbilical con pus’ fue mencionado por todos los TSCs (100%), pero ninguno mencionó el tiraje o los estridores como señales de peligro en los neonatos. Un 63% consiguió el aprobado tanto para aptitudes como para comunicación efectiva. Los puntajes medios en porcentaje eran de 91 (IQR 82,100) para aptitudes y de 94 (IQR 89, 94) para una comunicación efectiva. Un 98% identificó de forma correcta las cuatro viñetas clínicas como neonato enfermo o sano. ‘Nacimiento prematuro’ fue la señal de peligro que menos identificaron en las viñetas clínicas, siendo identificada por un 51% de los TSCs.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12106-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusión</h4><div class="para"><p>Los TSCs entrenados durante un periodo de tiempo corto pero supervisados de forma efectiva son competentes a la hora de identificar y remitir a los neonatos enfermos en lugares con pocos recursos.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To determine community health workers' (CHWs) competence in identifying and referring sick newborns in Uganda.


Methods
Case-vignettes, observations of role-plays and interviews were employed to collect data using checklists and semistructured questionnaires, from 57 trained CHWs participating in a community health facility–linked cluster randomised trial. Competence to identify and refer sick newborns was measured by knowledge of newborn danger signs, skills to identify sick newborns and effective communication to mothers. Proportions and median scores were computed for each attribute with a pre-defined pass mark of 100% for knowledge and 90% for skill and communication.


Results
For knowledge, 68% of the CHWs attained the pass mark. The median percentage score was 100 (IQR 94 100). 74% mentioned the required five newborn danger signs unprompted. ‘Red umbilicus/cord with pus’ was mentioned by all CHWs (100%), but none mentioned chest in-drawing and grunting as newborn danger signs. 63% attained the pass mark for both skill and communication. The median percentage scores were 91 (IQR 82 100) for skills and 94 (IQR 89, 94) for effective communication. 98% correctly identified the four case-vignettes as sick or not sick newborn. ‘Preterm birth’ was the least identified danger sign from the case-vignettes, by 51% of the CHWs.


Conclusion
CHWs trained for a short period but effectively supervised are competent in identifying and referring sick newborns in a poor resource setting.

ObjectifDéterminer la compétence des agents de santé communautaire (ASC) à identifier et référer les nouveau-nés malades en Ouganda.MéthodesDes cas illustrés, des observations de jeux de rôle et des entretiens ont été utilisées pour recueillir des données à l'aide de listes de contrôle et de questionnaires semi structurés, à partir de 57 ASC formés, participants dans un essai randomisé en grappes sur le lien entre l’établissement de santé et la communauté. La compétence à identifier et à référer les nouveau-nés malades a été mesurée selon la connaissance des signes de danger du nouveau-né, les compétences à identifier les nouveau-nés malades et la communication efficace avec les mères. Les proportions et les médians des scores ont été calculés pour chaque attribut avec une note de passage prédéfini de 100% pour la connaissance et 90% pour les compétences et la communication.RésultatsPour les connaissances, 68% des ASC ont atteint la note de passage. Le score de pourcentage médian était de 100 (IQR 94–100). 74% ont mentionné les cinq signes nécessaires de danger nouveau-nés spontanément. Le signe «cordon ombilical rouge/cordon avec de pus» a été mentionné par tous les ASC (100%), mais aucun d'eux n'a mentionné la rétraction de la poitrine et des grognements comme signes de danger du nouveau-né. 63% des ASC ont atteint le minimum requis pour les compétences et la communication. Le médian des pourcentages de scores étaient de 91 (IQR 82–100) pour les compétences et 94 (IQR 89–94) pour la communication efficace. 98% ont correctement identifié les quatre cas illustrés comme nouveau-nés malades ou non malades. «La prématurité était le signe de danger le moins identifié à partir des cas illustrés, par 51% des ASC.ConclusionLes ASC formés pendant une courte période, mais efficacement supervisés sont compétents dans l'identification et l'orientation des nouveau-nés malades dans un contexte à ressources pauvres.ObjetivoDeterminar las competencias de los trabajadores sanitarios comunitarios (TSC) al identificar y remitir a neonatos enfermos en Uganda.MétodosSe utilizaron viñetas clínicas, observaciones de juegos de roles y entrevistas para recoger datos utilizando listas de comprobación y cuestionarios semiestructurados, de 57 TSC entrenados para participar en un ensayo aleatorizado y en conglomerados vinculado a un centro sanitario comunitario. Las competencias para identificar y remitir a los neonatos enfermos se midió mediante el conocimiento de las señales de peligro en neonatos, las aptitudes para identificar a los neonatos enfermos y la comunicación efectiva con las madres. Las proporciones y puntajes medios se sumaron para cada atributo con una puntuación predefinida de “aprobado” de un 100% para conocimientos y del 90% para aptitudes y comunicación efectiva.ResultadosUn 68% de los TSCs consiguieron aprobar en conocimiento. La puntuación media era de un porcentaje de 100 (IQR 94,100). Un 74% mencionó las cinco señales de peligro en un neonato que se pedían. ‘Ombligo rojo/cordón umbilical con pus’ fue mencionado por todos los TSCs (100%), pero ninguno mencionó el tiraje o los estridores como señales de peligro en los neonatos. Un 63% consiguió el aprobado tanto para aptitudes como para comunicación efectiva. Los puntajes medios en porcentaje eran de 91 (IQR 82,100) para aptitudes y de 94 (IQR 89, 94) para una comunicación efectiva. Un 98% identificó de forma correcta las cuatro viñetas clínicas como neonato enfermo o sano. ‘Nacimiento prematuro’ fue la señal de peligro que menos identificaron en las viñetas clínicas, siendo identificada por un 51% de los TSCs.ConclusiónLos TSCs entrenados durante un periodo de tiempo corto pero supervisados de forma efectiva son competentes a la hora de identificar y remitir a los neonatos enfermos en lugares con pocos recursos.</description></item><item rdf:about="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12110" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"><title>Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in rural Kenya: an observational study</title><link>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12110</link><dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in rural Kenya: an observational study</dc:title><dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">Alexander J. Stockdale, Joseph Nkuranga, M. Estée Török, Brian Faragher, David G. Lalloo</dc:creator><dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">2013-04-17T01:31:26.133558-05:00</dc:date><dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">doi:10.1111/tmi.12110</dc:identifier><dc:rights xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/><dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</dc:publisher><prism:doi xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">10.1111/tmi.12110</prism:doi><prism:url xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Ftmi.12110</prism:url><prism:section xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">Original Article</prism:section><prism:startingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">907</prism:startingPage><prism:endingPage xmlns:prism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/">914</prism:endingPage><content:encoded xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><![CDATA[
<h3 xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ol="http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/ol/xsl-lib">Abstract</h3>
<div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objective</h4><div class="para"><p>To provide information on the effect of timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on outcomes of TB infection in real-life, non-clinical trial, rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Methods</h4><div class="para"><p>We conducted an observational cohort study of all HIV-infected TB patients presenting to a rural hospital in Kenya between 2005 and 2009. We analysed the association between timing of initiation of ART and mortality, using a Cox regression survival analysis, adjusted for measured confounders.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0003" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Results</h4><div class="para"><p>A total of 404 antiretroviral-naïve HIV/TB coinfected patients were included in the study. Initiation of ART during the first 8 weeks of TB treatment (early group) was not associated with changes in mortality at 1 year compared with initiation of ART after 8 weeks (late group) [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.74 (Confidence Interval (CI), 0.33–1.64, <em>P</em> = 0.46]. In patients with baseline CD4 counts ≤50 cells/μl, there was a significant reduction in mortality in the early group compared with the late group (HR = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.042–0.99; <em>P</em> = 0.049). In patients with a CD4 count &gt;50 cells/μl, there was no significant difference between early and late groups (HR 1.79; 95% CI, 0.64–5.03; <em>P</em> = 0.27).</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>We found that in HIV/TB coinfected patients in rural Kenya, early ART initiation (within 8 weeks) was associated with reduced mortality in those with CD4 counts ≤50 cells/μl. In patients with CD4 counts &gt;50 cells/μl, there was no association seen between timing of ART and mortality.</p></div></div>
<div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0117" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objectif</h4><div class="para"><p>Fournir des informations sur l'effet du moment de l'initiation de la thérapie antirétrovirale (ART) sur les résultats de l'infection tuberculeuse dans la vie réelle, essai non-clinique en zones rurales d'Afrique subsaharienne.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0118" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Méthodes</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte observationnelle de tous les patients TB infectés par le VIH, se présentant dans un hôpital rural au Kenya entre 2005 et 2009. Nous avons analysé l'association entre le moment de l'initiation de l’ART et la mortalité, en utilisant une analyse de survie selon la régression de Cox, ajustée pour les variables confusionnelles mesurées.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0119" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Résultats</h4><div class="para"><p>404 patients coinfectés par le VIH/TB et naïfs pour le traitement antirétroviral ont été inclus dans l’étude. L'initiation de l’ART au cours des 8 premières semaines de traitement de la TB (groupe précoce) n'a pas été associée avec des changements dans la mortalité à un an comparée à l'initiation de l’ART après 8 semaines (groupe tardif) [rapport de risque (HR) = 0,74 (intervalle de confiance (IC) de 0,33 à 1,64; <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0,46]. Chez les patients ayant des taux de base de CD4 ≤ 50 cellules/μl, il y avait une réduction significative de la mortalité dans le groupe précoce par rapport au groupe tardif (HR = 0,20; IC 95%: 0,042–0,99; <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0,049). Chez les patients ayant un taux de CD4 &gt; 50 cellules/μl, il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les groupes ‘précoce’ et ‘tardif’ (HR = 1,79; IC95% : 0,64 à 5,03; <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0,27).</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusions</h4><div class="para"><p>Nous avons constaté que chez les patients coinfectés par le VIH/TB dans les zones rurales du Kenya, l'initiation précoce de l’ART (dans les 8 semaines) était associée à une diminution de la mortalité chez ceux avec des taux de CD4 ≤ 50 cellules/μl. Chez ceux avec une numération des CD4 &gt; 50 cellules/μl, il n'y avait aucune association entre le moment de l'initiation de l’ART et la mortalité.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0121" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Objetivo</h4><div class="para"><p>Proveer información sobre el efecto que tiene el momento escogido para iniciar la terapia antirretroviral (TAR) sobre la infección de TB, en emplazamientos rurales de África subsahariana, bajo condiciones reales y sin asociación a un ensayo.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0122" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Métodos</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos realizado un estudio observacional de cohortes de todos los pacientes con TB infectados con VIH, atendidos en un hospital rural de Kenia entre el 2005 y el 2009. Hemos analizado la asociación entre el momento de iniciar el TAR y la mortalidad, haciendo un análisis de la supervivencia mediante una regresión de Cox, ajustada para posibles factores de confusión.</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0123" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Resultados</h4><div class="para"><p>Se incluyeron 404 pacientes con coinfección VIH/TB y que no habían recibido previamente terapia antirretroviral (TAR). El comienzo del TAR durante las 8 primeras semanas del tratamiento para la TB (grupo temprano), no estaba asociado a cambios en la mortalidad tras un año, comparado con el comienzo del TAR después de 8 semanas (grupo tardío) [razón de riesgo (RR) = 0.74 (IC 95% 0.33–1.64, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.46]. En pacientes con conteos de CD4 ≤ 50 células/μl al comienzo del estudio, había una reducción significativa de la mortalidad en el grupo temprano comparado con el grupo tardío (RR = 0.20, 95% IC 0.042–0.99, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.049). En pacientes con un conteo de CD4 &gt; 50 células/μl no había una diferencia significativa entre los grupos temprano y tardío (RR 1.79 IC 95% 0.64–5.03, <em>P </em>=<em> </em>0.27)</p></div></div><div class="section" id="tmi12110-sec-0124" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>Conclusiones</h4><div class="para"><p>Hemos encontrado que en pacientes coinfectados con VIH /TB en zonas rurales de Kenia, un comienzo temprano del TAR (dentro de las 8 primeras semanas) estaba asociado con una reducción en la mortalidad en pacientes con conteos de CD4 ≤ 50 células/μl. En pacientes con conteos de CD4 &gt; 50 células/μl no se observaba una asociación entre el momento de comenzar el TAR y la mortalidad.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded><description>


Objective
To provide information on the effect of timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on outcomes of TB infection in real-life, non-clinical trial, rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa.


Methods
We conducted an observational cohort study of all HIV-infected TB patients presenting to a rural hospital in Kenya between 2005 and 2009. We analysed the association between timing of initiation of ART and mortality, using a Cox regression survival analysis, adjusted for measured confounders.


Results
A total of 404 antiretroviral-naïve HIV/TB coinfected patients were included in the study. Initiation of ART during the first 8 weeks of TB treatment (early group) was not associated with changes in mortality at 1 year compared with initiation of ART after 8 weeks (late group) [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.74 (Confidence Interval (CI), 0.33–1.64, P = 0.46]. In patients with baseline CD4 counts ≤50 cells/μl, there was a significant reduction in mortality in the early group compared with the late group (HR = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.042–0.99; P = 0.049). In patients with a CD4 count &gt;50 cells/μl, there was no significant difference between early and late groups (HR 1.79; 95% CI, 0.64–5.03; P = 0.27).


Conclusions
We found that in HIV/TB coinfected patients in rural Kenya, early ART initiation (within 8 weeks) was associated with reduced mortality in those with CD4 counts ≤50 cells/μl. In patients with CD4 counts &gt;50 cells/μl, there was no association seen between timing of ART and mortality.

ObjectifFournir des informations sur l'effet du moment de l'initiation de la thérapie antirétrovirale (ART) sur les résultats de l'infection tuberculeuse dans la vie réelle, essai non-clinique en zones rurales d'Afrique subsaharienne.MéthodesNous avons mené une étude de cohorte observationnelle de tous les patients TB infectés par le VIH, se présentant dans un hôpital rural au Kenya entre 2005 et 2009. Nous avons analysé l'association entre le moment de l'initiation de l’ART et la mortalité, en utilisant une analyse de survie selon la régression de Cox, ajustée pour les variables confusionnelles mesurées.Résultats404 patients coinfectés par le VIH/TB et naïfs pour le traitement antirétroviral ont été inclus dans l’étude. L'initiation de l’ART au cours des 8 premières semaines de traitement de la TB (groupe précoce) n'a pas été associée avec des changements dans la mortalité à un an comparée à l'initiation de l’ART après 8 semaines (groupe tardif) [rapport de risque (HR) = 0,74 (intervalle de confiance (IC) de 0,33 à 1,64; P = 0,46]. Chez les patients ayant des taux de base de CD4 ≤ 50 cellules/μl, il y avait une réduction significative de la mortalité dans le groupe précoce par rapport au groupe tardif (HR = 0,20; IC 95%: 0,042–0,99; P = 0,049). Chez les patients ayant un taux de CD4 &gt; 50 cellules/μl, il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les groupes ‘précoce’ et ‘tardif’ (HR = 1,79; IC95% : 0,64 à 5,03; P = 0,27).ConclusionsNous avons constaté que chez les patients coinfectés par le VIH/TB dans les zones rurales du Kenya, l'initiation précoce de l’ART (dans les 8 semaines) était associée à une diminution de la mortalité chez ceux avec des taux de CD4 ≤ 50 cellules/μl. Chez ceux avec une numération des CD4 &gt; 50 cellules/μl, il n'y avait aucune association entre le moment de l'initiation de l’ART et la mortalité.ObjetivoProveer información sobre el efecto que tiene el momento escogido para iniciar la terapia antirretroviral (TAR) sobre la infección de TB, en emplazamientos rurales de África subsahariana, bajo condiciones reales y sin asociación a un ensayo.MétodosHemos realizado un estudio observacional de cohortes de todos los pacientes con TB infectados con VIH, atendidos en un hospital rural de Kenia entre el 2005 y el 2009. Hemos analizado la asociación entre el momento de iniciar el TAR y la mortalidad, haciendo un análisis de la supervivencia mediante una regresión de Cox, ajustada para posibles factores de confusión.ResultadosSe incluyeron 404 pacientes con coinfección VIH/TB y que no habían recibido previamente terapia antirretroviral (TAR). El comienzo del TAR durante las 8 primeras semanas del tratamiento para la TB (grupo temprano), no estaba asociado a cambios en la mortalidad tras un año, comparado con el comienzo del TAR después de 8 semanas (grupo tardío) [razón de riesgo (RR) = 0.74 (IC 95% 0.33–1.64, P = 0.46]. En pacientes con conteos de CD4 ≤ 50 células/μl al comienzo del estudio, había una reducción significativa de la mortalidad en el grupo temprano comparado con el grupo tardío (RR = 0.20, 95% IC 0.042–0.99, P = 0.049). En pacientes con un conteo de CD4 &gt; 50 células/μl no había una diferencia significativa entre los grupos temprano y tardío (RR 1.79 IC 95% 0.64–5.03, P = 0.27)ConclusionesHemos encontrado que en pacientes coinfectados con VIH /TB en zonas rurales de Kenia, un comienzo temprano del TAR (dentro de las 8 primeras semanas) estaba asociado con una reducción en la mortalidad en pacientes con conteos de CD4 ≤ 50 células/μl. En pacientes con conteos de CD4 &gt; 50 células/μl no se observaba una asociación entre el momento de comenzar el TAR y la mortalidad.</description></item></rdf:RDF>