Chestnut samples from three provinces (Aydın, Bursa and Zonguldak) were analysed in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activities in roasted, boiled and raw forms because of their widespread.
The aim was to consider whether roasting and boiling affected total phenol content, total antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds.
Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity were determined by the method of Folin–Ciocalteau and the ferric reducing antioxidant power. Fifteen antioxidant standards were used in high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for phenolic compounds.
The results of the analyses showed that the total phenolic contents of roasted chestnuts were higher than boiled ones. There were differences between three provinces. Total antioxidant activities between them did not differ statistically. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (15 antioxidant standards used that are caffeic acid, vanillic acid, naringin, syringic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, myricetin, kaempferol, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rutin, fumaric acid and gallic acid) identified that four antioxidant standards (myricetin, kaempherol, fumaric acid and quercetin) were found in any chestnut sample.
It was concluded that processing affects phenolics positively, especially roasting process.
Physical properties of lemon fruit are important for drying system and Kept in stock.
The prediction of airflow resistance is fundamental to the design of efficient drying and aeration systems for lemon fruit.
Using a laboratory unit, two sets of experiments were carried out, namely thick and thin layers. In the thick-layer experiments, four bed depths, 11 flow rates and four temperatures 25, 35, 45 and 55 C. In the thin layer (two kernels depth, 3 cm), the kernels were put together in three arrangements: A, B and random; five moisture contents and 11 flow rates were studied.
Results indicated that resistance to airflow through a column of lemon fruit increased with increasing bed depth and airflow rate. In the latter experiment, pressure drop decreased with a decrease in moisture content. Airflow rate was the most significant factor affecting the pressure drop of lemon fruit in both experiments.
Three applicable models (Shedd, Hukill and Ives, and Ergun) were used to evaluate the pressure drop data. The Ergun model, with higher values for coefficient of determination and lower values for sum of square error and mean relative deviation modulus, is the best model for predicting pressure drop across lemon fruit bed for the conditions studied.
The processing of annatto seeds yields a low-cost by-product known as annatto seed by-product. Due to its remarkable bixin levels, which is a natural antioxidant, the annatto seed by-product could be used in animal feed supplementation. As a low-moisture product, it is important to know information about hygroscopic behavior, changes during storage, package selection and drying equipment design.
The annatto seed by-product's hygroscopic behavior was studied at 25 °C and 35 °C by using saturated salt solutions and the static method.
During storage with different relative air humidity, the annatto seed by-product's isosteric heat of sorption, bixin content and instrumental color parameters were evaluated.
The isotherms exhibited type III behavior and the Kühn model properly fitted the annatto seed by-product's equilibrium moisture data. Above 75% air relative humidity, agglomeration, darkening and fungal development were observed. The isosteric heat of sorption decreased with an increase in moisture content.
Once the equilibrium was established, bixin losses (approximately 43% of the content) and color changes were more prominent at 35 °C, especially under 68% relative humidity.
In this paper, the physical properties such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, mass, volume, bulk density, sphericity, projected area and mechanical characteristics, namely Young modulus, maximum force and required energy for initial fracture at yield point for Castor seed (Ricinus communis) were determined.
These properties are necessary in the design of equipment for harvesting, processing and transportation, separating and packing.
The results showed that the mean values of length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, mass, volume, projected areas perpendicular to the main diameters and sphericity of Castor seed are 13.52 mm, 13.39 mm, 13.38 mm, 13.43 mm, 13.42 mm, 1.29 g, 0.17 cm3, 143.8 mm2, 117.5 mm2, 143.1 mm2 and 99.41%, respectively.
The average values of Young modulus, maximum force for initial fracture and required energy at yield point for Castor seed were 0.44 GPa, 198.11 N, and 382.08 N.mm, respectively.
Capsicum grown in low-cost polyhouses (a protective shade made up of polythene used for growing high-value agricultural products) is often infested by thrips and acephate is an insecticide, which is frequently and repeatedly used for controlling this pest.
Since a polyhouse microclimate is different from that of an open field, a study was carried out to compare the decline pattern of acephate residues in capsicum grown in polyhouse to that grown in open field.
Laboratory standardized methodologies using gas liquid chromatography was adopted to estimate residues of acephate and its metabolite, methamidophos in capsicum fruits.
Higher initial residues (0.39 ppm) and persistence of acephate (pre-harvest interval = 16 days) and its methamidophos metabolite was detected in capsicum grown in polyhouse as compared to that grown in open field (pre-harvest interval = 12 days) in spite of higher rate of growth and consequent residue ‘dilution’ in polyhouse-grown capsicum.
Horticultural crops used as food with a similar weight and uniform shape are in high demand in terms of marketing value.
Therefore, an awareness of methods for grading fruits and vegetables based on weight is crucial. A part of this research was aimed at presenting some physical properties of caper.
In addition, in this study, the mass of caper was predicted using different physical characteristics in four models that include linear, quadratic, S-curve and power.
According to the results, all properties considered in the current study were found to be statistically significant at the 1% probability level for the best and the worst models for prediction; the mass of caper was based on volume and second projected area of the caper with determination coefficients of 0.984 and 0.323, respectively.
Mass model based on first projected area from an economical standpoint is recommended.