To compare the effect of passive ultrasonic irrigation with manual dynamic irrigation on smear layer removal from root canals using a closed apex in vitro model.
The root canals of 45 freshly-extracted human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were prepared by the Pro-Taper rotary system to an apical preparation of F4 size. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into three groups; two experimental groups and one control group (n = 15) on the basis of the type of activation of final irrigation as follows: (a) Group A, 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), no activation received; (b) Group B, 3% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, ultrasonic activation with a small file; and (c) Group C, 3% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, manual activation with a master gutta-percha point. The prepared teeth were decoronated and split into two halves longitudinally, and observed under a scanning electron microscope to assess the removal of the smear layer.
In the apical-third region, the mean smear scores for groups B and C were significantly less than those of Group A (control group) (P < 0.05).
Both activation techniques are important adjuncts in removing the smear layer, with manual dynamic activation being a simpler, safer, and more cost-effective technique.
The aim of the present study was to determine the favoritism of suture materials among a group of clinicians at a teaching institution.
The surveys included 11 absorbable and nine non-absorbable sutures. The surveyor was asked to select his or her suture preferences when it comes to using it in 13 different, commonly-performed surgical procedures.
The surveys showed overall preferences for non-absorbable versus absorbable sutures. Chromic Gut with a 4–0 diameter thread reverse cutting FS2 needle was the most favored suture. For periodontal bone grafts and hard tissue ridge augmentation, polytetrafluoroethylene with a 4–0 thread and FS2 needle was preferred. For autogenous gingival grafts, gingival allografts, connective tissue grafts, frenectomy and frenoplasty, Chromic Gut with 5–0 diameter thread reverse cutting P3 needle was favored. For extraction socket preservation, soft tissue canine exposure, ridge augmentation, and dental implants, Chromic Gut with 4–0 diameter thread reverse cutting FS2 needle was preferred, and for sinus augmentation, Vicryl with a 4–0 diameter thread reverse cutting FS2 needle was favored.
Absorbable sutures were preferred in the majority of periodontal procedures; however, non-absorbable sutures were favored in procedures that required longer healing or better stability of the flap edges in cases of periodontal and ridge augmentation.
To evaluate the effect of additional enamel etching on the shear bond strength of three self-etch adhesives.
Class II box type cavities were made on extracted human molars. Teeth were randomly divided into one control group of etch and rinse adhesive and three test groups of self-etch adhesives (Clearfil S3 Bond, Futurabond NR, Xeno V). The teeth in the control group (n = 10) were treated with Adper™ Single Bond 2. The three test groups were further divided into two subgroups (n = 10): (i) self-etch adhesive was applied as per the manufacturer's instructions; (ii) additional etching of enamel surfaces was done prior to the application of self-etch adhesives. All cavities were restored with Filtek Z250. After thermocycling, shear bond strength was evaluated using a Universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using anova independent sample's ‘t’ test and Dunnett's test. The failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 10×.
Additional phosphoric acid etching of the enamel surface prior to the application of the adhesive system significantly increased the shear bond strength of all the examined self-etch adhesives.
Additional phosphoric acid etching of enamel surface significantly improved the shear bond strength.
The aim of the present study was to develop a functional oral health literacy (OHL) instrument for adults, including new measures of literacy skills (OHL Adults Questionnaire: OHL-AQ).
An item pool was provided, and an expert panel evaluated the items by assessing the content validity index and content validity ratio. The reliability analysis, including internal consistency and reproducibility, were examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In addition a known-groups comparison was performed to assess how well the questionnaire discriminates between individuals who differ in education and brushing behavior.
A total of 97 participants were studied. The mean age of the participants was 36.3 (standard deviation [SD] = 12.8) years; 34% had more than 12 years' formal education. Overall, 39.2% of interviewees had inadequate, 16.5% had marginal, and 44.3% had adequate OHL. The internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was found to be 0.72, and the ICC was 0.84. Participants who brushed more frequently had significantly higher OHL scores (P = 0.03). The association between OHL scores and years of education was also significant (P < 0.001).
The OHL-AQ is a valid and reliable measure of functional OHL, with additional sections for evaluating listening and decision-making skills.
To evaluate the efficacy of calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and propolis against both Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) using infected dentine models at two different depths (100 and 200 μm) after 14 days of application.
A total of 120 roots of extracted single-rooted human teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and sterilized. Sixty roots were infected with E. faecalis, and the remaining 60 with C. albicans. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 15) to apply intracanal medicaments, namely saline solution (negative control), Ca(OH)2, CHX, and propolis during the 14 days. Dentine shavings were collected and cultivated. Colony-forming units (c.f.u.) were registered. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn's/Bonferroni multiple comparison test (P < 0.05).
All experimental agents significantly reduced E. faecalis c.f.u. There was no significant difference between CHX and propolis reducing E. faecalis c.f.u. at 100 and 200 μm. Only CHX had a statistically-significant antifungal efficacy in the C. albicans group at the two depths assessed. CHX was the most potent medicament against both E. faecalis and C. albicans, and Ca(OH)2 was the least.
Both CHX and propolis were the most effective against E. faecalis, whereas only CHX had the highest antifungal activity on C. albicans in dentine of extracted teeth.
In the present study, the relationship between the turbidity of mouth-rinse water and oral health conditions, including oral malodor, in patients with (n = 148) and without (n = 231) periodontitis was examined.
The turbidity of 20 mL distilled water that the patients rinsed in their mouths 10 times was measured using a turbidimeter. Oral malodor was evaluated using an organoleptic test and Oral Chroma. Oral health conditions, including decayed teeth, periodontal status, oral hygiene status, proteolytic activity of the N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-napthilamide (BANA) test on the tongue coating, and salivary flow rate, were assessed.
Turbidity showed significant correlations with oral malodor and all oral health parameters in the periodontitis group. In the non-periodontitis group, turbidity showed significant correlations with oral malodor and oral health parameters, including dental plaque, tongue coating, BANA test, and salivary flow rate. The regression analysis indicated that turbidity was significantly associated with methyl mercaptan and the BANA test in the periodontitis group, and with hydrogen sulfide, dental plaque, tongue coating, and salivary flow rate in the non-periodontitis group.
The findings of the present study indicate that the turbidity of mouth-rinse water could be used as an indicator of oral health conditions, including oral malodor.
The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to estimate gingival recession (GR) prevalence and associated risk factors in young Greek adults.
The study population consisted of 420 young adults (200 males and 220 females). All individuals were clinically examined and answered questions regarding their smoking status, educational level, and oral hygiene practices. In addition, the association between GR and the following aspects was assessed: sex, smoking status, educational level, plaque index, gingival index, calculus presence, and plaque control methods. Statistical analysis of data was accomplished using the multivariate linear regression analysis model.
The average number of GR overall was 1.38 mm (standard deviation: 0.18 mm). Gingival index (P = 0.000) and smoking (P = 0.01) were the most important associated risk factors of GR, while sex, oral hygiene practices, presence of supragingival calculus, educational level, and plaque index were not significantly associated with it.
Gingival inflammation, as determined by the gingival index, and smoking were the most important associated risk factors of GR.
The objective of the present study was to detect the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (fimA), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and red complex in the coronary plaque of patients with coronary artery disease.
The study population consisted of 51 patients with chronic periodontitis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. DNA was extracted from subgingival and coronary atherosclerotic plaque samples. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the part of 16S rRNA gene to detect the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis (fimA), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis (fimA), and Treponema denticola were detected in 0%, 31.4%, 45.1%, 39.2%, and 51% of the atherosclerotic plaque samples, respectively. In both subgingival and coronary atherosclerotic plaque samples, Tannerella forsythia was detected in 19.6%, Porphyromonas gingivalis in 39.2%, Porphyromonas gingivalis (fimA) in 33.3%, and Treponema denticola in 35.3% of the samples.
The study confirmed the detection of red complex bacteria in coronary plaque samples. However Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans could not be detected in these samples.
Periodontal diseases are multifactorial, and many etiological agents are suggested to play a role in their etiopathogenesis. Various risk factors are also suggested to influence the progression of periodontal disease. Until recently, specific bacteria were considered the major pathogens for the disease. However, the occurrence of periodontal disease in some patient groups is still poorly understood, and the role of other initiating agents is being investigated. Evidence strongly suggests the presence of many strains of viruses in the periodontal environment, and possible mechanisms have also been suggested. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for other systemic diseases can also be better explained based on this viral etiology. In this review, we critically analyze the role of viruses in different periodontal diseases, and provide a categorical description of the underlying mechanisms. Clinical implications and future directions are also discussed. Evidence of a causal role of herpes viruses in periodontitis might revolutionize existing strategies to diagnose, prevent, and treat the disease.
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, radiographic appearance, and characteristics of zygomatic air cell defects (ZACD) in digital panoramic radiographs in a North Indian population.
The dental panoramic radiographs of 800 outpatients were selected from the records of the department, and were examined retrospectively to evaluate the variations and characteristics of ZACD. Groups were compared by χ2 analysis for the presence of ZACD.
ZACD were identified in 46 of 800 patients, giving an overall prevalence of 5.7%. Patients with ZACD were aged 4–60 years, with a mean age of 31.43 years. Most patients with ZACD were in their thirties. ZACD showed a no gender predilection; 29 of 46 patients were male (63.4%), and 17 were female (36.6%). Thirty cases (65.2%) of ZACD were unilateral, with 20 cases occurring on the right side. In 16 cases (34.8%), ZACD was bilateral. Forty four of the defects were unilocular, and two of the defects were multilocular.
Digital panoramic radiographs are considered better than conventional panoramic radiographs in locating ZACD. Further, the presence of ZACD might be valuable for age estimations, to some extent. Further studies are required to investigate the pneumatization of articular eminence before puberty.
To evaluate the dental health status and toothbrushing behavior among Sana'a University students, and to explore any associations with different factors.
In this cross-sectional study, the dental health of 360 students from the dental, medical, and literature faculties (120 each) at Sana'a University were examined using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Data regarding study field, grade, toothbrushing behavior, parents' education, and smoking and khat chewing habits were recorded.
Nearly 76% of students (n = 273) reported regularly brushing their teeth. Excluding fathers' education levels and khat chewing, other factors (faculty, grade, sex, mothers' education, and smoking) were significant independent predictors for this behavior. The overall mean DMFT score (± standard deviation) was 4.13 ± 3.1, and was found to be adversely influenced by smoking, which explained only 1.1% of the variance. Toothbrushing, sex, and smoking were significant independent predictors for the decay score, and explained 10.6% of its variance. Khat chewing was found to be adversely associated with the missing score, with an influence of only 2.9%. The filling score was found to be positively associated with toothbrushing and study grade, which together had an influence of 10%.
The dental health and toothbrushing behaviors of Sana'a University students are unsatisfactory, and influenced unequally by different factors.
Endemic to South India and Sri Lanka, Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by an agent of uncertain taxonomy: Rhinosporidium seeberi. Although it commonly manifests as a proliferative nasal lesion, many cases of Rhinosporidiosis have been reported where it has appeared as an extranasal lesion. The reported extranasal sites include the eye, ear, trachea, and parotid duct. However, the involvement of the parotid duct is quite rare, even among extranasal sites. The case presented is an adult female from the non-endemic zone of East India with a proliferative mass in the parotid duct. Although Rhinosporidiosis was not taken into consideration in the clinical differential diagnosis, eventual histopathological diagnosis confirmed Rhinosporidiosis. As this appears to be the second case of Rhinosporidiosis in the parotid duct in East India in 4 years, we encourage clinicians to be flexible in the differential diagnosis of proliferative growth in the parotid duct, even in those from non-endemic areas.
Establishing a person's identity can be a difficult task in cases of traffic accidents or in mass disaster situations. The records collected to identify a decedent should be accurate and totally inclusive of objective findings. When a victim has no teeth, information for use in personal identification based on methods available in forensic odontology is much more limited than in the case of dentate victims. Palatal rugae have been considered relevant for human identification due to its stability, which is equivalent to the fingerprint, in that it is unique for each ruga pattern. Palatal rugae appear to possess the features of an ideal forensic identification parameter, that is, uniqueness, postmortem resistance, and stability. The purpose of this article was to review the literature, in order to determine if there is enough evidence to establish the use of palatal rugae in dental identification.
Because of their wide field of applications, light-curing units are now indispensable for orthodontists and general dentists; thus, it is important to be familiar with the various types of light-curing units, their history, specifications, advantages, and disadvantages. For this review, a search of the PubMed database (from 1966 to March 2010) was conducted using the search term “curing lights orthodontics”. Eligibility of the selected studies was determined by reading the abstracts of articles identified by the search. All the articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected, and the articles collected. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also hand searched for any applicable studies that might have been missed in the database searches. When selecting curing lights for an office, many variables need to be considered. Armed with knowledge about each curing-light category, orthodontists can evaluate their unique practice style and select the appropriate light/lights.
The haptoglobin–hemoglobin (Hp–Hb) complex plays a significant role in regulating immune responses and acts as a bacteriostatic agent. Haptoglobin polymorphisms result in different Hb binding affinities. This study sought to assess whether Hp 2-2 could be a genetic determinant for increasing the risk of peri-implantitis and chronic periodontitis.
Of the Iranian subjects referred to the Department of Periodontics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 203 were entered into the study, including 117 patients and 86 periodontally healthy individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for genotyping. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test using the SPSS statistics software package.
The prevalence of Hp 2-2, 2-1, and 1-1 did not differ significantly between patients and healthy subjects (P > 0.05). The highest frequencies of Hp 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 genotypes were seen in the control (7%), peri-implantitis (51%) and periodontitis (64%) groups, respectively.
Haptoglobin polymorphisms may not play a role in development of peri-implantitis or chronic periodontitis among Iranians but we strongly suggest researchers to evaluate this polymorphism in further studies on larger sample sizes, different populations, and other types of periodontitis.
The incidence of impacted maxillary canines in Caucasians reportedly ranges from 1% to 3%. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and determine the characteristics of impacted maxillary canines in southern Chinese children and adolescents.
This retrospective audit involved 533 subjects with impacted maxillary canines that had been treated between February 1982 and February 2009. A customized data entry form was prepared to record and evaluate the status of impacted canines.
The 533 subjects (327 females and 206 males) with impacted maxillary canines, who were identified from the population of 26 039 subjects, represented a prevalence of 2.1%. Four hundred and forty-two (82.9%) of these subjects had unilaterally impacted canines, while 91 (17.1%) of them had bilateral impactions. In 442 subjects with unilateral canine impactions, 220 (49.8%) were buccally placed, 194 (43.9%) were palatally placed, and 28 (6.3%) of the canines were found to lie within the arch.
The overall prevalence of impacted maxillary canines in this study of 2.1% was similar to the figures quoted for Caucasian populations. In subjects with unilateral impactions, buccally impacted canines demonstrated a slightly higher incidence (49.8%) compared to palatally impacted canines (43.9%).
The measurement of the thickness of the gingival tissues has been done using different techniques. Trans-gingival probing with a graduated probe, use of vernier calipers, ultrasonography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), have all been tried, but no one technique has been shown to be consistent and better than the others. The present study was done to evaluate and compare the gingival thickness as measured with a digital vernier caliper and ultrasonography.
A total of 30 systemically healthy, non-smokers were included in the study. The gingival measurements were made and recorded from the maxillary and mandibular lateral incisor areas at 2 locations: (a) at a point apical to the free gingival groove; and (b) at a point immediately coronal to the muco-gingival junction.
The mean gingival thickness ranged from 0.56 to 1.02 mm. Males had a significantly thicker gingiva as compared to females (P < 0.10). Significant differences were not observed when the measurements made using the digital vernier caliper and those made with ultrasonography were compared.
The thickness of the gingiva was in the range of 0.56–1.02 mm. A digital vernier caliper and ultrasonography both can be used to assess the gingival thickness with equal accuracy.
To evaluate the shear bond strength of silorane composite resin to conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements.
Shear bond strengths of Vitrebond (Group I), Ketac N100 (Group II) and Ketac Bond (Group III) glass ionomer cements to the composite Filtek P90 were evaluated. The bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Comparison between the groups was carried out using an analysis of variance test and pairwise comparison using Tukey's post-hoc test with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.
The measured bond strengths were 17.14 ± 3.39 MPA for Group I (Vitrebond), 15.34 ± 3.39 MPa for Group II (Ketac N100) and 14.12 ± 2.79 MPa for Group III (Ketac Bond). Group I achieved higher bond strength than Groups II and III.
Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (i.e. Vitrebond) appears to be preferable to nano-ionomer glass ionomer cement (i.e. Ketac N100) and conventional glass ionomer cement (i.e. Ketac Bond) as a base under low-shrink posterior composite (i.e. Filtek P90).
To assess the effectiveness of several concentrations of two forms of passion fruit juice (PFJ) in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis and to compare the antibacterial property of PFJ with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an intracanal irrigant.
Two types of PFJs, aqueous and alcohol extracts, were prepared and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was performed with both the extracts against E. faecalis. Two concentrations of each extract were selected from the results given by the MIC test and subjected to a broth dilution test (BDT) for nine different time periods. After each time period, samples were inoculated in brain–heart infusion agar plates for 24 h at 37°C and results were compared statistically.
The MIC test showed that E. faecalis was sensitive to PFJ extracts at various concentrations. The results of the BDT showed a negative growth of E. faecalis by PFJ alcohol 20% at 30 min, PFJ aqueous 20% at 1 h, NaOCl 2.5% at 10 min and NaOCl 5.25% at 1 min. NaOCl showed a much better antibacterial efficacy than PFJ.
The PFJ alcoholic and aqueous extracts had an antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. As PFJ shows promising results, further research in this field could lead to much better results as compared to NaOCl.
Simplified adhesives are a blend of monomers with solvents that are expected to evaporate before light curing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of drying time and water storage on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of three adhesives: Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB), One-Step Plus (OSP) and Clearfil S3 Bond (CSB).
Dumbbell-shaped samples from each adhesive were prepared in three groups: (a) air drying prior to light curing; (b) no drying equal to active air drying; and (c) 3-h drying. Each group was further divided into two subgroups of no storage or 7 days' water storage, prior to the UTS measurement (n = 10).
Material, drying-time, and storage had a significant effect on UTS, and the interactions of the factors were also significant (P < 0.05). OSP showed a higher evaporation rate under passive air drying, and OSP and CSB showed higher UTS values compared to ASB (P < 0.05). Air drying improved UTS in OSP and CSB, but not in ASB. Likewise, water storage only affected the UTS of OSP and CSB.
The effects of air drying and water storage period on UTS are material dependent. Whenever solvent evaporation improved the UTS of adhesive, water storage decreased it. The all-in-one self-etching adhesive can maximize its best properties when the solvent is dried for an extended period.
To observe the effects of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) lining on the risk of pulpal complications in deep occlusal cavities with resin-based restorations.
Fifty-three patients, aged 18–30 years, who had one or two deep occlusal carious lesions (≥3 mm in depth) in molars, were recruited. Dental caries were removed, and the prepared cavity was restored with resin composite using one of two restorative procedures: (a) without GIC lining; and (b) with (resin-modified) GIC lining. Restored teeth were evaluated for any pulpal complications (subjective symptoms, objective signs or loss of tooth vitality) at 1 month (baseline), 1 year, and 2 years after restoration.
After excluding shallow cavities, 31 restorations without GIC lining, and 31 restorations with GIC lining, were placed and recalled at baseline without any pulpal complications. At the 1- and 2-year recalls, six patients who had restorations in group 1, and 13 in group 2, had dropped out. None of the remaining teeth in the two groups exhibited pulpal complications at either recall period, regardless of GIC lining placement.
The absence of GIC lining does not increase the risk of pulpal complications in deep occlusal cavities restored with resin-based restorations in either the short or long term.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three different formulations of sodium hypochlorite on the microhardness of root canal dentin in cervical and apical segments.
Twenty-four extracted human teeth had their roots sectioned along their long axes in a buccolingual direction. One half of each root was selected, and transversely sectioned resulting in two segments, cervical and apical, with similar lengths. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 16), according to the sodium hypochlorite formulation used: (a) group 1, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; (b) group 2, Chlor-XTRA; and (c) group 3, 5.5% sodium hypochlorite gel. These groups were subdivided in two subgroups (n = 8): cervical and apical root segments. Before testing the substances, dentin microhardness was measured on each section, 100 μm from the root canal with a Knoop tester. After 15 min of application, a new measurement was performed on each segment. Data were collected and registered for statistical treatment.
In both segments, the substances reduced dentin microhardness. No differences were observed between the groups, independent of the analyzed segment (P > 0.05).
All substances reduced dentin microhardness. Chlor-XTRA and 5.5% sodium hypochlorite gel promoted a reduction similar to the 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution.
The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of cusp 7 in permanent mandibular first molars in an Indian population, and to comparatively evaluate the variations in occlusal morphology of these teeth, including the difference in the number of cusps and fissure patterns.
A total of 1123 Indian participants from the Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, were selected for the study. For the analyses of cusp 6 and cusp 7 in permanent mandibular first molars, the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System was used. Groove patterns were analyzed and classified as Y, +, X, and Ұ.
Of the 1123 individuals, 132 (11.75%) were found to have cusp 7, while 78 (6.95%) had cusp 6. Thus, a total of 210 participants had the six-cusped mandibular first molars, 98 (8.73%) had the four-cusped mandibular first molars, and two had the seven-cusped variant. Overall, the most common fissure pattern was the Y pattern (50.36%), while the least common was the X pattern (1.25%). Mandibular first molars with cusp 7 demonstrated a highly significant (P < 0.05) dominance of the Ұ pattern (36.80%) over the Y (30.74%), + (27.71%), and X (4.46%) fissure patterns.
A significant prevalence of cusp 7 (11.25%) in permanent mandibular first molars was found in the present study in an Indian population.
To compare the effects of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) paste and 8% arginine paste on dentin permeability.
Sixteen human third molars were sectioned to remove the roots and expose occlusal dentin surfaces. The pulpal side was flattened to obtain 1 mm remaining dentin thickness. Each specimen was attached on a Perspex plate and connected to a dentin-permeability measuring apparatus. The specimens were divided into two groups according to the tested products. Dentin permeability was measured under a simulated pulpal pressure after: (a) etching with 37% phosphoric acid; (b) application of CPP–ACP or 8% arginine paste; and (c) acid challenge with 2.6 mmol/L lactic acid. Twelve specimens were prepared so that the treated dentin surfaces could be examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Dentin permeability after the application of 8% arginine paste was significantly reduced and lower than that of CPP–ACP paste (P < 0.01). Acid challenge with lactic acid significantly increased dentin permeability in both experimental groups (P < 0.01). The dentin surface treated with 8% arginine paste was covered with particles, but they were removed by acid challenge. Most dentinal tubules were patent when the CPP–ACP paste was applied.
The application of 8% arginine paste decreased dentin permeability, but CPP–ACP paste did not.
Aim: Crack cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked. The use of this drug has been considered a public health problem in many countries. The aim of this study was to assess the stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), pH, and the buffer capacity of saliva in crack cocaine users.
Methods: Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 54 selected crack cocaine users and 40 non-users. All samples were analyzed for SSFR, pH, and buffer capacity. SSFR was analyzed by gravimetric method. The buffer capacity and pH were determined using a digital pH meter.
Results: The crack cocaine users demonstrated higher buffer capacity than the control group (P > 0.05). Salivary pH was lower in crack cocaine users (P < 0.05). Mean values of the SSFR for the experimental and control groups were 1.1 and 1.3 mL/min, respectively (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Crack cocaine users might exhibit a significant decrease in salivary pH, but not in salivary flow rate or buffer capacity.
In studies on Candida albicans adhesion to surfaces, diverse protocols have been used for collection and preparation of saliva samples. Thus, this study investigated whether variations in the centrifugation parameters and number of donors of saliva would influence the adhesion of C. albicans to a denture base resin.
Resin acrylic samples (n = 72) were made and then divided into four groups: (a) control – specimens were left without preconditioning in saliva; (b) three experimental groups, in which the specimens were preconditioned with saliva collected from 15 volunteers and centrifuged at 12 000 g for 5 min (G1); from 15 volunteers and centrifuged at 18 000 g for 30 min (G2); and from one volunteer and centrifuged at 12 000 g for 5 min (G3). Candida adhesion was evaluated by both the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction method and crystal violet staining. Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance (P = 0.05).
For XTT reduction assay, groups G2, G3, and control were not significantly different, whereas group G1 showed significantly higher absorbance value than control. For crystal violet staining there were no significant differences among all groups.
Variations in the centrifugation parameters and number of donors of saliva may influence C. albicans adhesion to denture base resins.
This study aims to evaluate the relation of erythrocyte indices and serum iron level with clinical and histopathological progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
Eighty newly diagnosed OSCC patients recruited for the study were divided according to tumor size int three groups. Erythrocyte indices (e.g., hemoglobin [Hb], red blood cell [RBC] count, packed cell volume [PCV]) and serum iron level (S.Fe) were evaluated with normal reference values, control subject, primary tumor size and histopathological grading. Correlation of Hb to S.Fe was also analyzed.
We found that 56.36, 61.81, and 83.63% of males and 76, 32, and 88% of female patients were anemic in terms of Hb%, RBC count and PCV respectively, whereas the remainding indices and S.Fe were within normal range (P < 0.05). Percent Hb, RBC count and PCV gradually decreased with increasing tumor size and histopathological grading (P > 0.05). Moderate to weak correlation was observed between Hb and S.Fe (P < 0.05).
Tumor-induced hemolysis appeared to be responsible for anemia in OSCC and its severity increased with the progression of tumor. Moderate to weak correlation exists between Hb and S.Fe probably owing to the dual requirement of iron for bone marrow and the tumor.
Inadequate vertical bone compromises dental implant positioning and subsequent restoration. This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of alpha tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) for vertical bone augmentation.
Nine cortical perforations were made on each side of the parietal bone of rat calvaria under continuous saline coolant. Polytetrafluoroethylene cylinders were placed under the periosteum and α-TCP particles were applied in the cylinders in the TCP group while the cylinders were left empty in the control group. The animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery and analyzed radiologically and histologically.
The augmented bone volumes in the control and TCP groups were 91.5 ± 25.6% and 76.5 ± 49.8% (mean ± SD) of the original bone at 4 weeks, and 136.3 ± 59.7% and 139 ± 62.4% at 8 weeks respectively. There was no significant difference between control and test groups. At 4 weeks the bone height was augmented by 168.8 ± 26.7% and 128.8 ± 62% in the control and TCP groups respectively (not significant), whereas significantly higher vertical bone was achieved in the TCP group than in the control group at 8 weeks (251 ± 32% vs 179.2 ± 30.3%, P < 0.05).
After 8 weeks α-TCP is effective in maintaining space under periosteum and potentially would be applicable in vertical bone augmentation.
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed behaviorally active substances in the world. Although its effects on the central nervous system and bone metabolism have been documented, as yet there is no report on its effect on tissues in the oral cavity. In this study we analyzed the viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity after exposure to different concentrations of caffeine for different exposure time periods.
The HGF were cultured with different concentrations of caffeine. Viability of cells exposed to caffeine was analyzed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. The activity of ALP was analyzed at specific time intervals after caffeine addition.
Our results showed that caffeine of concentrations <1 mm did not affect the viability of HGF and the ALP enzyme activity. Nevertheless, caffeine at 5 and 10 mm dramatically decreased the viability and ALP activity of the cells after 4 days such that, by day 9, the viability of cells declined to near zero in the 10 mm group.
These results provided evidence that caffeine in high concentrations can decrease cellular viability and ALP activity in HGF.
Numerous clinical signs may be indicative of a canine impaction; however, studies determining the efficiency of visual inspection and digital palpation in localizing an impacted maxillary canine are sparse. Of the radiographic techniques, no studies have compared the accuracy of the horizontal and the vertical parallax techniques to determine the location of an impacted canine. Hence, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of visual inspection and digital palpation, and to compare the accuracy of the horizontal and vertical parallax techniques in determining the location of an impacted maxillary canine.
The study sample comprised the records of 522 patients who had attended a dental hospital. The location of an impacted maxillary canine was determined radiographically using the vertical and the horizontal parallax principles. The findings were then confirmed from the surgical records in those cases that had undergone surgical intervention of the impacted canine.
The position of the impacted canine was determined successfully by visual inspection and digital palpation in 85.3 and 85.2% of the cases respectively.
The vertical parallax technique demonstrated a higher degree of accuracy (97.7%) and a greater degree of diagnostic capability (98.2%) when compared with the horizontal parallax technique (92.6 and 78.0% respectively).
Radiographs are used extensively in dentistry to supplement the clinical examination of the patients. Technical advances in X-ray equipment and imaging systems have allowed significant reduction in radiation doses of patients during intraoral and extraoral radiography.
The aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness of dental professionals of northern India regarding dose-reduction techniques and radiographic equipment.
The survey covered 370 dentists in the states of Punjab and Haryana in northern India. Information on the demographic characteristics of the dentists, radiographic equipment, techniques, and radiation protection was obtained with a 30-point questionnaire.
The respondents knowledge concerning the technical details of their equipment was limited, with 82.3% not being aware about the kilovoltage peak of their machine. Up to 10.8% dentists were not aware about the speed of film. The most preferred technique for periapical radiography was the bisecting angle technique, which was used by 94.1% dentists.
In the present study the results indicate that for minimizing any unnecessary radiation, attempts should be made to improve dentists' knowledge about radiation-dose-reduction techniques.
Periodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the periodontium, and it is mediated and modulated by the host immune system. In the presence of microorganisms or other antigens, immune cells (macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils), endothelial cells and fibroblasts secrete cytokines and trigger immune and inflammatory reactions. However, when synthesized at high levels, cytokines modify the pattern of cellular response, participating substantially in the development of chronic inflammatory pathologies, such as periodontal disease. Understanding the origin and progression of bone resorption is one of the primary goals of the field of periodontics, aiming to arrest the disease progression and to optimize future treatments. For this purpose, the development of experimental models is an important and necessary step before entering into clinical trials with new therapies. The purpose of this study is to characterize/evaluate the tissue changes induced by various models of experimental periodontitis through a literature review.
To investigate opinions and concerns of Gold Coast residents regarding fluoridation of community water supplies.
Anonymous data were collected in four major shopping centers from approximately 500 Gold Coast residents.
Eighty-one percent of participants were aware of the addition of fluoride to the water supply. More than half obtained information on water fluoridation through the print and electronic media. Sixty percent of respondents supported water fluoridation. The majority preferred the public and/or health professionals to have made the decision on water fluoridation rather than the government. The percentage of residents supporting water fluoridation was lower than that found in other Queensland, Australian, and worldwide surveys. In this study, only age and the highest level of education attained were factors significantly related to levels of support for water fluoridation.
The Queensland Government's decision to implement water fluoridation without a referendum caused disquiet amongst some Gold Coast residents. Future public health initiatives therefore may be assisted by more consultation with, and involvement from, health professionals in the relevant fields. Public health campaigns may benefit more from interaction with the community in order to address their specific concerns.
This minireview aims to verify the supposition that the microbial sampling process can change results of microbiological analysis in periodontitis diagnosis. The literature search via Pubmed yielded 52 appropriate articles for analysis. Of which 38% (20/52) described that the sampling sites were isolated from saliva, whereas 62% (32/52) did not. Also, 29% (15/52) declared that the microbial sampling was performed before probing pocket depth (PPD), whereas 71% (37/52) did not. Comparison of the results of microbiological analysis in these studies showed that the bacteria most frequently detected in periodontal pockets was variable. Therefore, a sampling process that includes both the microbial sample being taken before PPD and saliva isolation of the sampling sites is needed to ensure the accuracy of microbiological analysis in periodontitis diagnosis.
To determine the water sorption, solubility, and resultant change in strength of one microhybrid and two nanofilled resin-based composites (RBCs).
Water sorption, solubility, and three-point bending strength (TPBS) characteristics of a microhybrid RBC Filtek™ Z250 (Z250; batch 8MA; shade A3) and two nanofilled RBCs, namely Filtek™ Supreme XT “body” (FSB; batch 8NU; shade A3) and “translucent” shades (FST; batch 6C; shade YT) (3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA) were investigated following 1 and 13 weeks storage regimes.
FSB displayed a significant increase in water sorption compared with Z250 and FST (P < 0.001), however, the latter demonstrated no significant difference between them following 1 week and 13 weeks immersion periods (P > 0.001). Following the 13-week immersion period, FSB showed greater water solubility compared with Z250 and FST (P < 0.001). FSB exhibited greater TPBS compared with FST in dry control specimens (P < 0.05), but no significant difference among TPBS of all RBCs was identified following the 1-week immersion period (P = 0.290). The TPBS of FSB decreased significantly compared with Z250 and FST following the 13-week immersion period (P < 0.001).
Since the FSB exhibited greater water sorption, solubility, and resulting strength degradation compared with Z250 and FST, a poor clinical performance may be expected.
The distinction between ailing and failing implants is clinically important. Changes in the peri-implant soft or hard tissues will indicate whether the implant is ailing, failing, or has failed. This article discusses these clinical situations and provides an overview and description of peri-implant diseases and their treatment alternatives.
To investigate stress transmitted by various restorative materials given for a full veneered implant-supported crown through implants in the bone.
A 2-D finite element model of dental implant with an abutment and full crown was designed. The materials used for stress dissipation were zirconia, full ceramic, full metal crown, composite crown, and acrylic crown. Adequate boundary conditions were applied, as was a vertical load of 100 N.
The highest stress value was exhibited for the zirconia prosthesis model, and maximum stress dissipation for the same model was observed around the cervical region of the abutment and abutment-implant junction (24.877 Mpa).
Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that an occlusal material with a low modulus of elasticity, such as acrylic resin, dampens the occlusal impact forces, thereby decreasing its effect on the bone-implant interface.
As the risk involved with systemic antimicrobials (high doses, microbial resistance, adverse reactions, etc.) restricts their use and local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pockets improves periodontal health, this study was designed to investigate the effects of subgingivally delivered clarithromycin (CLM; 0.5%) as an adjunct to nonsurgical mechanotherapy in chronic periodontitis subjects.
Ninety-eight patients were categorized into two treatment groups: scaling and root planing (SRP) plus 0.5% CLM (test; group 1) and SRP plus placebo (control; group 2). Clinical parameters included gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and periodontal attachment level (PAL), recorded at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The concentration of 0.5% CLM in gingival fluid was estimated by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. anova, the chi-square test and the Scatterthwaite test were used for statistical analysis.
Patients treated with SRP + CLM showed enhanced reductions in GI, SBI, and PD, and gains in PAL (P < 0.001) over time, as compared with the placebo group. However, no statistically significant differences were noted for PI. The mean concentration of CLM was detected in gingival crevicular fluid for up to 7 weeks, fulfilling the conditions for a controlled-release device.
Adjunctive use of 0.5% CLM as a controlled drug delivery system enhanced the clinical outcome up to 3 months.
Cryosurgery is a method of achieving lesion destruction by rapid freezing in situ. Application of cryosurgery in medicine widespread and its use within dentistry is also well documented, using both open and closed liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The major advantages of oral cryosurgery include bloodless treatment, very low incidence of secondary infection, and a relative lack of scarring and pain. This review outlines knowledge on the mechanisms, tissue response, and current practices of cryosurgery in the oral and peri-oral region. More experimental studies are needed to better understand this important modality at cellular and molecular levels. Inconsistency in the current protocols used for the treatment of the oral lesions is evident. Additional studies are needed to define the treatment protocols for different types of oral lesions. Information on the cryogen type and dose and the delivery technique required would help to produce reproducible outcomes for the treatment of targeted lesions.
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth, resulting in progressive attachment loss and bone loss. Periodontal disease is influenced by various systemic, environmental, and psychologic factors that have the potential to alter periodontal tissues and host immune response, resulting in more severe periodontal destruction. Several studies have documented the relationship between psychosocial stress and chronic forms of periodontal disease. Stress impairs periodontal health through changes in behavior and complex interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. The influence of stress on periodontal disease is affected by the emotional coping skills of the individual. Psychologic stress and depression may also influence the outcome of periodontal therapy. Stressful life events and coping skills are factors to consider in the risk of periodontal disease destruction and the potential for successful periodontal therapy. Therefore psychosocial stress is considered as an important risk factor for periodontal disease, and emotional stress in periodontitis patients should be diagnosed and treatment should be administered for the proper management and successful outcome of periodontal disease.
Recent studies suggest that chronic periodontitis can lead to a decrease in levels of red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin concentration. Smoking is an established risk factor for periodontitis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the various parameters of RBC in the subjects with chronic periodontitis.
A total of 77 males with chronic periodontitis were divided into 38 nonsmokers (group I) and 39 current smokers (group II). Clinical parameters recorded were probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Laboratory blood investigations included hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
In group II probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly higher than in group I. The RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume were significantly lower in group II compared to group I. While the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were comparable in both the groups.
Smoking may have an effect on levels of various RBC parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stem cell factor (SCF) and high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of chronic periodontitis subjects with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on their GCF and serum concentrations.
A total of (age and gender matched) 22 subjects were evaluated. Pre- and post-treatment levels of SCF and hs-CRP in GCF and serum were measured and compared using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Clinical parameters including probing depth and clinical attachment level were also measured. Paired t-test was used to compare the before- and after-treatment levels of the two molecules.
A highly significant difference (P < 0.001) was found in the GCF and serum concentrations of SCF and hs-CRP before and after treatment.
Our observations indicated that short-term nonsurgical therapy resulted in a significant improvement in periodontal indices and in a marked decrease of SCF and hs-CRP serum and GCF levels.
The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of three commercial bleaching agents and Tooth Mousse™ containing 10% w/w casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate on the hardness of tooth enamel.
Sixteen human enamel specimens were exposed to one of three commercial bleaching agents with or without subsequent exposure to Tooth Mousse™. Nanoindentation was used to measure the hardness and reduced modulus before and after treatments.
When bleaching materials were applied for a short period of time following the manufacturers' instructions, there was an increase in enamel hardness and reduced modulus for some bleaching groups, with no statistically significant difference from the baseline values. After extended bleaching periods a statistically significant decrease in enamel hardness and reduced modulus was found and after applying Tooth Mousse™ post-bleaching, the hardness and reduced modulus returned to close to baseline values.
The application of bleaching agents for an extended period of time significantly decreases enamel hardness and the reduced modulus. The application of Tooth Mousse™ after bleaching was able to reestablish the baseline enamel hardness and reduced modulus, decreasing the adverse effects of bleaching enamel.
This study evaluated the effect of different dentifrices on the microhardness and surface roughness of composite surfaces covered by surface sealants.
Samples of Filtek P60 were made and divided into groups, in accordance with surface treatments: G1 – Fortify; G2 – Fortify Plus; G3 – control (none). For Knoop microhardness evaluation, the specimens were placed in a microdurometer, under a load of 50 g for 15 sec. The analyses of surface roughness were carried out individually in a profilometer. The specimens were submitted to toothbrushing using dentifrices: Colgate Maximum Protection Anti-caries, Colgate Whitening or Sensodyne, diluted in distilled water (1:3) for 30 000 cycles.
The results showed that the control group (G3) presented the highest microhardness values. The control group presented, before toothbrushing, the lowest surface roughness values, and after toothbrushing there were no differences among the experimental groups.
The maintenance of the lowest values of microhardness demonstrated the effectiveness of these sealant materials to support the abrasive wear.
Indonesia foresees high demand in providing dental implant therapy and need to prepare competent graduating dentists. No information about undergraduate dental implant education in Indonesia has been reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to investigate dental students' perceptions towards implant treatment and education in one Indonesian dental school.
A survey was distributed to 166 fourth- and fifth-year students of Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia (FD-UI). The survey consisted of 14 questions on students' perceptions on implant treatment, current undergraduate implant curriculum, and their future plans.
One hundred and forty-one students (85%) returned the survey. Dental implant was considered as a treatment of choice for restoring missing mandibular first molar and maxillary anterior tooth, but not edentulous mandible. The majority of students rated that the topic of implant dentistry was insufficiently covered during undergraduate education, were interested in learning more, and planned to include implant as part of their future practice.
Dental students of FD-UI are aware of implant treatment as a restorative option in replacing a single missing tooth. There is a need for a nationwide discussion for introducing a comprehensive implant dentistry curriculum in undergraduate dental education in Indonesia.
To investigate the effect of a 1-week postoperative course of 600 mg of ibuprofen taken four times a day on marginal bone level around oral implants.
Twenty-eight patients were allocated to the ibuprofen group (14 patients) or no-ibuprofen group (14 patients). Overall, 57 implants were inserted, 31 implants in the ibuprofen group and 26 in the no-ibuprofen group. The primary outcome measure was the change in marginal bone level around oral implants from baseline (2 weeks postplacement) to the 3- and 6-month radiographic examinations. The paralleling technique and a film holder coupled to a beam-aiming device were used to take the periapical radiographs. Measurement of changes in bone level was made using a viewing box and ×8 magnifier.
Three subjects were withdrawn from the therapy early as they did not complete the dose of ibuprofen (e.g. because of self-reported stomach upset). The mean marginal mesial bone loss from the baseline was 0.37 mm at the 3-month and 0.27 mm at the 6-month follow up for the ibuprofen group, while the corresponding values for the no-ibuprofen group were 0.15 mm and 0.08 mm. The mean marginal distal bone loss from the baseline was 0.42 mm at the 3-month and 0.2 mm at the 6-month follow up for the ibuprofen group, while the corresponding values for the no-ibuprofen group were 0.08 mm and 0.15mm. There were no significant differences between the ibuprofen and no-ibuprofen groups when comparing the bone changes.
Administration of a short course of systemic ibuprofen for postoperative pain management following implant insertion may not have a significant effect on the marginal bone loss around oral implants in the early healing phase.
Magnification loupes are used in dentistry where increased visual performance is needed. The interest and use of loupes among dental practitioners and students appears to be growing. Despite this little quantitative data regarding the use of loupes in clinical practice and factors governing their purchase among dental trainers and trainees is available.
To determine the extent of use of loupes among dental trainers and trainees in the UK and identify what factors influence their choice of selection.
A proforma questionnaire was designed to collect the information required and was handed out dental trainers and trainees.
Use of loupes is more common among the dental trainers (44%) than trainees (28%). Of the nonusers, increased interest among the trainees (83.6%) and trainers (50%) in purchasing loupes was noted. Price was found to be the most important factor during purchase. The majority of users opted for 2.5×; and a light source was a popular choice. Both users and nonusers in the study group had an affinity towards “through-the-lens” type. No significant variation in back/neck discomfort between the users and nonusers was found.
Use of loupes among dental trainers and trainees remains low. Reduction in price and provision of information could increase the number of loupe users.
This study sought to perform mutational analysis of the RUNX2 gene in an 8-year-old girl with a diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) without supernumerary teeth (proband) and her parents, plus in age and gender matched control subjects.
Ethical approval and informed consent was obtained for this study. Blood samples were obtained and the isolated DNA was used to amplify exons 0–7 of the RUNX2 gene using specific primers, which was subsequently sequenced.
No mutations were identified in the coding regions of the RUNX2 gene.
The absence of supernumerary teeth in this individual with CCD demonstrates that there are variations in the phenotypes and mere absence of mutations does not imply that CCD phenotype is not governed by RUNX2 gene as only two-thirds of the individuals exhibiting a CCD phenotype would reveal a RUNX2 mutation; therefore, the influence of copy number variations including large insertions, intragenic deletions, duplications, and inversions of genes cannot be excluded completely.