Sexual Experimentation in Heterosexual, Bisexual, Lesbian/Gay, and Questioning Adolescents From Ages 11 to 15
Corresponding Author
Gu Li
University of British Columbia
Requests for reprints should be sent to Gu Li, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2316 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gu Li
University of British Columbia
Requests for reprints should be sent to Gu Li, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2316 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
To examine adolescent sexuality development, we analyzed data from a British cohort study (N = 5,070), which assessed the same 12–14 sexual activities at ages 11, 12, 13, and 15, and sexual orientation identity at age 15. The sexual activities ranged from low (e.g., cuddling), moderate (e.g., kissing), to high (e.g., sexual intercourse) intensity. We found that most adolescents having sexual activities of low-to-moderate intensity with same-sex individuals also had them with other-sex individuals, and adolescents having other-sex contacts of low intensity often reported them nonexclusively. Furthermore, other-sex and same-sex sexual activities did not reliably distinguish between sexual orientation identities. Sex differences in these phenomena were absent or small. These findings suggest that many adolescents have low-intensity nonexclusive sexual behaviors.
References
- Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 347–374. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.126.3.347
- Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Diamond, L. M., Breedlove, S. M., Vilain, E., & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 45–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637616
- Boyd, A., Golding, J., Macleod, J., Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Henderson, J., … Davey Smith, G. (2013). Cohort profile: The “children of the 90s”—The index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42, 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys064
- Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984). Classification and regression trees. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.
- Calzo, J. P., Antonucci, T. C., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2011). Retrospective recall of sexual orientation identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1658–1673. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025508
- Calzo, J. P., Masyn, K. E., Austin, S. B., Jun, H.-J., & Corliss, H. L. (2017). Developmental latent patterns of identification as mostly heterosexual versus lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12266
- Carver, K., Joyner, K., & Udry, J. R. (2003). National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 291–329). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Cohen, B. H. (2013). Explaining psychological statistics ( 4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
10.1002/9781394260638 Google Scholar
- Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001316446002000104
- de Graaf, H., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Meijer, S., Woertman, L., & Meeus, W. (2009). Sexual trajectories during adolescence: Relation to demographic characteristics and sexual risk. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9281-1
- Diamond, L. M. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review, 110, 173–192. https://doi.org/0033-295X.110.1.173
- Diamond, L. M. (2008). Sexual fluidity: Understanding women's love and desire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Diamond, L. M., Bonner, S. B., & Dickenson, J. (2015). The development of sexuality. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.) & M. E. Lamb (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Socioemotional processes ( 7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 888–931). New York, NY: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy321
10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy321 Google Scholar
- Diamond, L. M., Dickenson, J. A., & Blair, K. L. (2017). Stability of sexual attractions across different timescales: The roles of bisexuality and gender. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0860-x
- Diamond, L. M., & Rosky, C. J. (2016). Scrutinizing immutability: Research on sexual orientation and U.S. legal advocacy for sexual minorities. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 363–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1139665
- Diamond, L. M., Savin-Williams, R. C., & Dubé, E. M. (1999). Sex, dating, passionate friendships, and romance: Intimate peer relationships among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 175–210). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316182185
10.1017/CBO9781316182185.009 Google Scholar
- Dorn, L. D., & Biro, F. M. (2011). Puberty and its measurement: A decade in review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00722.x
- Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10.1037/10519-153 Google Scholar
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Gray, S. H., Austin, S. B., Huang, B., Frazier, A. L., Field, A. E., & Kahn, J. A. (2008). Predicting sexual initiation in a prospective cohort study of adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.12
- Hansen, W. B., Paskett, E. D., & Carter, L. J. (1999). The Adolescent Sexual Activity Index (ASAI): A standardized strategy for measuring interpersonal heterosexual behaviors among youth. Health Education Research, 14, 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/14.4.485
- Harris, K. M. (2013). Sexuality and suicidality: Matched-pairs analyses reveal unique characteristics in non-heterosexual suicidal behaviors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0112-2
- Igartua, K., Thombs, B. D., Burgos, G., & Montoro, R. (2009). Concordance and discrepancy in sexual identity, attraction, and behavior among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.019
- Institute of Medicine. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Kanazawa, S. (2017). Possible evolutionary origins of human female sexual fluidity: Human female sexual fluidity. Biological Reviews, 92, 1251–1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12278
- Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., Calzo, J. P., Scherer, E. A., Sarda, V., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Endorsement and timing of sexual orientation developmental milestones among sexual minority young adults in the growing up today study. Journal of Sex Research, 54, 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1170757
- Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
- Klein, F., Sepekoff, B., & Wolf, T. J. (1985). Sexual orientation: A multi-variable dynamic process. Journal of Homosexuality, 11, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v11n01_04
- Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
- Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2012). Fast R functions for robust correlations and hierarchical clustering. Journal of Statistical Software, 46, 1–17. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050260
- Li, G., & Hines, M. (2016). In search of emerging same-sex sexuality: Romantic attractions at age 13 years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 1839–1849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0726-2
- Li, G., Kung, K. T. F., & Hines, M. (2017). Childhood gender-typed behavior and adolescent sexual orientation: A longitudinal population-based study. Developmental Psychology, 53, 764–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000281
- Luoto, S., Krams, I., & Rantala, M. J. (2018). A life history approach to the female sexual orientation spectrum: Evolution, development, causal mechanisms, and health. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 1273–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0
- Mercer, C. H., Tanton, C., Prah, P., Erens, B., Sonnenberg, P., Clifton, S., … Johnson, A. M. (2013). Changes in sexual attitudes and lifestyles in Britain through the life course and over time: Findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). The Lancet, 382, 1781–1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62035-8
- Morgan, E. M., & Thompson, E. M. (2011). Processes of sexual orientation questioning among heterosexual women. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490903370594
- Mustanski, B., Van Wagenen, A., Birkett, M., Eyster, S., & Corliss, H. L. (2014). Identifying sexual orientation health disparities in adolescents: Analysis of pooled data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005 and 2007. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301748
- Needham, B. L. (2012). Sexual attraction and trajectories of mental health and substance use during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9729-4
- Ott, M. Q., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Rosario, M., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity in young people: Application of mobility metrics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9691-3
- Quinlan, J. R. (1986). Induction of decision trees. Machine Learning, 1, 81–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116251
10.1023/A:1022643204877 Google Scholar
- Peplau, L. A. (2001). Rethinking women's sexual orientation: An interdisciplinary, relationship-focused approach. Personal Relationships, 8, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00025.x
- Rosario, M., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Hunter, J., Exner, T. M., Gwadz, M., & Keller, A. M. (1996). The psychosexual development of urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Journal of Sex Research, 33, 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499609551823
- Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2008). Predicting different patterns of sexual identity development over time among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A cluster analytic approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9207-7
- Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
- Saewyc, E. M., Bauer, G. R., Skay, C. L., Bearinger, L. H., Resnick, M. D., Reis, E., & Murphy, A. (2004). Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: Evaluation of eight school-based surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 345.e1–345.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.002
- Savin-Williams, R. C. (1998). "...And then I became gay": Young men's stories. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Savin-Williams, R. C., & Joyner, K. (2014). The dubious assessment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents of add health. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0219-5
- Savin-Williams, R. C., Joyner, K., & Rieger, G. (2012). Prevalence and stability of self-reported sexual orientation identity during young adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9913-y
- Savin-Williams, R. C., & Ream, G. L. (2007). Prevalence and stability of sexual orientation components during adolescence and young adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9088-5
- Shirtcliff, E. A., Dahl, R. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2009). Pubertal development: Correspondence between hormonal and physical development. Child Development, 80, 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01263.x
- Smiler, A. P., Frankel, L. B. W., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2011). From kissing to coitus? Sex-of-partner differences in the sexual milestone achievement of young men. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.08.009
- Strobl, C., Malley, J., & Tutz, G. (2009). An introduction to recursive partitioning: Rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychological Methods, 14, 323–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016973
- Therneau, T. M., Atkinson, E. J., & Mayo Foundation. (2017). An introduction to recursive partitioning using the RPART routines. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rpart/vignettes/longintro.pdf
- Tolman, D. L., & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00726.x
- Turner, C. F., Ku, L., Rogers, S. M., Lindberg, L. D., Pleck, J. H., & Sonenstein, F. L. (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science, 280, 867–873. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5365.867
- Way, N. (2011). Deep secrets: Boys’ friendships and the crisis of connection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061361
10.4159/harvard.9780674061361 Google Scholar
- Wilcox, R. R. (2011). Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing (3rd ed.). Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
- Zhao, Y., Montoro, R., Igartua, K., & Thombs, B. D. (2010). Suicidal ideation and attempt among adolescents reporting “unsure” sexual identity or heterosexual identity plus same-sex attraction or behavior: Forgotten groups? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.003




