Carbon Dioxide
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
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1. |
Introduction |
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2. |
Physical Properties |
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3. |
Chemical Properties |
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4. |
Occurrence in Nature |
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4.1. |
Lithosphere |
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4.2. |
Atmosphere |
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4.3. |
Hydrosphere |
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4.4. |
Biosphere |
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4.4.1. |
Life Cycle |
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4.4.2. |
Radiocarbon Dating |
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5. |
Environmental Effects |
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6. |
Production |
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6.1. |
Carbon Dioxide from Ammonia and Hydrogen Plants (Process Gas CO2) |
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6.1.1. |
Potassium Carbonate Process |
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6.1.2. |
Ethanolamine Process |
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6.2. |
Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gases |
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6.3. |
Carbon Dioxide from Fermentation |
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6.4. |
Carbon Dioxide from Carbonates |
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6.5. |
Carbon Dioxide from Natural Sources |
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7. |
Purification of Carbon Dioxide before Liquefaction |
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8. |
Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide |
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9. |
Production of Dry Ice |
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10. |
Quality Specifications and Analysis |
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11. |
Commercial Forms, Storage, and Distribution |
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11.1. |
Solid Carbon Dioxide |
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11.2. |
Liquid Carbon Dioxide |
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12. |
Uses |
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12.1. |
Uses of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide |
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12.2. |
Uses of Solid Carbon Dioxide |
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12.3. |
Uses of Liquid Carbon Dioxide |
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12.3.1. |
Use as an Inert Environment |
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12.3.2. |
Promoting the Growth of Plants |
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12.3.3. |
Heat Transfer Medium in Nuclear Power Stations |
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12.3.4. |
Refrigerant |
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12.3.5. |
Uses Based on the Solubility of Carbon Dioxide |
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12.3.6. |
Chemical Uses |
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12.3.7. |
Other Uses |
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13. |
Economic Aspects |
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14. |
Safety Precautions |
