Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
|
1. |
Introduction |
|
2. |
Properties |
|
2.1. |
Physical Properties |
|
2.1.1. |
Single‐Component Systems |
|
2.1.2. |
Two‐ and Multicomponent Systems |
|
2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
|
2.2.1. |
Chemistry of Helium, Neon, and Argon |
|
2.2.2. |
Chemistry of Krypton |
|
2.2.3. |
Chemistry of Xenon |
|
2.2.4. |
Radon Compounds |
|
2.2.5. |
Molecular Structures of Noble Gas Compounds |
|
2.2.6. |
Noble Gas Clathrate Compounds |
|
3. |
Occurrence and Availability |
|
3.1. |
Terrestrial Occurrence |
|
3.2. |
Occurrence of Radioactive Isotopes |
|
3.3. |
Lunar and Solar Occurrence |
|
4. |
Extraction and Isolation |
|
4.1. |
Isolation From Air |
|
4.1.1. |
Helium and Neon |
|
4.1.2. |
Argon |
|
4.1.3. |
Krypton and Xenon |
|
4.2. |
Helium Extraction from Natural Gases |
|
4.2.1. |
Crude Helium Extraction |
|
4.2.1.1. |
Low‐Temperature Fractionation |
|
4.2.1.2. |
Crude Helium Extraction by Permeation Processes |
|
4.2.2. |
Purification of Helium |
|
4.2.2.1. |
Purification of Helium by Pressure Swing Adsorption |
|
4.2.2.2. |
Other Processes for Purification of Helium |
|
4.2.3. |
Example of a Complete Process |
|
4.3. |
Isolation of Argon from Ammonia Purge Gases |
|
5. |
Liquefaction of Helium |
|
5.1. |
Processes for Liquefaction of Helium |
|
5.1.1. |
Recuperative Processes |
|
5.1.2. |
Regenerative Processes |
|
5.2. |
Gas Purification for Helium Liquefiers |
|
5.3. |
Examples of Helium Cryo Plants |
|
5.3.1. |
Liquefier Using the Claude Process |
|
5.3.2. |
Liquefier Using the Stirling Process |
|
5.3.3. |
Helium Cryo Plant Using the Gifford ‐ McMahon (GM) Process |
|
5.4. |
Process Developments |
|
6. |
Quality Specifications and Analysis |
|
7. |
Uses |
|
7.1. |
Welding |
|
7.2. |
Illumination |
|
7.3. |
Other uses |
|
8. |
Storage and Transportation |
|
9. |
Economic Aspects |
Number of times cited: 2
- Fangyuan Guo, Yu Liu, Jun Hu, Honglai Liu and Ying Hu, Fast screening of porous materials for noble gas adsorption and separation: a classical density functional approach, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 10.1039/C8CP03777A, (2018).
- A. E. Neice and M. H. Zornow, Xenon anaesthesia for all, or only a select few?, Anaesthesia, 71, 11, (1267-1272), (2016).
