Water, 1. Properties, Analysis, and Hydrological Cycle
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1. | Properties of Pure Water |
| 1.1. | Molecular Properties |
| 1.1.1. | Isotopic Composition |
| 1.1.2. | The Water Molecule |
| 1.1.3. | Hydrogen Bonding and Water Structure |
| 1.2. | The Phase Behavior of Water |
| 1.2.1. | Invariant Points |
| 1.2.2. | Liquid‐Vapor Equilibria |
| 1.2.3. | Solid‐Liquid and Solid‐Solid Equilibria |
| 1.2.4. | Supercooled Water and Amorphous Ice |
| 1.3. | Properties of Liquid and Supercritical Water |
| 1.3.1. | Water over Wide Ranges in Temperature and Pressure |
| 1.3.2. | Equation of State and Volumetric Properties |
| 1.3.3. | Thermodynamic Properties |
| 1.3.4. | Transport Properties |
| 1.3.5. | Surface Tension |
| 1.3.6. | Auto‐protolysis |
| 1.3.7. | Dielectric Properties |
| 2.2.2. | Transport Properties |
| 2. | Water as a Solvent |
| 2.1. | Solvent Properties of Water |
| 2.2. | Solutions of Nonpolar Gases and Hydrophobic Species |
| 2.3. | Hydrophilic Solutes |
| 2.4. | Electrolyte Solutions |
| 2.5. | Supercritical Water as a Solvent |
| 3. | Water Analysis |
| 3.1. | Sampling and Sample Preservation |
| 3.2. | Physicochemical and Sum Parameters |
| 3.3. | Inorganic Analysis |
| 3.3.1. | Determination of Cations |
| 3.3.2. | Anion Analysis |
| 3.3.3. | Determination of Dissolved Gases |
| 3.3.4. | Rapid Tests |
| 3.4. | Organic Analysis |
| 3.4.1. | Spectrometric Methods |
| 3.4.2. | Gas and Liquid Chromatography |
| 3.5. | Bioanalytical Methods |
| 4. | Hydrological Cycle and Water Use |
| 4.1. | World Water Balance |
| 4.2. | Hydrological Cycle |
| 4.3. | Demand for Water |
| 4.4. | Source of Water Used |
| 4.5. | Water Treatment |



