Voltammetric Determination of Heavy Metals in Microvolumes of Rain Water
Abstract
Analytical methods for the trace determination of heavy metals in microvolumes of real water samples by using stripping voltammetry at microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays were investigated. Voltammetric procedures at gold, platinum and glassy carbon microelectrodes including appropriate measuring cells were developed and validated by the application of electrothermal vaporization‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ETV‐ICP‐MS) as well as stripping voltammetry performed at conventionally sized mercury electrodes. The influence of a piezo actuator on the accumulation efficiency of the analyte at the electrode surface was tested. Detection limits in the low picogram range were achieved with anodic stripping voltammetry and Osteryoung‐square‐wave or differential pulse detection. The methods were applied to the determination of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in single raindrops and small volumes of rain water.
Number of times cited: 14
- Grégoire Herzog and Valerio Beni, Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review, Analytica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.031, 769, (10-21), (2013).
- SANGITA DHARA and N L MISRA, Application of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for trace elemental analysis of rainwater, Pramana, 76, 2, (361), (2011).
- Fredrik Winquist, Christina Krantz-Rülcker, Thomas Olsson and Anders Jonsson, Measurements of cadmium in soil extracts using multi-variate data analysis and electrochemical sensors, Precision Agriculture, 10, 3, (231), (2009).
- Natalya Yu. Stozhko, Natalya A. Malakhova, Mikhail V. Fyodorov and Khiena Z. Brainina, Modified carbon-containing electrodes in stripping voltammetry of metals. Part II. Composite and microelectrodes, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 12, 10, (1219), (2008).
- Joseph Wang, Stripping Analysis, Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, (2007).
- Olga Ordeig, Javier del Campo, Francesc Xavier Muñoz, Craig E. Banks and Richard G. Compton, Electroanalysis Utilizing Amperometric Microdisk Electrode Arrays, Electroanalysis, 19, 19‐20, (1973-1986), (2007).
- Xudong Xie, Doris Stueben and Zsolt Berner, The Application of Microelectrodes for the Measurements of Trace Metals in Water, Analytical Letters, 10.1080/00032710500316050, 38, 14, (2281-2300), (2005).
- J. Barek, J. Moreira and J. Zima, Modern Electrochemical Methods for Monitoring of Chemical Carcinogens, Sensors, 5, 12, (148), (2005).
- Gabriel Billon and Constant M. G. van den Berg, Gold and Silver Micro‐Wire Electrodes for Trace Analysis of Metals, Electroanalysis, 16, 19, (1583-1591), (2004).
- P. Salaun, F. Bujard, L. Berdondini, M. Koudelka‐Hep and J. Buffle, Integrated Microanalytical System Coupling Permeation Liquid Membrane and Voltammetry for Trace Metal Speciation. Technical Description and Optimization, Electroanalysis, 16, 10, (811-820), (2004).
- Paolo Ugo, Ligia Maria Moretto and Francesca Vezzà, Ionomer‐Coated Electrodes and Nanoelectrode Ensembles as Electrochemical Environmental Sensors: Recent Advances and Prospects, ChemPhysChem, 3, 11, (917-925), (2002).
- Karl Crowley and John Cassidy, Trace Analysis of Lead at a Nafion‐Modified Electrode Using Square‐Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Electroanalysis, 14, 15‐16, (1077-1082), (2002).
- Gian P.G Freschi, Carolina S Dakuzaku, Mercedes de Moraes, Joaquim A Nóbrega and José A Gomes Neto, Simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 56, 10, (1987), (2001).
- A. Poghossian, A. Baade, H. Emons and M.J. Schöning, Application of ISFETs for pH measurement in rain droplets, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 76, 1-3, (634), (2001).
