Issues
Free Access
Nutritional ecology and diachronic trends in Paleolithic diet and health
Abstract
Modern nutritional studies have found that diverse diets are linked to lower infant mortality rates and longer life expectancies in humans. This is primarily because humans require more than fifty essential nutrients for growth and cell maintenance and repair; most of these essential nutrients must come from outside food sources rather than being manufactured by the body itself; and a diversity of food types is required to consume the full suite of essential nutrients necessary for optimal human health. These principles and their related affects on human adaptations and demography are the hallmarks of a theoretical paradigm defined as nutritional ecology. This essay applies concepts derived from nutritional ecology to the study of human evolution. Principles of nutritional ecology are applied to the study of the Middle‐to‐Upper Paleolithic transition in order to broadly illustrate the interpretive ramifications of this approach. At any stage in human evolution, those hominid populations that chose to diversify their subsistence base may have had a selective advantage over competitors who restricted their diet principally to one food type, such as terrestrial mammals.
Citing Literature
Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 89
- Gabriela Bielefeld Nardoto, João Paulo Sena‐Souza, Lesley A. Chesson, Luiz Antonio Martinelli, Tracking geographical patterns of contemporary human diet in Brazil using stable isotopes of nail keratin, Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action, 10.1002/9781119482062, (441-455), (2020).
- Ester Verdún-Castelló, Josep Casabó i Bernad, Shellfish consumption in the Early Upper Palaeolithic on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula: The example of Foradada Cave, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102035, 29, (102035), (2020).
- David Raubenheimer, Stephen J. Simpson, Nutritional Ecology and Human Health, Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy, 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1, (39-55), (2020).
- Tansy L. Branscombe, Marjolein. D. Bosch, Preston T. Miracle, Seasonal Shellfishing across the East Adriatic Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition: Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Phorcus turbinatus from Vela Spila (Croatia) , Environmental Archaeology, 10.1080/14614103.2020.1721695, (1-14), (2020).
- Mariana Nabais, João Zilhão, The consumption of tortoise among Last Interglacial Iberian Neanderthals, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.024, (2019).
- Alejandro Acosta, Mirian Carbonera, Daniel Loponte, Archaeological hunting patterns of Amazonian horticulturists: The Guarani example, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 10.1002/oa.2813, 29, 6, (999-1012), (2019).
- Anne C. Pisor, Martin Surbeck, The evolution of intergroup tolerance in nonhuman primates and humans, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 10.1002/evan.21793, 28, 4, (210-223), (2019).
- Manuel Will, Andrew W. Kandel, Nicholas J. Conard, Midden or Molehill: The Role of Coastal Adaptations in Human Evolution and Dispersal, Journal of World Prehistory, 10.1007/s10963-018-09127-4, (2019).
- Marjolein D. Bosch, Marcello A. Mannino, Amy L. Prendergast, Frank P. Wesselingh, Tamsin C. O'Connell, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Year-round shellfish exploitation in the Levant and implications for Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer subsistence, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.014, 21, (1198-1214), (2018).
- Robert C. Power, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Mauro Rubini, Andrea Darlas, Katerina Harvati, Michael Walker, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Amanda G. Henry, Dental calculus indicates widespread plant use within the stable Neanderthal dietary niche, Journal of Human Evolution, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.009, 119, (27-41), (2018).
- Milena Carvalho, Telmo Peireira, Cláudia Manso, Rabbit exploitation in the Middle Paleolithic at Gruta Nova da Columbeira, Portugal, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.09.003, 21, (821-832), (2018).
- Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Behavioral Ecology and Zooarchaeology, An Introduction to Zooarchaeology, 10.1007/978-3-319-65682-3, (531-552), (2018).
- Florence Lee, David A Lawrence, From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212, 21, 1, (24-46), (2017).
- João Cascalheira, Emily Lena Jones . In Search of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in Paleolithic Southwest Europe (Springers Briefs in Archaeology. Cham, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht & London: Springer, 2016, 91pp., 17 figs, 15 tables, pbk, ISBN 978-3-319-22350-6, eBook, ISBN 978-3-319-22351-3, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22351-3), European Journal of Archaeology, 10.1017/eaa.2017.8, 20, 2, (371-375), (2017).
- Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Bojana Mihailović, The Chronometric Dating and Subsistence of Late Neanderthals and Early Anatomically Modern Humans in the Central Balkans: Insights from Šalitrena Pećina (Mionica, Serbia), Journal of Anthropological Research, 10.1086/693054, 73, 3, (413-447), (2017).
- Domingo C. Salazar-García, Manuel Pérez-Ripoll, Pablo García-Borja, Jesús F. Jordá Pardo, J. Emili Aura Tortosa, A Terrestrial Diet Close to the Coast: A Case Study from the Neolithic Levels of Nerja Cave (Málaga, Spain), Times of Neolithic Transition along the Western Mediterranean, 10.1007/978-3-319-52939-4_11, (281-307), (2017).
- Sylvia Kirchengast, Diabetes and Obesity—An Evolutionary Perspective, AIMS Medical Science, 10.3934/medsci.2017.1.28, 4, 1, (28-51), (2017).
- J.L. Guil-Guerrero, Evidence for chronic omega-3 fatty acids and ascorbic acid deficiency in Palaeolithic hominins in Europe at the emergence of cannibalism, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.016, 157, (176-187), (2017).
- María Fernanda Martínez-Polanco, El Cuy ( Cavia Sp.), Un Recurso Alimenticio Clave en Aguazuque, Un Sitio Arqueológico de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia , Latin American Antiquity, 10.7183/1045-6635.27.4.512, 27, 4, (512-526), (2017).
- Emily Lena Jones, Climate change, patch choice, and intensification at Pont d'Ambon (Dordogne, France) during the Younger Dryas, Quaternary Research, 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.08.003, 72, 3, (371-376), (2017).
- Brian F. Codding, Terry L. Jones, Man the Showoff? Or the Ascendance of a Just-so-Story: A Comment on Recent Applications of Costly Signaling Theory in American Archaeology, American Antiquity, 10.2307/40035818, 72, 2, (349-357), (2017).
- Bryan Hockett, Middle and Late Holocene Hunting in the Great Basin: A Critical Review of the Debate and Future Prospects, American Antiquity, 10.2307/40035871, 70, 4, (713-731), (2017).
- Britt Ahlstrom, Tran Dinh, Martie G. Haselton, A. Janet Tomiyama, Understanding eating interventions through an evolutionary lens, Health Psychology Review, 10.1080/17437199.2016.1260489, 11, 1, (72-88), (2016).
- Lisa Janz, Fragmented Landscapes and Economies of Abundance: The Broad-Spectrum Revolution in Arid East Asia, Current Anthropology, 10.1086/688436, 57, 5, (537-564), (2016).
- Madonna L. Moss, The nutritional value of Pacific herring: An ancient cultural keystone species on the Northwest Coast of North America, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.041, 5, (649-655), (2016).
- Bryan Hockett, Why celebrate the death of Primitive Economic Man?: Human nutritional ecology in the 21st century, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.013, 5, (617-621), (2016).
- Bryan Hockett, Elizabeth A. Nelson, Preface: Of Ancient Econs and Modern Humans, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.01.022, 5, (615-616), (2016).
- Jaime L. Kennedy, Geoffrey M. Smith, Paleoethnobotany at the LSP-1 rockshelter, south central Oregon: Assessing the nutritional diversity of plant foods in Holocene diet, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.12.008, 5, (640-648), (2016).
- Jelmer W. Eerkens, Al W. Schwitalla, Howard J. Spero, Ryan Nesbit, Staple, Feasting, or Fallback Food? Mussel Harvesting Among Hunter-Gatherers in Interior Central California, Journal of Ethnobiology, 10.2993/0278-0771-36.3.476, 36, 3, (476-492), (2016).
- Sandra Rebolledo, Philippe Béarez, Diego Salazar, Felipe Fuentes, Maritime fishing during the Middle Holocene in the hyperarid coast of the Atacama Desert, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.051, 391, (3-11), (2016).
- Gerhard P. Shipley, Kelly Kindscher, Evidence for the Paleoethnobotany of the Neanderthal: A Review of the Literature, Scientifica, 10.1155/2016/8927654, 2016, (1-12), (2016).
- David Raubenheimer, Stephen J. Simpson, Nutritional Ecology and Human Health, Annual Review of Nutrition, 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051118, 36, 1, (603-626), (2016).
- Rob Hosfield, Walking in a Winter Wonderland? Strategies for Early and Middle Pleistocene Survival in Midlatitude Europe, Current Anthropology, 10.1086/688579, 57, 5, (653-682), (2016).
- Rita Dias, Cleia Detry, Nuno Bicho, Changes in the exploitation dynamics of small terrestrial vertebrates and fish during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in the SW Iberian Peninsula: A review, The Holocene, 10.1177/0959683615622547, 26, 6, (964-984), (2016).
- Laura T. Buck, J. Colette Berbesque, Brian M. Wood, Chris B. Stringer, Tropical forager gastrophagy and its implications for extinct hominin diets, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.025, 5, (672-679), (2016).
- Emily Lena Jones, Emily Lena Jones, Archaeofaunal Diversity and Broad Spectrum Diets in Late Paleolithic Southwest Europe, In Search of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in Paleolithic Southwest Europe, 10.1007/978-3-319-22351-3_5, (61-78), (2016).
- Robert C. O'Malley, Margaret A. Stanton, Ian C. Gilby, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, Anne Pusey, A. Catherine Markham, Carson M. Murray, Reproductive state and rank influence patterns of meat consumption in wild female chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ), Journal of Human Evolution, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.009, 90, (16-28), (2016).
- Jennifer C. French, Demography and the Palaeolithic Archaeological Record, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 10.1007/s10816-014-9237-4, 23, 1, (150-199), (2015).
- Anna Revedin, Laura Longo, Marta Mariotti Lippi, Emanuele Marconi, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Jiri Svoboda, Eva Anichini, Matilde Gennai, Biancamaria Aranguren, New technologies for plant food processing in the Gravettian, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.066, 359-360, (77-88), (2015).
- Hongyu Yin, Henrik O. Berdel, David Moore, Franklin Davis, Jun Liu, Mahmood Mozaffari, Jack C. Yu, Babak Baban, Whole body vibration therapy: a novel potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, SpringerPlus, 10.1186/s40064-015-1373-0, 4, 1, (2015).
- Christopher Morgan, Is it Intensification Yet? Current Archaeological Perspectives on the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Economies, Journal of Archaeological Research, 10.1007/s10814-014-9079-3, 23, 2, (163-213), (2014).
- Laura T. Buck, Chris B. Stringer, Having the stomach for it: a contribution to Neanderthal diets?, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.003, 96, (161-167), (2014).
- Jessica C. Thompson, Christopher S. Henshilwood, Nutritional values of tortoises relative to ungulates from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa: Implications for foraging and social behaviour, Journal of Human Evolution, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.010, 67, (33-47), (2014).
- Steven Emilio Churchill, References, Thin on the Ground, 10.1002/9781118590836, (365-443), (2014).
- Sylvia Kirchengast, Physical Inactivity from the Viewpoint of Evolutionary Medicine, Sports, 10.3390/sports2020034, 2, 2, (34-50), (2014).
- Emma C. Cancelliere, Nicole DeAngelis, John Bosco Nkurunungi, David Raubenheimer, Jessica M. Rothman, Minerals in the Foods Eaten by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei), PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0112117, 9, 11, (e112117), (2014).
- Nicholas J. Conard, Keiko Kitagawa, Petra Krönneck, Madelaine Böhme, Susanne C. Münzel, The Importance of Fish, Fowl and Small Mammals in the Paleolithic Diet of the Swabian Jura, Southwestern Germany, Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins, 10.1007/978-94-007-6766-9_11, (173-190), (2013).
- Terry Hopkinson, ‘Man the symboller’. A contemporary origins myth, Archaeological Dialogues, 10.1017/S138020381300024X, 20, 2, (215-241), (2013).
- Sylvia Kirchengast, Frank Rühli, Evolutionary medicine and its implications for endocrinological issues (e.g. menopause), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.02.046, 186, (145-149), (2013).
- Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Human response to Holocene warming on the Cantabrian Coast (northern Spain): an unexpected outcome, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.006, 81, (1-11), (2013).
- Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, Pedro Rasines del Río, Emilio Muñoz, Silvia Santamaría, José M. Morlote, The role of shellfish in hunter–gatherer societies during the Early Upper Palaeolithic: A view from El Cuco rockshelter, northern Spain, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 10.1016/j.jaa.2013.03.001, 32, 2, (242-256), (2013).
- Nuno Bicho, Tiina Manne, João Marreiros, João Cascalheira, Telmo Pereira, Frederico Tátá, Marina Évora, Célia Gonçalves, Leandro Infantini, The ecodynamics of the first modern humans in Southwestern Iberia: The case of Vale Boi, Portugal, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.029, 318, (102-116), (2013).
- John E. Fa, John R. Stewart, Lluís Lloveras, J. Mario Vargas, Rabbits and hominin survival in Iberia, Journal of Human Evolution, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.002, 64, 4, (233-241), (2013).
- Domingo C. Salazar-García, Robert C. Power, Alfred Sanchis Serra, Valentín Villaverde, Michael J. Walker, Amanda G. Henry, Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.007, 318, (3-18), (2013).
- References, Should We Eat Meat?, 10.1002/9781118278710, (217-250), (2013).
- Jillian Garvey, Brett Cochrane, Judith Field, Chris Boney, Modern emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) butchery, economic utility and analogues for the Australian archaeological record , Environmental Archaeology, 10.1179/174963111X13110803260840, 16, 2, (97-112), (2013).
- Antony G. Brown, Laura S. Basell, Sian Robinson, Graham C. Burdge, Site Distribution at the Edge of the Palaeolithic World: A Nutritional Niche Approach, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0081476, 8, 12, (e81476), (2013).
- Bryan Hockett, The consequences of Middle Paleolithic diets on pregnant Neanderthal women, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.002, 264, (78-82), (2012).
- Tiina Manne, Britt Starkovich, Common Problems, Uncommon Solutions: Zooarchaeological contributions to understanding dietary change in Mediterranean-type environments, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.034, 264, (1-3), (2012).
- Ethel Allué, Jorge Martínez-Moreno, Natalia Alonso, Rafael Mora, Changes in the vegetation and human management of forest resources in mountain ecosystems at the beginning of MIS 1 (14.7–8 ka cal BP) in Balma Guilanyà (Southeastern Pre-Pyrenees, Spain), Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10.1016/j.crpv.2012.04.004, 11, 7, (507-518), (2012).
- Melinda A. Zeder, The Broad Spectrum Revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003, 31, 3, (241-264), (2012).
- Emily Lena Jones, Upper Paleolithic rabbit exploitation and landscape patchiness: The Dordogne vs. Mediterranean Spain, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.044, 264, (52-60), (2012).
- Tiina Manne, João Cascalheira, Marina Évora, João Marreiros, Nuno Bicho, Intensive subsistence practices at Vale Boi, an Upper Paleolithic site in southwestern Portugal, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.026, 264, (83-99), (2012).
- Rebecca Saunders, Michael Russo, Coastal shell middens in Florida: A view from the Archaic period, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.08.008, 239, 1-2, (38-50), (2011).
- Kimberly Brown, Darren A. Fa, Geraldine Finlayson, Clive Finlayson, Small Game and Marine Resource Exploitation by Neanderthals: The Evidence from Gibraltar, Trekking the Shore, 10.1007/978-1-4419-8219-3_10, (247-272), (2011).
- A.C. Colonese, M.A. Mannino, D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.A. Fa, J.C. Finlayson, D. Lubell, M.C. Stiner, Marine mollusc exploitation in Mediterranean prehistory: An overview, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.09.001, 239, 1-2, (86-103), (2011).
- Jillian Garvey, Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) marrow quality vs quantity: evaluating human decision-making and seasonal occupation in late Pleistocene Tasmania, Journal of Archaeological Science, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.023, 38, 4, (763-783), (2011).
- Gabriela B. Nardoto, Rui Sergio S. Murrieta, Luís Enrique G. Prates, Cristina Adams, Maria Elisa P.E. Garavello, Tatiana Schor, André De Moraes, Fernando D. Rinaldi, Juliana G. Gragnani, Edila A.F. Moura, Paulo J. Duarte‐Neto, Luiz A. Martinelli, Frozen chicken for wild fish: Nutritional transition in the Brazilian Amazon region determined by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails, American Journal of Human Biology, 10.1002/ajhb.21192, 23, 5, (642-650), (2011).
- A. Revedin, B. Aranguren, R. Becattini, L. Longo, E. Marconi, M. M. Lippi, N. Skakun, A. Sinitsyn, E. Spiridonova, J. Svoboda, Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1006993107, 107, 44, (18815-18819), (2010).
- Bruce L. Hardy, Climatic variability and plant food distribution in Pleistocene Europe: Implications for Neanderthal diet and subsistence, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.016, 29, 5-6, (662-679), (2010).
- T. E. Steele, A unique hominin menu dated to 1.95 million years ago, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1005992107, 107, 24, (10771-10772), (2010).
- Julien Riel-Salvatore, A Niche Construction Perspective on the Middle–Upper Paleolithic Transition in Italy, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 10.1007/s10816-010-9093-9, 17, 4, (323-355), (2010).
- Ethel Allué, Núria Ibáñez, Palmira Saladié, Manuel Vaquero, Small preys and plant exploitation by late pleistocene hunter–gatherers. A case study from the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 10.1007/s12520-010-0023-2, 2, 1, (11-24), (2010).
- Melvin Konner, S. Boyd Eaton, Paleolithic Nutrition, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 10.1177/0884533610385702, 25, 6, (594-602), (2010).
- Kristin Harper, George Armelagos, The Changing Disease-Scape in the Third Epidemiological Transition, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10.3390/ijerph7020675, 7, 2, (675-697), (2010).
- Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Laura Niven, Hominin Subsistence Patterns During the Middle and Late Paleolithic in Northwestern Europe, The Evolution of Hominin Diets, 10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_7, (99-111), (2009).
- Hervé Bocherens, Neanderthal Dietary Habits: Review of the Isotopic Evidence, The Evolution of Hominin Diets, 10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_19, (241-250), (2009).
- Alexander Ströhle, Maike Wolters, Andreas Hahn, Die Ernährung des Menschen im evolutionsmedizinischen KontextHuman nutrition in the context of evolutionary medicine, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 10.1007/s00508-009-1139-1, 121, 5-6, (173-187), (2009).
- J Aura, J Jordá, J Morales, M Pérez, M-P Villalba, J Alcover, Economic transitions in finis terra , Before Farming, 10.3828/bfarm.2009.2.4, 2009, 2, (1-17), (2009).
- Bryan Hockett, Jonathan Haws, Continuity in animal resource diversity in the Late Pleistocene human diet of Central Portugal, Before Farming, 10.3828/bfarm.2009.2.2, 2009, 2, (1-14), (2009).
- Wil Roebroeks, Time for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe, Journal of Human Evolution, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.008, 55, 5, (918-926), (2008).
- Matthew E. Hill, Variation in Paleoindian fauna use on the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains of North America, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.004, 191, 1, (34-52), (2008).
- David Gable, Saskia C. Sanderson, Steve E. Humphries, Genotypes, obesity and type 2 diabetes – can genetic information motivate weight loss? A review, Clinical Chemical Laboratory Medicine, 10.1515/CCLM.2007.070, 45, 3, (2007).
- Wenda R. Trevathan, Evolutionary Medicine, Annual Review of Anthropology, 10.1146/annurev.anthro.36.081406.094321, 36, 1, (139-154), (2007).
- Jeff D. Leach, Prebiotics in ancient diets, Food Science & Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods, 10.1616/1476-2137.14801, 4, 1, (1-8), (2007).
- Emily Lena Jones, Prey choice, mass collecting, and the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 10.1016/j.jaa.2005.11.002, 25, 3, (275-289), (2006).
- Jeff D. Leach, Glenn R. Gibson, Jan Van Loo, Human Evolution, Nutritional Ecology and Prebiotics in Ancient Diet, Bioscience and Microflora, 10.12938/bifidus.25.1, 25, 1, (1-8), (2006).
- Bryan Hockett, Jonathan A. Haws, Nutritional ecology and the human demography of Neandertal extinction, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.017, 137, 1, (21-34), (2005).
- George J. Armelagos, Kristin N. Harper, Genomics at the origins of agriculture, part one, "Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews", 10.1002/evan.20047, 14, 2, (68-77), (2005).
