Scaling in biology: The consequences of size*
This work was supported by NIH Research Grant HL‐02228 and NIH Research Career Award 1‐K6,GM‐21,522.
Abstract
A review of major ideas pertaining to the importance of the body size of animals. It discusses the size range of living organisms and the possibilities and constraints that result from the design of animals and the materials used in their supporting structures. The change in size of similarly organized animals is considered in the light of the principles of scaling, with examples chosen both from morphology and physiology. The mechanical consequences of body size in relation to locomotion is also discussed.
Number of times cited: 111
- Rodolfo Stumpp, Lisieux Fuzessy and Adriano Pereira Paglia, Environment Drivers Acting on Rodent Rapid Morphological Change, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25, 1, (131), (2018).
- Stephen M. Deban and Segall V. Bloom, Ballistic tongue projection in a miniaturized salamander, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology, 329, 2, (62-71), (2018).
- Nitin Charbe, Paul A McCarron and Murtaza M Tambuwala, Three-dimensional bio-printing: A new frontier in oncology research, World Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.21, 8, 1, (21), (2017).
- Roberto F. Nespolo, Julio Figueroa and Jaiber J. Solano-Iguaran, Studying the evolutionary significance of thermal adaptation in ectotherms: The diversification of amphibians’ energetics, Journal of Thermal Biology, 68, (5), (2017).
- M. Loring Burgess, Shannon C. McFarlin, Antoine Mudakikwa, Michael R. Cranfield and Christopher B. Ruff, Body mass estimation in hominoids: Age and locomotor effects, Journal of Human Evolution, (2017).
- A. A. Felder, C. Phillips, H. Cornish, M. Cooke, J. R. Hutchinson and M. Doube, Secondary osteons scale allometrically in mammalian humerus and femur, Royal Society Open Science, 10.1098/rsos.170431, 4, 11, (170431), (2017).
- Alejandro Ortega Ancel, Rodney Eastwood, Daniel Vogt, Carter Ithier, Michael Smith, Rob Wood and Mirko Kovač, Aerodynamic evaluation of wing shape and wing orientation in four butterfly species using numerical simulations and a low-speed wind tunnel, and its implications for the design of flying micro-robots, Interface Focus, 7, 1, (20160087), (2017).
- David Labonte, Christofer J. Clemente, Alex Dittrich, Chi-Yun Kuo, Alfred J. Crosby, Duncan J. Irschick and Walter Federle, Extreme positive allometry of animal adhesive pads and the size limits of adhesion-based climbing, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 5, (1297), (2016).
- Ron Shaoul, Dov Tiosano and Ze'ev Hochberg, Evo-devo of Child Growth: The Role of Weaning in the Transition from Infancy to Childhood, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56, 6, (887), (2016).
- BL Volpov, ET Goundie, DAS Rosen, JPY Arnould and AW Trites, Transiting to depth disrupts overall dynamic body acceleration and oxygen consumption rate in freely diving Steller sea lions, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 562, (221), (2016).
- Falguni Pati, Jesper Gantelius and Helene Andersson Svahn, 3D Bioprinting of Tissue/Organ Models, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 15, (4650-4665), (2016).
- Falguni Pati, Jesper Gantelius and Helene Andersson Svahn, , Angewandte Chemie, 128, 15, (4728-4743), (2016).
- Sanja Drakulić, Heike Feldhaar, Duje Lisičić, Mia Mioč, Ivan Cizelj, Michael Seiler, Theresa Spatz and Mark‐Oliver Rödel, Population‐specific effects of developmental temperature on body condition and jumping performance of a widespread European frog, Ecology and Evolution, 6, 10, (3115-3128), (2016).
- Marshall D. McCue, Isabella Salinas, Gabriella Ramirez and Shawn Wilder, The postabsorptive and postprandial metabolic rates of praying mantises: Comparisons across species, body masses, and meal sizes, Journal of Insect Physiology, 93-94, (64), (2016).
- Sarah D. Mallette, William A. McLellan, Frederick S. Scharf, Heather N. Koopman, Susan G. Barco, Randall S. Wells and D. Ann Pabst, Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the U.S. mid‐Atlantic, Marine Mammal Science, 32, 1, (86-121), (2015).
- Francisco J. Goin, Michael O. Woodburne, Ana Natalia Zimicz, Gabriel M. Martin and Laura Chornogubsky, Paleobiology and Adaptations of Paleogene Metatherians, A Brief History of South American Metatherians, 10.1007/978-94-017-7420-8_6, (185-208), (2015).
- Beth L. Volpov, David A. S. Rosen, Andrew W. Trites and John P. Y. Arnould, Validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained Steller sea lions, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 185, 6, (695), (2015).
- Tom Weihmann, Lars Reinhardt, Kevin Weißing, Tobias Siebert, Benjamin Wipfler and Wulfila Gronenberg, Fast and Powerful: Biomechanics and Bite Forces of the Mandibles in the American Cockroach Periplaneta americana, PLOS ONE, 10, 11, (e0141226), (2015).
- Pedro F. Costa, Biofabricated constructs as tissue models: a short review, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 26, 4, (2015).
- Gabriel S. Yapuncich, Justin T. Gladman and Doug M. Boyer, Predicting euarchontan body mass: A comparison of tarsal and dental variables, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 157, 3, (472-506), (2015).
- João Valente-dos-Santos, Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva, Óscar M. Tavares, João Brito, André Seabra, António Rebelo, Lauren B. Sherar, Marije T. Elferink-Gemser and Robert M. Malina, Allometric modelling of peak oxygen uptake in male soccer players of 8–18 years of age, Annals of Human Biology, 42, 2, (126), (2015).
- Jeffrey S. Tepper and Daniel L. Costa, Methods, Measurements, and Interpretation of Animal Lung Function in Health and Disease, Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung, 10.1016/B978-0-12-404577-4.00017-5, (305-351), (2015).
- Daniel T. Blumstein, Janet Buckner, Sajan Shah, Shane Patel, Michael E. Alfaro and Barbara Natterson-Horowitz, The evolution of capture myopathy in hooved mammals: a model for human stress cardiomyopathy?, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 10.1093/emph/eov015, 2015, 1, (195-203), (2015).
- Aleksandra Wróbel and Michał Bogdziewicz, It is raining mice and voles: which weather conditions influence the activity of Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus?, European Journal of Wildlife Research, 61, 3, (475), (2015).
- E.M. Montgomery, Predicting crawling speed relative to mass in sea stars, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 458, (27), (2014).
- James C. I. Dooge, Looking for Hydrologic Laws, 1986, Trends and Directions in Hydrology, (46S-58S), (2014).
- Joseph T. Eastman, Lawrence M. Witmer, Ryan C. Ridgely and Kristen L. Kuhn, Divergence in skeletal mass and bone morphology in antarctic notothenioid fishes, Journal of Morphology, 275, 8, (841-861), (2014).
- Aleksandra V. Birn-Jeffery and Timothy E. Higham, The Scaling of Uphill and Downhill Locomotion in Legged Animals, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 10.1093/icb/icu015, 54, 6, (1159-1172), (2014).
- Sarah E.M. Jenkin and William K. Milsom, Expiration, Breathing, Emotion and Evolution, 10.1016/B978-0-444-63488-7.00008-2, (131-147), (2014).
- Anna Magdalena Taylor, Victoria Frances Ratcliffe, Karen McComb and David Reby, Auditory Communication in Domestic Dogs, The Social Dog, 10.1016/B978-0-12-407818-5.00005-X, (131-163), (2014).
- G. de Simone, R. Izzo, N. De Luca and E. Gerdts, Left ventricular geometry in obesity: Is it what we expect?, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23, 10, (905), (2013).
- Mark E. Olson, Julieta A. Rosell, Calixto León, Salvador Zamora, Andrea Weeks, Leonardo O. Alvarado-Cárdenas, N. Ivalú Cacho and Jason Grant, Convergent Vessel Diameter–Stem Diameter Scaling across Five Clades of New and Old World Eudicots from Desert to Rain Forest, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174, 7, (1062), (2013).
- John P. Wikswo, Erica L. Curtis, Zachary E. Eagleton, Brian C. Evans, Ayeeshik Kole, Lucas H. Hofmeister and William J. Matloff, Scaling and systems biology for integrating multiple organs-on-a-chip, Lab on a Chip, 10.1039/c3lc50243k, 13, 18, (3496), (2013).
- Sepideh Bazazi, Karin S. Pfennig, Nils Olav Handegard and Iain D. Couzin, Vortex formation and foraging in polyphenic spadefoot toad tadpoles, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66, 6, (879), (2012).
- Rodrigo Scheihing, Pedro Labarca, Leyla Cardenas and Roberto F. Nespolo, Viability selection on body size in a non-marine ostracod, Hydrobiologia, 671, 1, (193), (2011).
- Anna M. Taylor, David Reby, Karen McComb and Colin Allen, Cross Modal Perception of Body Size in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris), PLoS ONE, 6, 2, (e17069), (2011).
- Ze'Ev Hochberg, References, Evo‐Devo of Child Growth, (194-223), (2011).
- Andrew M. Carroll and Peter C. Wainwright, Scaling of In Vivo Muscle Velocity during Feeding in the Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides(Centrarchidae), Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 84, 6, (618), (2011).
- Francisco Encina‐Montoya, Rolando Vega‐Aguayo, Alfonso Mardones‐Lazcano, Teresa Rueda and Alfredo Tello, Characterization of whitebait (Galaxias maculatus) respiratory rates to optimize intensive culture carrying capacities, Aquaculture Research, 42, 6, (835-843), (2010).
- Steven B. Heymsfield and Wei Shen, BAI as a new measure of adiposity—throw away your scale?, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 7, 6, (321), (2011).
- P. LINDENFORS, L. J. REVELL and C. L. NUNN, Sexual dimorphism in primate aerobic capacity: a phylogenetic test, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23, 6, (1183-1194), (2010).
- Hilary M. Lease and Blair O. Wolf, Exoskeletal chitin scales isometrically with body size in terrestrial insects, Journal of Morphology, 271, 6, (759-768), (2010).
- Kenneth A. Longo, Darlene E. Berryman, Bruce Kelder, Soratree Charoenthongtrakul, Peter S. DiStefano, Brad J. Geddes and John J. Kopchick, Daily energy balance in growth hormone receptor/binding protein (GHR −/−) gene-disrupted mice is achieved through an increase in dark-phase energy efficiency, Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 20, 1, (73), (2010).
- Craig R. White and Michael R. Kearney, Metabolic Scaling in Animals: Methods, Empirical Results, and Theoretical Explanations, Comprehensive Physiology, (231-256), (2014).
- Maria Rita Palombo, A scenario of human dispersal in the northwestern Mediterranean throughout the Early to Middle Pleistocene, Quaternary International, 223-224, (179), (2010).
- JUAN D. DAZA, ALEXANDRA HERRERA, RICHARD THOMAS and HÉCTOR J. CLAUDIO, Are you what you eat? A geometric morphometric analysis of gekkotan skull shape, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 97, 3, (677-707), (2009).
- Igor Pirozzi and Mark A. Booth, The routine metabolic rate of mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus: Sciaenidae) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi: Carangidae) acclimated to six different temperatures, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 152, 4, (586), (2009).
- Lorenz R. Rhomberg, Uptake Kinetics, Species Differences, and the Determination of Equivalent Combinations of Air Concentration and Exposure Duration for Assessment of Acute Inhalation Toxicity, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 15, 6, (1099), (2009).
- S. E. McMurray, J. E. Blum and J. R. Pawlik, Redwood of the reef: growth and age of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys, Marine Biology, 155, 2, (159), (2008).
- Ze'ev Hochberg and Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland, Evo-Devo of Infantile and Childhood Growth, Pediatric Research, 64, 1, (2), (2008).
- Robert P. Hunter and Ramiro Isaza, Concepts and Issues with Interspecies Scaling in Zoological Pharmacology, Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 39, 4, (517), (2008).
- Pierre Lemelin and William L. Jungers, Body size and scaling of the hands and feet of prosimian primates, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133, 2, (828-840), (2007).
- Sascha E. Danylchuk, Andy J. Danylchuk, Steven J. Cooke, Tony L. Goldberg, Jeff Koppelman and David P. Philipp, Effects of recreational angling on the post-release behavior and predation of bonefish (Albula vulpes): The role of equilibrium status at the time of release, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 346, 1-2, (127), (2007).
- Jacob J. Banks, Steven A. Lavender, John A. Buford and Carolyn M. Sommerich, Measuring pad–pad pinch strength in a non-human primate: Macaca fascicularis, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17, 6, (725), (2007).
- Michelle S.M. Drapeau and Carol V. Ward, Forelimb segment length proportions in extant hominoids and Australopithecus afarensis, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 132, 3, (327-343), (2006).
- Jesse W. Young, Biren A. Patel and Nancy J. Stevens, Body mass distribution and gait mechanics in fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), Journal of Human Evolution, 53, 1, (26), (2007).
- M.D. McCue, Specific dynamic action: A century of investigation, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 144, 4, (381), (2006).
- Govindasamy Balasekaran, Robert J. Robertson, Fredric L. Goss, Chittiwat Suprasongsin, Kapriel Danadian, Victor Govindaswamy and Silva A. Arslanian, Short-term pharmacologically induced growth study of ontogenetic allometry of oxygen uptake in children, Annals of Human Biology, 32, 6, (746), (2005).
- Todor N. Mazgalev, The Sisyphean task of atrioventricular nodal scaling: Is the stone at the top of the mountain?, Heart Rhythm, 2, 2, (197), (2005).
- D. K. A. Barnes and L. S. Peck, Extremes of metabolic strategy in Antarctic Bryozoa, Marine Biology, 147, 4, (979), (2005).
- Jesús Rodríguez, María T. Alberdi, Beatriz Azanza and José L. Prado, Body size structure in north‐western Mediterranean Plio‐Pleistocene mammalian faunas, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13, 2, (163-176), (2004).
- Michelle S.M. Drapeau, Functional anatomy of the olecranon process in hominoids and plio‐pleistocene hominins, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 124, 4, (297-314), (2003).
- Bjorn Merker, Cortex, Countercurrent Context, and Dimensional Integration of Lifetime Memory, Cortex, 40, 3, (559), (2004).
- Robert M. Stelmack, Verner Knott and Chris M. Beauchamp, Intelligence and neural transmission time: a brain stem auditory evoked potential analysis, Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1, (97), (2003).
- SANTANU RAY, LUDĚK BEREC, MILAN STRAŠKRABA and ROBERT E. ULANOWICZ, EVALUATION OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE THROUGH OPTIMIZING ASCENDENCY IN AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM MODEL, Journal of Biological Systems, 09, 04, (269), (2001).
- M. Tokeshi, N. Ota and T. Kawai, A comparative study of morphometry in shell‐bearing molluscs, Journal of Zoology, 251, 1, (31-38), (2006).
- Charles L. Nunn and Robert A. Barton, Allometric Slopes and Independent Contrasts: A Comparative Test of Kleiber’s Law in Primate Ranging Patterns, The American Naturalist, 156, 5, (519), (2000).
- Michael Pedersen, Jan Mørkenborg, Finn Taagehøj Jensen, Hans Stødkilde‐Jørgensen, Jens Christian Djurhuus and Jørgen Frøkioer, In vivo measurements of relaxivities in the rat kidney cortex, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 2, (289-296), (2000).
- M. T. Alberdi, E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar and J. L. Prado, A quantitative review of European stenonoid horses, Journal of Paleontology, 72, 02, (371), (1998).
- M. Maunz and R.Z. German, Ontogeny and limb bone scaling in two new world marsupials, Monodelphis domestica and Didelphis virginiana, Journal of Morphology, 231, 2, (117-130), (1999).
- Graham G. Thompson and Philip C. Withers, Comparative morphology of Western Australian varanid lizards (Squamata: Varanidae), Journal of Morphology, 233, 2, (127-152), (1999).
- Casey J. Fisher Huckins, FUNCTIONAL LINKAGES AMONG MORPHOLOGY, FEEDING PERFORMANCE, DIET, AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY IN MOLLUSCIVOROUS SUNFISH, Ecology, 78, 8, (2401-2414), (1997).
- Lorenz Rhomberg, Use of quantitative modelling in methylene chloride risk assessment, Toxicology, 102, 1-2, (95), (1995).
- MARÍA T. ALBERDI, JOSÉ L. PRADO and EDGARDO ORTIZ‐JAUREGUIZAR, Patterns of body size changes in fossil and living Equini (Perissodactyla), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54, 4, (349-370), (2008).
- JENS MOGENS OLESEN, A fatal growth pattern and ways suspected of postponing death: corm dynamics in the perennial herb Corydalis cava, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 115, 2, (95-113), (2008).
- A. S. King, M. K. Vidyadaran and H. Kassim, Quantitative pulmonary anatomy of a ground‐dwelling bird, the white‐breasted water‐hen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), Journal of Zoology, 227, 2, (185-191), (2009).
- BRADLEY C. LIVEZEY, Flightlessness in the Galápagos cormorant (Compsohalieus [Nannopterum] harrisi): heterochrony, giantism and specialization, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 105, 2, (155-224), (2008).
- Bradley C. Livezey, Morphological corollaries and ecological implications of flightlessness in the kakapo (Psittaciformes: Strigops habroptilus), Journal of Morphology, 213, 1, (105-145), (2005).
- B. Holly Smith, Life history and the evolution of human maturation, "Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews", 1, 4, (134-142), (2005).
- Gerhard Winneke and Hellmuth Lilienthal, Extrapolation from animals to humans: scientific and regulatory aspects, Toxicology Letters, 64-65, (239), (1992).
- Joel A. Lawitts, James E. Butler, Ann A. Kiessling and John D. Biggers, Growth and DNA replication in rabbit blastocysts, Molecular Reproduction and Development, 30, 4, (320-329), (2005).
- GERHARD ROTH, BERND ROTTLUFF, WOLFGANG GRUNWALD, JAMES HANKEN and RÜDIGER LINKE, Miniaturization in plethodontid salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its consequences for the brain and visual system, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 40, 2, (165-190), (2008).
- HAROLD BOXENBAUM and RICHARD W. D'SOUZA, Interspecies Pharmacokinetic Scaling, Biological Design and Neoteny, , 10.1016/B978-0-12-013319-2.50006-1, (139-196), (1990).
- Jiri Prazma, Vincent N. Carrasco, C.Gaelyn Garrett and Harold C. Pillsbury, Measurement of cochlear blood flow: Intravital fluorescence microscopy, Hearing Research, 42, 2-3, (229), (1989).
- Larry D. Hufford, Potential roles of scaling and post‐anthesis developmental changes in the evolution of floral forms of Eucnide (Loasaceae), Nordic Journal of Botany, 8, 2, (147-157), (2008).
- Michael C. Newman and Stephen V. Mitz, Size dependence of zinc elimination and uptake from water by mosquitofish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard), Aquatic Toxicology, 12, 1, (17), (1988).
- Gastone G Celesia, David Kaufman and Sandra Cone, Effects of age and sex on pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 68, 3, (161), (1987).
- A.N. Guthkelch, D. Bursick and R.J. Sclabassi, The relationship of the latency of the visual P100 wave to gender and head size, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 68, 3, (219), (1987).
- James C. I. Dooge, Looking for hydrologic laws, Water Resources Research, 22, 9S, (46S-58S), (2010).
- J.R. Siebert, A morphometric study of normal and abnormal fetal to childhood tongue size, Archives of Oral Biology, 30, 5, (433), (1985).
- William L. Jungers, Aspects of size and scaling in primate biology with special reference to the locomotor skeleton, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27, S5, (73-97), (2005).
- J. HANKEN, Miniaturization and its effects on cranial morphology in plethodontid salamanders, genus Thorius (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). I. Osteological variation, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 23, 1, (55-75), (2008).
- J.N. Maina, Morphometrics of the avian lung. 3. The structural design of the passerine lung, Respiration Physiology, 55, 3, (291), (1984).
- M. Bonati, R. Latini, G. Tognoni, J. F. Young and S. Garattini, Interspecies Comparison of In Vivo Caffeine Pharmacokinetics in Man, Monkey, Rabbit, Rat and Mouse, Drug Metabolism Reviews, 15, 7, (1355), (1984).
- Truett Allison, Charles C Wood and William R Goff, Brain stem auditory, pattern-reversal visual, and short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials: Latencies in relation to age, sex, and brain and body size, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 6, (619), (1983).
- Christopher Gordon, Note: Further Evidence of an inverse Relation Between Mammalian Body Mass and Sensitivity to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation, Journal of Microwave Power, 18, 4, (377), (1983).
- Christopher J. Gordon, Effects of Ambient Temperature and Exposure to 2450-MHz Microwave Radiation on Evaporative Heat Loss in the Mouse*, Journal of Microwave Power, 17, 2, (145), (1982).
- Joseph R. Siebert, Testicular weight in infancy, The Journal of Pediatrics, 100, 5, (835), (1982).
- Philip D. Gingerich, B. Holly Smith and Karen Rosenberg, Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 58, 1, (81-100), (2005).
- Karen Steudel, Allometry and adaptation in the catarrhine postcranial skeleton, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 59, 4, (431-441), (2005).
- A. Meltzer, G. Goodman and J. Fistool, Thermoneutral zone and resting metabolic rate of growing white leghorn‐type chickens, British Poultry Science, 23, 5, (383), (1982).
- William K. Fitt, Photosynthesis, respiration, and contribution to community productivity of the symbiotic sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissimA (Brandt, 1835), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 61, 3, (213), (1982).
- Brian T. Shea, Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 56, 2, (179-201), (2005).
- John S. Millar, PRE‐PARTUM REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF EUTHERIAN MAMMALS, Evolution, 35, 6, (1149-1163), (2017).
- , Recognition of Morphological Adaptations in Animals: The Hypothetico-Deductive Method, BioScience, 31, 9, (667), (1981).
- William L. Jungers and John G. Fleagle, Postnatal growth allometry of the extremities in Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella: A longitudinal and comparative study, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53, 4, (471-478), (2005).
- Robert Henry Peters, Empirical physiological models of ecosystem processes, SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010, 20, 1, (110), (1978).
- T. H. Clutton-Brock and Paul H. Harvey, Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies, Nature, 273, 5659, (191), (1978).
- Theodore I. Grand, Body weight: Its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 47, 2, (211-239), (2005).
- Philip D. Gingerich, Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size inAegyptopithecus andProconsul, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 47, 3, (395-398), (2005).
- Hans‐Heiner Bergmann, Konstitutionsbedingte Merkmale in Gesängen und Rufen europäischer Grasmücken (Gattung Sylvia), Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 42, 3, (315-329), (2010).



