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500‐element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: A preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a prototype MRI‐compatible focused ultrasound phased array system for trans‐skull brain tissue ablation. Rabbit thigh muscle and brain were sonicated with a prototype, hemispherical 500‐element ultrasound phased array operating at frequencies of 700–800 kHz. An ex vivo human skull sample was placed between the array and the animal tissue. The temperature elevation during 20–30‐sec sonications was monitored using MRI thermometry. The induced focal lesions were observed in T2 and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted fast spin echo images. Whole brain histology evaluation was performed after the sonications. The results showed that sharp temperature elevations can be produced both in the thigh muscle and in the brain. High‐power sonications (600–1080 W) produced peak temperatures up to 55°C and focal lesions that were consistent with thermal tissue damage. The lesion size was found to increase with increasing peak temperature. The device was then modified to operate in the orientation that will be used in the clinic and successfully tested in phantom experiments. As a conclusion, this study demonstrates that it is possible to create ultrasound‐induced lesions in vivo through a human skull under MRI guidance with this large‐scale phased array. Magn Reson Med 52:100–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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- Jacob Werner, Eun-Joo Park, Hotaik Lee, David Francischelli and Nadine Barrie Smith, Feasibility of in vivo Transesophageal Cardiac Ablation Using a Phased Ultrasound Array, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 36, 5, (752), (2010).
- Krisztina Fischer, Wladyslaw Gedroyc and Ferenc A. Jolesz, Focused Ultrasound as a Local Therapy for Liver Cancer, The Cancer Journal, 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181db7c32, 16, 2, (118-124), (2010).
- Martin O. Culjat, David Goldenberg, Priyamvada Tewari and Rahul S. Singh, A Review of Tissue Substitutes for Ultrasound Imaging, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 36, 6, (861), (2010).
- Carl D Herickhoff, Gerald A Grant, Gavin W Britz and Stephen W Smith, Dual-mode IVUS catheter for intracranial image-guided hyperthermia: Feasibility study, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 57, 11, (2572), (2010).
- Yusuf Tufail, Alexei Matyushov, Nathan Baldwin, Monica L. Tauchmann, Joseph Georges, Anna Yoshihiro, Stephen I. Helms Tillery and William J. Tyler, Transcranial Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulates Intact Brain Circuits, Neuron, 66, 5, (681), (2010).
- David E. Goertz, Cameron Wright and Kullervo Hynynen, Contrast Agent Kinetics in the Rabbit Brain During Exposure to Therapeutic Ultrasound, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 36, 6, (916), (2010).
- Rivka R. Colen and Ferenc A. Jolesz, Future Potential of MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Brain Surgery, Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 10.1016/j.nic.2010.05.003, 20, 3, (355-366), (2010).
- A. Kickhefel, Jörg Roland, Clifford Weiss and Fritz Schick, Accuracy of real-time MR temperature mapping in the brain: A comparison of fast sequences, Physica Medica, 10.1016/j.ejmp.2009.11.006, 26, 4, (192-201), (2010).
- William J. Tyler, Yusuf Tufail and Sandipan Pati, Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using ultrasound, Nature Reviews Neurology, 6, 1, (13), (2010).
- Hao-Li Liu, Chia-Hsin Pan, Cheng-Yu Ting and Ming-Jie Hsiao, Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Low-Frequency (28-kHz) Ultrasound: A Novel Pinhole-Assisted Mechanical Scanning Device, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 36, 2, (325), (2010). 2010 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) San Diego, CA, USA 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2010). 978-1-4577-0382-9 Brooks D. Lindsey, Edward D. Light, Stephen W. Smith, Heather A. Nicoletto, Ellen R. Bennett and Daniel T. Laskowitz Dual matrix arrays integrated into scanner for increased SNR of ultrasound brain helmet , (2010). 1100 1103 5935451 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935451 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5935451/ 2010 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) San Diego, CA, USA 2010 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2010). 978-1-4577-0382-9 Junho Song, Ping Wu, Samuel Gunaseelan, Aleksandra Kukic and Kullervo Hynynen Fabrication of one-dimensional linear diagnostic and therapeutic high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) phased-arrays using lateral-mode coupling method , (2010). 1104 1107 5935973 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935973 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5935973/
- Jay Jagannathan, Narendra T. Sanghvi, Lawrence A. Crum, Chun-Po Yen, Ricky Medel, Aaron S. Dumont, Jason P. Sheehan, Ladislau Steiner, Ferenc Jolesz and Neal F. Kassell, HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND SURGERY OF THE BRAIN, Neurosurgery, 64, 2, (201), (2009). 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Rome, Italy 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2009). 978-1-4244-4389-5 Devina Jaiswal, Jacob Werner, Eun-Joo Park, Nadine Barrie Smith and David Francischelli Design and evaluations of a phased ultrasound array for transesophageal cardiac ablation , (2009). 1298 1301 5441839 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441839 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5441839/
- Carl D. Herickhoff, Edward D. Light, Kristin F. Bing, Srinivasan Mukundan, Gerald A. Grant, Patrick D. Wolf and Stephen W. Smith, Dual-Mode Intracranial Catheter Integrating 3D Ultrasound Imaging and Hyperthermia for Neuro-oncology: Feasibility Study, Ultrasonic Imaging, 31, 2, (81), (2009).
- Ricky Medel, R. Webster Crowley, M. Sean McKisic, Aaron S. Dumont and Neal F. Kassell, SONOTHROMBOLYSIS, Neurosurgery, 65, 5, (979), (2009).
- K. Hynynen and Jianhua Yin, Lateral mode coupling to reduce the electrical impedance of small elements required for high power ultrasound therapy phased arrays, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 56, 3, (557), (2009).
- Dani S. Bidros and Michael A. Vogelbaum, Novel drug delivery strategies in neuro-oncology, Neurotherapeutics, 6, 3, (539), (2009). 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Rome, Italy 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2009). 978-1-4244-4389-5 K. Shapoori, E. Malyarenko, R. Gr. Maev, J. Sadler, E. Maeva and F. Severin 2D noninvasive acoustical image reconstruction of a static object through a simulated human skull bone , (2009). 2279 2283 5441765 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441765 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5441765/ 2009 38th Annual Ultrasonic Industry Association Symposium (UIA) Vancouver, BC, Canada 2009 38th Annual Symposium of the Ultrasonic Industry Association (UIA) IEEE , (2009). 978-1-4244-6430-2 Sunita Chauhan, Meng Tong Tan, Gerald Seet and Ivan Ng Minimally invasive robotic HIFU neurosurgical applications , (2009). 1 5 5404033 , 10.1109/UIA.2009.5404033 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5404033/
- Jie Mei, Yuan Cheng, Yu Song, Yanqing Yang, Feng Wang, Yingjiang Liu and Zhibiao Wang, Experimental Study on Targeted Methotrexate Delivery to the Rabbit Brain via Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Focused Ultrasound, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 28, 7, (871-880), (2009).
- Carl D. Herickhoff, Edward D. Light, Kristin F. Bing, Srinivasan Mukundan, Gerald A. Grant, Patrick D. Wolf and Stephen W. Smith, Dual-Mode Intracranial Catheter Integrating 3D Ultrasound Imaging and Hyperthermia for Neuro-oncology: Feasibility Study, Ultrasonic Imaging, 31, 1, (81), (2009).
- Siyuan Zhang, Mingxi Wan, Hui Zhong, Cheng Xu, Zhenzhong Liao, Huanqing Liu and Supin Wang, Dynamic Changes of Integrated Backscatter, Attenuation Coefficient and Bubble Activities During High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Treatment, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 35, 11, (1828), (2009).
- Feng Wang, Yuan Cheng, Jie Mei, Yu Song, Yan-qing Yang, Yingjiang Liu and Zhibiao Wang, Focused Ultrasound Microbubble Destruction‐Mediated Changes in Blood‐Brain Barrier Permeability Assessed by Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 28, 11, (1501-1509), (2009).
- Vincent Colucci, Gary Strichartz, Ferenc Jolesz, Natalia Vykhodtseva and Kullervo Hynynen, Focused Ultrasound Effects on Nerve Action Potential in vitro, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 35, 10, (1737), (2009).
- Ferenc A. Jolesz and Nathan McDannold, Current status and future potential of MRI‐guided focused ultrasound surgery, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27, 2, (391-399), (2008).
- William J. Tyler, Yusuf Tufail, Michael Finsterwald, Monica L. Tauchmann, Emily J. Olson, Cassondra Majestic and Hiromu Tanimoto, Remote Excitation of Neuronal Circuits Using Low-Intensity, Low-Frequency Ultrasound, PLoS ONE, 3, 10, (e3511), (2008). 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) Beijing, China 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2008). 978-1-4244-2428-3 Junho Song and Kullervo Hynynen Electronically steerable large-scale ultrasound phased-array for noninvasive transcranial therapy , (2008). 447 450 4803569 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2008.0109 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4803569/
- Sai Chun Tang and G.T. Clement, A harmonic cancellation technique for an ultrasound transducer excited by a switched-mode power converter, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 55, 2, (359), (2008).
- Y. Ishihara, Y. Kameyama, Y. Minegishi and N. Wadamori, Heating applicator based on reentrant cavity with optimized local heating characteristics, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 24, 8, (694), (2008).
- Mingzhu Lu, Xiaodong Wang, Mingxi Wan, Yi Feng, Feng Xu, Hui Zhong and Jinwen Tan, Image-Guided 256-Element Phased-Array Focused Ultrasound Surgery, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 27, 5, (84), (2008).
- Nathan McDannold, Natalia Vykhodtseva and Kullervo Hynynen, Effects of Acoustic Parameters and Ultrasound Contrast Agent Dose on Focused-Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 34, 6, (930), (2008). 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) Beijing, China 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2008). 978-1-4244-2428-3 Sai Chun Tang and Gregory T. Clement A harmonic cancellation technique for an ultrasound transducer excited by a switched-mode power converter , (2008). 2076 2079 4803459 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2008.0513 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4803459/
- Scott B. Raymond, Lisa H. Treat, Jonathan D. Dewey, Nathan J. McDannold, Kullervo Hynynen, Brian J. Bacskai and Ashley I. Bush, Ultrasound Enhanced Delivery of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models, PLoS ONE, 3, 5, (e2175), (2008).
- Natalia Vykhodtseva, Nathan McDannold and Kullervo Hynynen, Progress and problems in the application of focused ultrasound for blood–brain barrier disruption, Ultrasonics, 48, 4, (279), (2008).
- Y Ishihara and N Wadamori, Localized heating characteristics of hyperthermia using a reentrant cavity, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 32, 5, (348), (2008).
- Hao-Li Liu, Heng-Wen Chen, Zhen-Hao Kuo and Wen-Cheng Huang, Design and Experimental Evaluations of a Low-Frequency Hemispherical Ultrasound Phased-Array System for Transcranial Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 55, 10, (2407), (2008).
- Kullervo Hynynen, Ultrasound for drug and gene delivery to the brain, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60, 10, (1209), (2008).
- Lisa H. Treat, Nathan McDannold, Natalia Vykhodtseva, Yongzhi Zhang, Karen Tam and Kullervo Hynynen, Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI‐guided focused ultrasound, International Journal of Cancer, 121, 4, (901-907), (2007).
- Manabu Kinoshita, Yutaka Eguchi and Kullervo Hynynen, Activation of Bak in ultrasound-induced, JNK- and p38-independent apoptosis and its inhibition by Bcl-2, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 353, 2, (515), (2007).
- Leslie L. Muldoon, Carole Soussain, Kristoph Jahnke, Conrad Johanson, Tali Siegal, Quentin R. Smith, Walter A. Hall, Kullervo Hynynen, Peter D. Senter, David M. Peereboom and Edward A. Neuwelt, Chemotherapy Delivery Issues in Central Nervous System Malignancy: A Reality Check, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 16, (2295), (2007).
- K. Hynynen and G. Clement, Clinical applications of focused ultrasound—The brain, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 23, 2, (193), (2007).
- James J. Choi, Mathieu Pernot, Scott A. Small and Elisa E. Konofagou, Noninvasive, transcranial and localized opening of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound in mice, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 33, 1, (95), (2007).
- Clare Tempany, Current and Future Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, 10.3109/9781420019933-8, (81-99), (2013).
- Nathan McDannold, Blood-Brain Barrier Opening, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, 10.3109/9781420019933-14, (161-170), (2013).
- C. Lafon, D. Melodelima, R. Salomir and J. Y. Chapelon, Interstitial devices for minimally invasive thermal ablation by high-intensity ultrasound, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 10.1080/02656730601173029, 23, 2, (153-163), (2009). 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Lyon, France 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE , (2007). 978-1-4244-0787-3 978-1-4244-0788-0 1557-170X Yasutoshi Ishihara, Yuichiro Endo, Hiroshi Ohwada and Naoki Wadamori Noninvasive Thermometry in a Reentrant Resonant Cavity Applicator , (2007). 1487 1490 4352582 , 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352582 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4352582/
- Nathan McDannold, Experimental Uses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, 10.3109/9781420019933-5, (43-54), (2013).
- Kullervo Hynynen, Focused ultrasound for blood–brain disruption and delivery of therapeutic molecules into the brain, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 4, 1, (27), (2007).
- I. Rivens, A. Shaw, J. Civale and H. Morris, Treatment monitoring and thermometry for therapeutic focused ultrasound, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 10.1080/02656730701207842, 23, 2, (121-139), (2009). 2007 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium New York, NY 2007 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings IEEE , (2007). 978-1-4244-1383-6 978-1-4244-1384-3 1051-0117 N. Vykhodtseva and I. Konopatskaya 6A-4 Focused Ultrasound Potential to Initiate Spreading Depression for Disruption of Blood Brain Barrier , (2007). 428 431 4409689 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.116 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4409689/
- Ferenc Jolesz and Kullervo Hynynen, Fundamental Principles of Therapeutic Ultrasound, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, 10.3109/9781420019933-3, (5-23), (2013).
- Jessica L. Foley, Shahram Vaezy and Lawrence A. Crum, Applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound in medicine: Spotlight on neurological applications, Applied Acoustics, 68, 3, (245), (2007).
- Manabu Kinoshita and Kullervo Hynynen, Key factors that affect sonoporation efficiency in in vitro settings: The importance of standing wave in sonoporation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.153, 359, 4, (860-865), (2007).
- Ferenc Jolesz and Kullervo Hynynen, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment of the Brain, MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, 10.3109/9781420019933-11, (129-135), (2013).
- Mathieu Pernot, Jean-Francois Aubry, Mickael Tanter, Anne-Laure Boch, Fabrice Marquet, Michele Kujas, Danielle Seilhean and Mathias Fink, In vivo transcranial brain surgery with an ultrasonic time reversal mirror, Journal of Neurosurgery, 106, 6, (1061), (2007). 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology East Lansing, MI, USA 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology IEEE , (2006). 0-7803-9592-1 0-7803-9593-X Active 4017655 Robert McGough, Liyong Wu, Duo Chen, Xiaozheng Zeng and Khawar Khurshid Sector-vortex scanning for hyperthermia with a large square ultrasound phased array aperture , (2006). 635 640 4017779 Active , 10.1109/EIT.2006.252222 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4017779/
- Peter A. Lewin and John M. Reid, Piezoelectric Devices in Biomedical Applications, Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, (2006). 2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Vancouver, BC, Canada 2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium IEEE , (2006). 1-4244-0201-8 K. Hynynen 5J-2 A Method to Control the Electrical Impedance of Phased Array Elements , (2006). 1052 1055 4152108 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.252 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4152108/
- Kullervo Hynynen, Nathan McDannold, Greg Clement, Ferenc A. Jolesz, Eyal Zadicario, Ron Killiany, Tara Moore and Douglas Rosen, Pre-clinical testing of a phased array ultrasound system for MRI-guided noninvasive surgery of the brain—A primate study, European Journal of Radiology, 59, 2, (149), (2006).
- Nathan J. McDannold, Natalia I. Vykhodtseva and Kullervo Hynynen, Microbubble Contrast Agent with Focused Ultrasound to Create Brain Lesions at Low Power Levels: MR Imaging and Histologic Study in Rabbits, Radiology, 241, 1, (95), (2006).
- M. Kinoshita, N. McDannold, F. A. Jolesz and K. Hynynen, Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 31, (11719), (2006).
- D. Melodelima, R. Salomir, C. Mougenot, C. Moonen and D. Cathignol, 64‐element intraluminal ultrasound cylindrical phased array for transesophageal thermal ablation under fast MR temperature mapping: An ex vivo study, Medical Physics, 33, 8, (2926-2934), (2006).
- Kullervo Hynynen, Nathan McDannold, Natalia Vykhodtseva, Scott Raymond, Ralph Weissleder, Ferenc A. Jolesz and Nickolai Sheikov, Focal disruption of the blood–brain barrier due to 260-kHz ultrasound bursts: a method for molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery, Journal of Neurosurgery, 105, 3, (445), (2006).
- Mingzhu Lu, Mingxi Wan, Feng Xu, Xiaodong Wang and Xiaozhen Chang, Design and experiment of 256-element ultrasound phased array for noninvasive focused ultrasound surgery, Ultrasonics, 44, (e325), (2006).
- N McDannold, N Vykhodtseva and K Hynynen, Targeted disruption of the blood–brain barrier with focused ultrasound: association with cavitation activity, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51, 4, (793), (2006).
- Natalia Vykhodtseva, Nathan McDannold and Kullervo Hynynen, Induction of apoptosis in vivo in the rabbit brain with focused ultrasound and Optison®, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 32, 12, (1923), (2006).
- Manabu Kinoshita, Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain Using Focused Ultrasound, Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 17, 3, (209), (2006).
- R.T. Held, V. Zderic, Thuc Nghi Nguyen and S. Vaezy, Annular phased-array high-intensity focused ultrasound device for image-guided therapy of uterine fibroids, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 53, 2, (335), (2006).
- Nickolai Sheikov, Nathan McDannold, Ferenc Jolesz, Yong-Zhi Zhang, Karen Tam and Kullervo Hynynen, Brain arterioles show more active vesicular transport of blood-borne tracer molecules than capillaries and venules after focused ultrasound-evoked opening of the blood-brain barrier, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 32, 9, (1399), (2006).
- Rares Salomir, Anne-Sophie Delemazure, Jean Palussi??re, Olivier Rouvi??re, Fran??ois Cotton and Jean-Yves Chapelon, Image-Based Control of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thermotherapy, Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10.1097/RMR.0b013e31803774c1, 17, 3, (139-151), (2006).
- Phillip Jason White, Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Surgery, Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 17, 3, (165), (2006).
- S.P. Dimaio, N. Archip, N. Hata, I. Talos, S.K. Warfield, A. Majumdar, N. Mcdannold, K. Hynynen, P.R. Morrison, W.M. Wells, D.F. Kacher, R.E. Ellis, A.J. Golby, P.M. Black, F.A. Jolesz and R. Kikinis, Image-guided neurosurgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 25, 5, (67), (2006).
- Hao‐Li Liu, Nathan McDannold and Kullervo Hynynen, Focal beam distortion and treatment planning in abdominal focused ultrasound surgery, Medical Physics, 32, 5, (1270-1280), (2005).
- Manabu Kinoshita and Kullervo Hynynen, Intracellular Delivery of Bak BH3 Peptide by Microbubble-Enhanced Ultrasound, Pharmaceutical Research, 22, 5, (716), (2005).
- David Oupicky, Harender S Bisht, Devika Soundara Manickam and Qing-hui Zhou, Stimulus-controlled delivery of drugs and genes, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2, 4, (653), (2005).
- Xiangtao Yin and Kullervo Hynynen, A numerical study of transcranial focused ultrasound beam propagation at low frequency, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 50, 8, (1821), (2005).
- Ferenc A. Jolesz, Kullervo Hynynen, Nathan McDannold and Clare Tempany, MR Imaging–Controlled Focused Ultrasound Ablation: A Noninvasive Image-Guided Surgery, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, 10.1016/j.mric.2005.04.008, 13, 3, (545-560), (2005).
- Kenji Takegami, Yukio Kaneko, Toshiaki Watanabe, Shunsuke Watanabe, Toshiyuki Maruyama, Yoichiro Matsumoto and Hirokazu Nagawa, Heating and Coagulation Volume Obtained with High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy: Comparison of Perflutren Protein-Type A Microspheres and MRX-133 in Rabbits, Radiology, 237, 1, (132), (2005).
- Wladyslaw Michal Witold Gedroyc, Magnetic Resonance Guidance of Thermal Ablation, Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10.1097/00002142-200510000-00002, 16, 5, (339-353), (2005).
- Nathan McDannold, Natalia Vykhodtseva, Scott Raymond, Ferenc A. Jolesz and Kullervo Hynynen, MRI-guided targeted blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound: Histological findings in rabbits, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 31, 11, (1527), (2005).
- Manabu Kinoshita and Kullervo Hynynen, A novel method for the intracellular delivery of siRNA using microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.101, 335, 2, (393-399), (2005). IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 Montreal, Canada 23-27 Aug. 2004 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 IEEE , (2004). 2 0-7803-8412-1 K. Hynynen, N. McDannold, N. Vykhodtseva, S. Raymond, F.A. Jolesz and N. Sheikov Large volume blood-brain barrier disruption by low frequency focused ultrasound: a method for targeted drug delivery and molecular imaging 994 997 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417930 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1417930/
- , Current Awareness in NMR in Biomedicine, NMR in Biomedicine, 17, 8, (627-634), (2004). IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 Montreal, Canada 23-27 Aug. 2004 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 IEEE , (2004). 2 0-7803-8412-1 N. Vykhodtseva, N. McDannold and K. Hynynen The use of optison to reduce the power requirements for focused ultrasound lesion production in the brain - an MRI/histology study in rabbits 1009 1012 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417938 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1417938/ IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 Montreal, Canada 23-27 Aug. 2004 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2004 IEEE , (2004). 2 0-7803-8412-1 M. Pernot, J.-F. Aubry, M. Tanter, F. Andre and M. Fink Prediction of the skull overheating during high intensity focused ultrasound transcranial brain therapy 1005 1008 , 10.1109/ULTSYM.2004.1417936 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1417936/
