Life-cycle assessment of photovoltaic modules: Comparison of mc-Si, InGaP and InGaP/mc-Si solar modules

Abstract

A higher conversion efficiency of photovoltaic modules does not automatically imply a lower environmental impact, when the life-cycle of modules is taken into account. An environmental comparison is carried out between the production and use phase, except maintenance, of an indium–gallium–phosphide (InGaP) on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) tandem module, a thin-film InGaP cell module and a mc-Si module. The evaluation of the InGaP systems was made for a very limited industrial production scale. Assuming a fourfold reuse of the GaAs substrates in the production of the thin-film InGaP (half) modules, the environmental impacts of the tandem module and of the thin-film InGaP module are estimated to be respectively 50 and 80% higher than the environmental impact of the mc-Si module. The energy payback times of the tandem module, the thin-film InGaP module and the mc-Si module are estimated to be respectively 5.3, 6.3 and 3.5 years. There are several ways to improve the life-cycle environmental performance of thin-film InGaP cells, including improved materials efficiency in production and reuse of the GaAs wafer and higher energy efficiency of the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.