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What Is Ecosystem Management?

Qué es manejo del ecosistema?

R. Edward Grumbine

Sierra Institute, UC Extension 740 Front Street, Suite 155 Santa Cruz, CA 95060, U.S.A.

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First published: March 1994
Cited by: 517

Abstract

en

The evolving concept of ecosystem management is the focus of much current debate. To clarify discussion and provide a framework for implementation, I trace the historical development of ecosystem management, provide a working definition, and summarize dominant themes taken from an extensive literature review. The general goal of maintaining ecological integrity is discussed along with five specific goals: maintaining viable populations, ecosystem representation, maintaining ecological process (ie., natural disturbance regimes), protecting evolutionary potential of species and ecosystems, and accommodating human use in light of the above. Short‐term policy implications of ecosystem management for several groups of key actors (scientists, policymakers, managers, citizens) are discussed. Long‐term (> 100 years) policy implications are also reviewed including reframing environmental values, fostering cooperation, and evaluating success. Ecosystem management is not just about science nor is it simply an extension of traditional resource management; it offers a fundamental reframing of bow humans may work with nature.

Abstract

es

El concepto del manejo del ecosistema en desarrollo es el foco de gran parte del debate actual. A los efectos de clarificar esta discusión y proveer un marco para su implementación, reconstruyo el desarrollo bistórico del manejo de ecosistemas, proveo una definición de trabajo y resumo los temas dominantes tomados de una extensa revi‐sión bibliográfica. El objetivo general de mantener la integridad ecológica es discutido conjuntamente con cinco objetivos específicos: mantenimiento depoblaciones viables, representación de ecosistemas, mantenimiento de procesos ecológicos (ie., regímenes de perturbaciones naturales), protección del potencial evolutivo de las especies y ecosistemas, y acomodamiento del uso humano en función de lo anterior. Se discuten las implicaciones de las medidas de corto término en el manejo del ecosistema para distintos grupos de actores claves (cientificos, diseñadores de politicas, administradores, ciudadanos). También son consideradas las implicaciones a largo plazo de las medidas (>100 años), incluyendo la reconsideración del marco de los valores ambientales, el fomento de la cooperación y la evaluación del éxito. El manejo del ecosistema no es ciencia sólamente ni la simple extensión del tradicional manejo de recursos; el manejo del ecosistema ofrece una reconsideración del marco de cómo los humanos podemos trabajar con la naturaleza.

Number of times cited: 517

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  • , Habitat Suitability Modeling to Evaluate Conservation and Enhancement Efforts for Gulf‐Strain Striped Bass in Mississippi Coastal Rivers, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 141, 3, (731-746), (2012).
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  • , Developing a population target for an overabundant ungulate for ecosystem restoration, Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 4, (935-942), (2011).
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  • , National parks in China: Experiments with protecting nature and human livelihoods in Yunnan province, Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC), Biological Conservation, 144, 5, (1314), (2011).
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  • , Prospects for Canada's protected areas in an era of rapid climate change, Land Use Policy, 28, 4, (928), (2011).
  • , Role of topography, canopy structure, and floristics in nest-site selection and nesting success of canopy songbirds, Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 5, (739), (2011).
  • , Fish assemblages in a north Atlantic coastal ecosystem: Spatial patterns and environmental correlates, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 92, 2, (232), (2011).
  • , What are the policy priorities for sustaining ecological processes? A case study from Victoria, Australia, Ecological Management & Restoration, 12, 3, (194-199), (2011).
  • , Tempering Expectations of Recovery for Previously Exploited Populations in a Fully Protected Marine Reserve, Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, (1), (2011).
  • , A comparative study of two community-based conservation models in Nepal, Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 11, (2407), (2011).
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  • , Grizzly Bear conservation in the Foothills Model Forest: appraisal of a collaborative ecosystem management effort, Policy Sciences, 44, 1, (1), (2011).
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  • , Capturing Intangible Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Aboriginal Land in Australia's Kimberley Region, Tourism Recreation Research, 36, 3, (271), (2011).
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  • , Using Newspaper Coverage Analysis to Evaluate Public Perception of Management in River-Floodplain Systems, Environmental Management, 45, 5, (1155), (2010).
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  • , EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FAILURE OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND MANAGEMENT TOOLS WHICH GOVERN THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY: THE CASE OF ARTIFICIAL LAKE KERKINI IN GREECE, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 11, 02, (213), (2009).
  • , Impact of value-driven scenarios on the geomorphology and ecology of lower Rhine floodplains under a changing climate, Landscape and Urban Planning, 92, 2, (160), (2009).
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  • , The role of marine habitat mapping in ecosystem-based management, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 9, (2033), (2009).
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  • , Institutional development for sustainable rangeland resource and ecosystem management in mountainous areas of northern Nepal, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2, (994), (2009).
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  • , Institutionnaliser la collaboration : planifier le recours aux approches collaboratives en environnement, VertigO, Volume 9 Numéro 1, (2009).
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  • , The implementation of an ecosystem approach to management within a federal government agency, Marine Policy, 33, 1, (156), (2009).
  • , Improving the Integration of Recreation Management with Management of Other Natural Resources by Applying Concepts of Scale from Ecology, Environmental Management, 43, 3, (369), (2009).
  • , The Paradigm of Management, Management Systems, and Resource Stewardship, Journal of Ethnobiology, 29, 2, (339), (2009).
  • , Transboundary Conservation: Security, Civil Society and Cross‐Border Collaboration, Journal of Borderlands Studies, 24, 2, (15), (2009).
  • , The convergence of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the ecosystems approach, Ocean & Coastal Management, 52, 6, (294), (2009).
  • , Ecosystem-based management in the Great Bear Rainforest, Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 4, (495), (2009).
  • , Shrubs enhance resilience of a semi‐arid ecosystem by engineering and regrowth, Ecohydrology, 1, 4, (330-339), (2008).
  • , Implementing Ecosystem Management in Public Agencies: Lessons from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service, Conservation Biology, 22, 1, (60-69), (2008).
  • , The underappreciated role of regulatory enforcement in natural resource conservation, Policy Sciences, 41, 2, (139), (2008).
  • , Preservation versus motorized recreation: Institutions, history, and public lands management, The Social Science Journal, 45, 1, (194), (2008).
  • , Conservation implications of mapping rare ecosystems using high spatial resolution imagery: recommendations for heterogeneous and fragmented landscapes, Landscape Ecology, 23, 9, (1023), (2008).
  • , Constructing a policy and institutional framework for an ecosystem-based approach to managing the Lower Amazon floodplain, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 5, (677), (2008).
  • , Approaches to classifying benthic habitat quality, Marine Policy, 32, 3, (455), (2008).
  • , Introduction: Interaction between environment and fisheries—The role of stakeholder participation, Marine Policy, 32, 2, (147), (2008).
  • , A critical assessment of beach management on the Catalan coast, Ocean & Coastal Management, 51, 2, (141), (2008).
  • , A practical framework for selecting among single-species, community-, and ecosystem-based recovery plans, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65, 12, (2656), (2008).
  • , Selection of sustainable projects for floodplain restoration and urban wastewater management at the lower Chubut River valley (Argentina), Landscape and Urban Planning, 85, 3-4, (215), (2008).
  • , Slow understory redevelopment after clearcutting in high mountain forests, Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 10, (2339), (2008).
  • , The Water Framework Directive: spatial and institutional integration, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 19, 1, (100), (2008).
  • , The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: A case study in northeastern Thailand, Ecological Indicators, 8, 5, (614), (2008).
  • , Linking science with environmental decision making: Experiences from an integrated modeling approach to supporting sustainable water resources management, Environmental Modelling & Software, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.10.007, 23, 7, (846-858), (2008).
  • , Tourism and Resource Management, A Companion to Tourism, (462-472), (2008).
  • , Ecosystems, Ecosystem Processes and Global Change: Implications for Landscape Design, Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation, (347-364), (2008).
  • , Marine ecosystem approaches to management: challenges and lessons in the United States, Marine Policy, 32, 3, (387), (2008).
  • , Evaluating Success Criteria and Project Monitoring in River Enhancement Within an Adaptive Management Framework, Environmental Management, 41, 1, (90), (2008).
  • , Evaluation in environmental conservation: issues of adequacy and rigour, International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 7, 3, (245), (2008).
  • , On ecosystem-based regions in the Baltic Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, 74, 1-2, (672), (2008).
  • , Public perceptions for evaluating beach quality in urban and semi-natural environments, Ocean & Coastal Management, 51, 4, (314), (2008).
  • , Role of bioregionalism in Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, Australia, Environmental Conservation, 35, 02, (2008).
  • , Forests as Protection from Natural Hazards, The Forests Handbook, (53-81), (2008).
  • , A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change, Conservation Biology, 21, 2, (297-302), (2007).
  • , LAND USE CHANGE AROUND PROTECTED AREAS: MANAGEMENT TO BALANCE HUMAN NEEDS AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION, Ecological Applications, 17, 4, (1031-1038), (2007).
  • , A GAP ANALYSIS AND COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR RIVERINE ECOSYSTEMS OF MISSOURI, Ecological Monographs, 77, 3, (301-334), (2007).
  • , An eye‐opening approach to developing and communicating integrated environmental assessments, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5, 6, (307-314), (2007).
  • , Short‐Term Response of Land Birds to Ponderosa Pine Restoration, Restoration Ecology, 15, 4, (670-678), (2007).
  • , Beyond Performance Assessment Measurements for Beach Management: Application to Spanish Mediterranean Beaches, Coastal Management, 36, 1, (47), (2007).
  • , Simulating the cumulative effects of multiple forest management strategies on landscape measures of forest sustainability, Landscape Ecology, 22, 1, (141), (2007).
  • , Stumbling Forward: The Organizational Challenges of Building and Sustaining Collaborative Watershed Management, Society & Natural Resources, 20, 2, (153), (2007).
  • , Rumo a uma abordagem integrada da conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade: lições aprendidas a partir do projeto da biodiversidade do Rio Rideau, Ambiente & Sociedade, 10, 1, (57), (2007).
  • , Development of forest ecosystems after heavy deposition loads considering Dübener Heide as example—challenges for a process-oriented forest management planning, Forest Ecology and Management, 248, 1-2, (6), (2007).
  • , Factors influencing transboundary wildlife management in the North American ‘Crown of the Continent’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50, 6, (765), (2007).
  • , Historical range of variability in live and dead wood biomass: a regional-scale simulation study, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37, 11, (2349), (2007).
  • , Bryophytes as potential indicators of forest integrity, Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 1, (65), (2007).
  • , Demything “wilderness”: implications for protected area designation and management, Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 1, (165), (2007).
  • , Biodiversity conservation including uncharismatic species, Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 7, (2233), (2007).
  • , Problem and Opportunity: Integrating Anthropology, Ecology, and Policy through Adaptive Experimentation in the Urban U.S. Southwest, Human Organization, 66, 2, (125), (2007).
  • , Integrated Ecological and Regional Planning in a Rapid-Growth Setting, Environmental Management, 40, 3, (339), (2007).
  • , Ecosystem management and the conservation of river–floodplain systems, Landscape and Urban Planning, 80, 1-2, (23), (2007).
  • , Modeling potential outcomes of fire and fuel management scenarios on the structure of forested habitats in northeast Oregon, USA, Landscape and Urban Planning, 80, 3, (223), (2007).
  • , Across Space and Time: Social Responses to Large-Scale Biophysical Systems, Environmental Management, 39, 6, (831), (2007).
  • , Australian sandy-beach ecosystems and climate change: ecology and management, Australian Zoologist, 34, 2, (190), (2007).
  • , Forest age structure as indicator of boreal forest sustainability under alternative management and fire regimes: A landscape level sensitivity analysis, Ecological Modelling, 200, 1-2, (45), (2007).
  • , Habitat Modeling for Amaranthus pumilus: An Application of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Data, Journal of Coastal Research, 235, (1193), (2007).
  • , “A Mission‐Driven Discipline”: the Growth of Conservation Biology, Conservation Biology, 20, 3, (631-651), (2006).
  • , The Northwest Forest Plan as a Model for Broad‐Scale Ecosystem Management: a Social Perspective, Conservation Biology, 20, 2, (330-340), (2006).
  • , Achieving Integrative, Collaborative Ecosystem Management, Conservation Biology, 20, 5, (1373-1382), (2006).
  • , Applying an ecosystem approach to brucellosis control: can an old conflict between wildlife and agriculture be successfully managed?, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 6, (319-327), (2006).
  • , Marine ecosystem‐based management: from characterization to implementation, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 10, (525-532), (2006).
  • , The Economic Perspective: Conservation against Development versus Conservation for Development, Conservation Biology, 20, 3, (686-688), (2006).
  • , Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program – Monitoring Effectiveness of Sustainable Forest Management Planning, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 121, 1-3, (33), (2006).
  • , Motivations for the forestry industry to participate in collaborative ecosystem management initiatives, Forest Policy and Economics, 8, 2, (123), (2006).
  • , Considering ecosystem-based fisheries management in the California Current, Marine Policy, 10.1016/j.marpol.2005.07.004, 30, 5, (552-569), (2006).
  • , Democratization of Coastal Zone Decision Making for Indigenous Australians: Insights from Stakeholder Analysis, Coastal Management, 34, 3, (251), (2006).
  • , Perceptions and preferences of the local population in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace National Park in Greece, Landscape and Urban Planning, 77, 1-2, (1), (2006).
  • , Changing Conceptions of Protected Areas and Conservation: Linking Conservation, Ecological Integrity and Tourism Management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 3, (223), (2006).
  • , Harmony Hurts: Participation and Silent Conflict at an Indonesian Fish Pond, Environmental Management, (2006).
  • , Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: emerging biodiversity science, Ecological Research, 21, 6, (794), (2006).
  • , Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses, Global Environmental Change, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002, 16, 3, (253-267), (2006).
  • , Políticas e práticas de gestão ambiental: uma análise da gestão dos resíduos da construção civil na cidade de Belo Horizonte (MG), Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 4, 3, (01), (2006).
  • , Policy Characterization of Ecosystem management, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 113, 1-3, (5), (2006).
  • , Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management, Journal of Environmental Management, 78, 2, (114), (2006).
  • , Efficient and sustainable management of complex forest ecosystems, Ecological Modelling, 190, 3-4, (351), (2006).
  • , Sustainable management of Canada’s boreal forests: Progress and prospects, Écoscience, 13, 2, (234), (2006).
  • , Towards the sustainable development of modern road ecosystems, The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, 10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_13, (275-331), (2006).
  • , Beyond Biogeography: a Framework for Involving the Public in Planning of U.S. Marine Protected Areas, Conservation Biology, 19, 5, (1392-1401), (2005).
  • , REGIONAL ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM GEOGRAPHY, AND TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS IN THE ST. ELIAS MOUNTAINS, Ecological Applications, 15, 2, (405-422), (2005).
  • , Icarus and Daedalus: conceptual and tactical lessons for marine ecosystem‐based management, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3, 4, (202-211), (2005).
  • , SNAGS, CAVITY‐NESTING BIRDS, AND SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS IN WESTERN OREGON, The Journal of Wildlife Management, 69, 4, (1578-1591), (2010).
  • , We Finished the Plan, So Now What? Impacts of Collaborative Stakeholder Participation on Land Use Policy, Policy Studies Journal, 33, 3, (459-481), (2005).
  • , The Politics of Accountability in National Forest Planning, Administration & Society, 37, 1, (57), (2005).
  • , Marine ecosystem-based management as a hierarchical control system, Marine Policy, 29, 1, (57), (2005).
  • , The functional assessment of agricultural ecosystems in Hubei Province, China, Ecological Modelling, 187, 2-3, (352), (2005).
  • , Using heterogeneity and representation of ecosite criteria to select forest reserves in an intensively managed industrial forest, Biological Conservation, 125, 2, (237), (2005).
  • , Evaluating vertebrate species risk on an industrial forest landscape, Forest Ecology and Management, 204, 2-3, (279), (2005).
  • , The Use of an Ecologic Classification to Improve Water Resource Planning in New Zealand, Environmental Management, 36, 5, (741), (2005).
  • , Theory into Practice: Implementing Ecosystem Management Objectives in the USDA Forest Service, Environmental Management, 35, 2, (138), (2005).
  • , Back to the Future: Forest Service Rangeland Research and Management, Rangelands, 27, 3, (19), (2005).
  • , Socioecological landscape planning approach and multicriteria acceptability analysis in multiple-purpose forest management, Forest Policy and Economics, 7, 4, (603), (2005).
  • , Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation: case of the Korup National Park Cameroon, Journal of Environmental Management, 76, 1, (1), (2005).
  • , Identification with transboundary places and support for ecological transboundary governance: A case study of British Columbia environmental activists, Journal of Borderlands Studies, 20, 1, (23), (2005).
  • , Community-based Environmental Planning: Operational Dilemmas, Planning Principles and Possible Remedies, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48, 5, (709), (2005).
  • , Integrated Water Resource Management, Institutional Arrangements, and Land-Use Planning, Environment and Planning A, 10.1068/a37224, 37, 8, (1335-1352), (2016).
  • , NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION CRITERIA AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PATTERNS IN TROPHIC STATE FOR RIVERS IN HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 40, 1, (1-13), (2007).
  • , LINKING SHADE COFFEE CERTIFICATION TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: BUTTERFLIES AND BIRDS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO, Ecological Applications, 14, 3, (642-654), (2004).
  • , Ecosystem Management across Ownerships: the Potential for Collision with Antitrust Laws, Conservation Biology, 18, 6, (1475-1481), (2004).
  • , Study of the future land use of a contaminated site: Preferences versus potential use, Remediation Journal, 14, 4, (97-110), (2004).
  • , Disturbance and regeneration dynamics of an old‐growth North Patagonian rain forest in Chiloé Island, Chile, Journal of Ecology, 92, 4, (598-608), (2004).
  • , Management Effectiveness: Assessing Management of Protected Areas?, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 6, 2, (157), (2004).
  • , An index of naturalness, Journal for Nature Conservation, 12, 2, (95), (2004).
  • , Environmental conflicts and nature reserves: redesigning Sierra San Pedro Mártir National Park, Mexico, Biological Conservation, 117, 2, (111), (2004).
  • , Locking the Back Door: The Implications ofEliminating Postdecisional Appeals inNational Forest Planning, Society & Natural Resources, 17, 3, (235), (2004).
  • , Planning and Managing for Recreation in the Wildland–Urban Interface, Forests at the Wildland-Urban Interface, 10.1201/9780203484463.ch10, (139-157), (2009).
  • , Biodiversity and Watershed Management in the Condor Bioreserve, Ecuador, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 18, 2-3, (139), (2004).
  • , Measuring the collective planning capabilities of local jurisdictions to manage ecological systems in southern Florida, Landscape and Urban Planning, 69, 1, (33), (2004).
  • , Naturalness In Biological Conservation, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 17, 6, (457), (2004).
  • , FOREST ROTATIONS AND STAND INTERDEPENDENCY: OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND TIMING OF DECISIONS, Natural Resource Modeling, 17, 1, (1-43), (2008).
  • , Identifying rare species of songbirds in managed forests: application of an ecoregional template to a boreal mixedwood system, Forest Ecology and Management, 191, 1-3, (157), (2004).
  • , The Ecuadorian Condor Bioreserve Initiative, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 18, 2-3, (297), (2004).
  • , Chapter Eight: A Sense of Self-in-Place for Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, and Public Participation, The Environmental Communication Yearbook, 1, 1, (153), (2004).
  • , Biological Indicators in Environmental Monitoring Programs, Environmental Monitoring, 10.1201/9780203495476.ch25, (567-581), (2009).
  • , Strategies for restoration of forest ecosystems degraded by forest fire in Kangwon Ecoregion of Korea, Forest Ecology and Management, 201, 1, (43), (2004).
  • , Prospects for Ecosystem Management in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem, Canada–United States: Survey and Recommendations, Conservation Biology, 17, 5, (1261-1269), (2003).
  • , A Practice-Based Coupling of the Precautionary Principle to the Large Marine Ecosystem Fisheries Management Concept with a Policy Orientation: The Northeast United States Continental Shelf as a Case Example, Coastal Management, 10.1080/08920750390233018, 31, 4, (435-456), (2003).
  • , The politics of comprehensive auditing in fields of high outcome and cause uncertainty, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14, 1-2, (77), (2003).
  • , Vegetation management and ecosystem disturbance: impact of glyphosate herbicide on plant and animal diversity in terrestrial systems, Environmental Reviews, 11, 1, (37), (2003).
  • , Performance Comparisons of Co-Occurring Native and Alien Invasive Plants: Implications for Conservation and Restoration, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34, 1, (183), (2003).
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