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Current issues in fish welfare

F. A. Huntingford

Corresponding Author

Fish Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,

†Tel.: +44 (0) 141 330 5975; fax: +44 (0) 330 5971; email:

f.a.huntingford@bio.gla.ac.uk

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C. Adams

Fish Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,

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V. A. Braithwaite

Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, U.K.,

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S. Kadri

Fish Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,

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T. G. Pottinger

NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, U.K.,

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P. Sandøe

Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark and

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J. F. Turnbull

Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K.

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First published: 20 February 2006
Cited by: 336

Abstract

Human beings may affect the welfare of fish through fisheries, aquaculture and a number of other activities. There is no agreement on just how to weigh the concern for welfare of fish against the human interests involved, but ethical frameworks exist that suggest how this might be approached.

Different definitions of animal welfare focus on an animal's condition, on its subjective experience of that condition and/or on whether it can lead a natural life. These provide different, legitimate, perspectives, but the approach taken in this paper is to focus on welfare as the absence of suffering.

An unresolved and controversial issue in discussions about animal welfare is whether non‐human animals exposed to adverse experiences such as physical injury or confinement experience what humans would call suffering. The neocortex, which in humans is an important part of the neural mechanism that generates the subjective experience of suffering, is lacking in fish and non‐mammalian animals, and it has been argued that its absence in fish indicates that fish cannot suffer. A strong alternative view, however, is that complex animals with sophisticated behaviour, such as fish, probably have the capacity for suffering, though this may be different in degree and kind from the human experience of this state.

Recent empirical studies support this view and show that painful stimuli are, at least, strongly aversive to fish. Consequently, injury or experience of other harmful conditions is a cause for concern in terms of welfare of individual fish. There is also growing evidence that fish can experience fear‐like states and that they avoid situations in which they have experienced adverse conditions.

Human activities that potentially compromise fish welfare include anthropogenic changes to the environment, commercial fisheries, recreational angling, aquaculture, ornamental fish keeping and scientific research. The resulting harm to fish welfare is a cost that must be minimized and weighed against the benefits of the activity concerned.

Wild fish naturally experience a variety of adverse conditions, from attack by predators or conspecifics to starvation or exposure to poor environmental conditions. This does not make it acceptable for humans to impose such conditions on fish, but it does suggest that fish will have mechanisms to cope with these conditions and reminds us that pain responses are in some cases adaptive (for example, suppressing feeding when injured).

In common with all vertebrates, fish respond to environmental challenges with a series of adaptive neuro‐endocrine adjustments that are collectively termed the stress response. These in turn induce reversible metabolic and behavioural changes that make the fish better able to overcome or avoid the challenge and are undoubtedly beneficial, in the short‐term at least.

In contrast, prolonged activation of the stress response is damaging and leads to immuno‐suppression, reduced growth and reproductive dysfunction. Indicators associated with the response to chronic stress (physiological endpoints, disease status and behaviour) provide a potential source of information on the welfare status of a fish. The most reliable assessment of well‐being will be obtained by examining a range of informative measures and statistical techniques are available that enable several such measures to be combined objectively.

A growing body of evidence tells us that many human activities can harm fish welfare, but that the effects depend on the species and life‐history stage concerned and are also context‐dependent. For example, in aquaculture, adverse effects related to stocking density may be eliminated if good water quality is maintained. At low densities, bad water quality may be less likely to arise whereas social interactions may cause greater welfare problems.

A number of key differences between fish and birds and mammals have important implications for their welfare. Fish do not need to fuel a high body temperature, so the effects of food deprivation on welfare are not so marked. For species that live naturally in large shoals, low rather than high densities may be harmful. On the other hand, fish are in intimate contact with their environment through the huge surface area of their gills, so they are vulnerable to poor water quality and water borne pollutants.

Extrapolation between taxa is dangerous and general frameworks for ensuring welfare in other vertebrate animals need to be modified before they can be usefully applied to fish.

The scientific study of fish welfare is at an early stage compared with work on other vertebrates and a great deal of what we need to know is yet to be discovered. It is clearly the case that fish, though different from birds and mammals, however, are sophisticated animals, far removed from unfeeling creatures with a 15 s memory of popular misconception. A heightened appreciation of these points in those who exploit fish and in those who seek to protect them would go a long way towards improving fish welfare.

Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 336

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  • , Influence of long term ammonia exposure on Atlantic salmon (almo salar L.) parr growth and welfare, Aquaculture Research, 44, 11, (1649-1664), (2012).
  • , Stocking Density Effects on Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Market Size Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 44, 2, (259-266), (2013).
  • , Fin erosion and injuries in relation to adult recapture rates in cultured smolts of Atlantic salmon and brown trout, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10.1139/cjfas-2012-0247, 70, 6, (915-921), (2013).
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  • , High oxygen consumption rates and scale loss indicate elevated aggressive behaviour at low rearing density, while elevated brain serotonergic activity suggests chronic stress at high rearing densities in farmed rainbow trout, Physiology & Behavior, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.026, 122, (147-154), (2013).
  • , Post-Harvest Quality in Farmed Lates calcarifer, Biology and Culture of Asian Seabass Lates Calcarifer, 10.1201/b15974-10, (229-257), (2013).
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  • , Modulation of innate immune responses in Atlantic salmon by chronic hypoxia-induced stress, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.006, 34, 1, (55-65), (2013).
  • , Utilising spatial distribution in two-tank systems to investigate the level of aversiveness to crowding in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.01.010, 144, 3-4, (163-170), (2013).
  • , Effect of acoustic environment on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Sea and onshore aquaculture background noise, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.07.042, 414-415, (36-45), (2013).
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  • , Issues Regarding the Use of Sedatives in Fisheries and the Need for Immediate‐Release Options, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 142, 1, (156-170), (2012).
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  • , Who Cares about Farmed Fish? Citizen Perceptions of the Welfare and the Mental Abilities of Fish, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 26, 1, (119), (2013).
  • , Sustainability at the Crossroads of Fish Consumption and Production Ethical Dilemmas of Fish Buyers at Retail Organizations in The Netherlands, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10.1007/s10806-011-9367-6, 26, 1, (101-117), (2011).
  • , The Evolutionary Ecology of Nest Construction: Insight from Recent Fish Studies, Avian Biology Research, 10.3184/175815513X13609538379947, 6, 2, (83-98), (2019).
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  • , THE BIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMPROVING FISH WELFARE USING DEMAND FEEDERS IN SCOTTISH ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLT PRODUCTION, Aquaculture Economics & Management, 10.1080/13657305.2012.729253, 16, 4, (384-398), (2012).
  • , Stress and resistance to infectious diseases in fish, Infectious Disease in Aquaculture, 10.1533/9780857095732.1.111, (111-125), (2012).
  • , BIO-ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS OF USING TRIPLOID RAINBOW TROUT IN AQUACULTURE: REDUCED MORTALITY, Aquaculture Economics & Management, 16, 4, (365), (2012).
  • , Optimal stocking density of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) reared in a land-based farm, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.047, 356-357, (342-350), (2012).
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  • , Swimbladder healing in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), after decompression and rupture in capture-based aquaculture, Marine Biology Research, 8, 4, (373), (2012).
  • , Investigating the influence of predictable and unpredictable feed delivery schedules upon the behaviour and welfare of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) using social network analysis and fin damage, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 138, 1-2, (132), (2012).
  • , PaV1 infection in the Florida spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery and its effects on trap function and disease transmission, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69, 1, (136), (2012).
  • , THE BIO-ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND FISH WELFARE IN AQUACULTURE: UTILIZING CO2STRIPPING TECHNOLOGY IN NORWEGIAN ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLT PRODUCTION, Aquaculture Economics & Management, 16, 4, (414), (2012).
  • , Effects on mortality and stress response in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), fed mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) after Vibrio anguillarum exposure, Journal of Fish Diseases, 35, 8, (591-602), (2012).
  • , Can the presence of a large conspecific improve the production and welfare of groups of smaller self‐feeder competent rainbow trout?, Aquaculture Research, 43, 11, (1620-1627), (2011).
  • , Advances in non-chemical methods for parasite prevention and control in fish, Infectious Disease in Aquaculture, 10.1533/9780857095732.3.480, (480-512), (2012).
  • , A Primer on Anti‐Angling Philosophy and Its Relevance for Recreational Fisheries in Urbanized Societies, Fisheries, 37, 4, (153-164), (2012).
  • , Does feeding time affect fish welfare?, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 1, (143), (2012).
  • , Food anticipatory behaviour as an indicator of stress response and recovery in Atlantic salmon post-smolt after exposure to acute temperature fluctuation, Physiology & Behavior, 105, 2, (350), (2012).
  • , The effects of stocking density and low level sustained exercise on the energetic efficiency of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at 19°C, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.10.021, 324-325, (226-233), (2012).
  • , Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on Cortisol and Glucose Responses to Handling Stress in Juvenile BelugaHuso huso, Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 24, 1, (11), (2012).
  • , Cortisol and finfish welfare, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 10.1007/s10695-011-9568-y, 38, 1, (163-188), (2011).
  • , Sublethal effects of alizarin complexone marking on Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs and larvae, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.10.041, 324-325, (158-164), (2012).
  • , Daily rhythms of digestive physiology, metabolism and behaviour in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), Aquaculture International, 20, 6, (1085), (2012).
  • , MODELING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WELFARE INTERVENTIONS IN FISH FARMING—A CASE STUDY FROM THE U.K. RAINBOW TROUT INDUSTRY, Aquaculture Economics & Management, 16, 4, (315), (2012).
  • , Effect of Human Body Position on the Swimming Behavior of Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, Society & Animals, 20, 3, (225), (2012).
  • , Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 10.1007/s10695-011-9518-8, 38, 1, (17-41), (2011).
  • , Early enrichment effects on brain development in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ): no evidence for a critical period , Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10.1139/f2012-074, 69, 9, (1481-1490), (2012).
  • , Injuries and deformities in fish: their potential impacts upon aquacultural production and welfare, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 1, (61), (2012).
  • , Benefits and Risks of Adopting the Global Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries, Fisheries, 37, 4, (165-172), (2012).
  • , WELFARE AND AQUACULTURE: WHERE BENEFISH FITS IN, Aquaculture Economics & Management, 16, 4, (433), (2012).
  • , Health of farmed fish: its relation to fish welfare and its utility as welfare indicator, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 10.1007/s10695-011-9517-9, 38, 1, (85-105), (2011).
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  • , Welfare Considerations of Triploid Fish, Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10.1080/10641262.2012.704598, 20, 4, (192-211), (2012).
  • , Cortisol and finfish welfare, Current Views on Fish Welfare, 10.1007/978-94-007-5383-9_11, (163-188), (2011).
  • , Preference for structured environment in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and checker barbs (Puntius oligolepis), Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 4, (318), (2011).
  • , Same-sized fish groups increase aggressive interaction of sex-reversed males Nile tilapia GIFT strain, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 1-2, (154), (2011).
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  • , A moving light stimulus elicits a sustained swimming response in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37, 2, (317), (2011).
  • , Sustainable Aquaculture: Are We Getting There? Ethical Perspectives on Salmon Farming, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10.1007/s10806-010-9269-z, 24, 4, (381-408), (2010).
  • , Advances in tagging syngnathids, with the effects of dummy tags on behaviour of Hippocampus guttulatus, Journal of Fish Biology, 78, 6, (1769-1785), (2011).
  • , Chronic perchlorate exposure causes morphological abnormalities in developing stickleback, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30, 6, (1468-1478), (2011).
  • , Dietary decontaminated fish oil has no negative impact on fish performance, flesh quality or production‐related diseases in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Aquaculture Nutrition, 17, 3, (e760-e772), (2011).
  • , Human intervention in freshwater ecosystems drives disease emergence, Freshwater Biology, 56, 4, (705-716), (2011).
  • , Managing non‐native fish in the environment, Fish and Fisheries, 12, 3, (256-274), (2010).
  • , Surgical removal of a gastric foreign body in a sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, Journal of Fish Diseases, 34, 12, (951-953), (2011).
  • , Analysis of stress-induced hepatic gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for high- and low-responsiveness to stress, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 6, 4, (406), (2011).
  • , Substrate-treated water: a method to enhance fish activity in laboratory experiments, Aquatic Biology, 13, 1, (35), (2011).
  • , Welfare status of cage farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): A comparison between submerged and surface cages, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.001, 314, 1-4, (173-181), (2011).
  • , Effect of grading on energy consumption in European catfish Silurus glanis, Aquaculture, 313, 1-4, (73), (2011).
  • , Individual variation in helping in a cooperative breeder: relatedness versus behavioural type, Animal Behaviour, 82, 3, (467), (2011).
  • , Dynamics of BNF-induced in vivo ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity during embryonic development of medaka (Oryzias latipes), Aquatic Toxicology, 105, 3-4, (421), (2011).
  • , Ecology and welfare of aquatic animals in wild capture fisheries, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 10.1007/s11160-011-9206-x, 21, 4, (739-765), (2011).
  • , The effectiveness of fallowing strategies in disease control in salmon aquaculture assessed with an SIS model, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 98, 1, (64), (2011).
  • , Aggression and Welfare in a Common Aquarium Fish, the Midas Cichlid, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10.1080/10888705.2011.600664, 14, 4, (340-360), (2011).
  • , Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 19, 2, (744), (2011).
  • , Measuring motivation in a cichlid fish: An adaptation of the push-door paradigm, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 130, 1-2, (60), (2011).
  • , Self-feeding behavior changes induced by a first and a second generation of domestication or selection for growth in the European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax, Aquatic Living Resources, 24, 1, (53), (2011).
  • , Freshwater Commercial Bycatch: An Understated Conservation Problem, BioScience, 10.1525/bio.2011.61.4.7, 61, 4, (271-280), (2011).
  • , Species specificity in the magnitude and duration of the acute stress response in Mediterranean marine fish in culture, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 173, 2, (313), (2011).
  • , Evaluation of behavioral changes induced by a first step of domestication or selection for growth in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): A self-feeding approach under repeated acute stress, Aquaculture, 306, 1-4, (211), (2010).
  • , Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Juvenile Cobia Fed Three Different Commercial Diets in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 72, 1, (43), (2010).
  • , Physiological welfare of commercially reared cod and effects of crowding for harvesting, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.028, 298, 3-4, (315-324), (2010).
  • , The Arctic charr story: development of subarctic freshwater fish farming in Sweden, Hydrobiologia, 10.1007/s10750-010-0248-1, 650, 1, (265-274), (2010).
  • , Growing amago and rainbow trout in duoculture with self-feeding systems: Implications for production and welfare, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.031, 309, 1-4, (137-142), (2010).
  • , Metabolic molecular indicators of chronic stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) using comparative proteomics, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.014, 299, 1-4, (57-66), (2010).
  • , Synchronization of daily rhythms of locomotor activity and plasma glucose, cortisol and thyroid hormones to feeding in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) under a light–dark cycle, Physiology & Behavior, 101, 1, (101), (2010).
  • , Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 126, 1-2, (1), (2010).
  • , Tailfin clipping, a painful procedure: Studies on Nile tilapia and common carp, Physiology & Behavior, 101, 4, (533), (2010).
  • , The effects of stress induced by cortisol administration on the repeatability of swimming performance tests in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labraxL.), Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 43, 4, (283), (2010).
  • , Ethical Issues in Aquaculture Production, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10.1007/s10806-009-9210-5, 23, 4, (345-370), (2009).
  • , Fish, The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, (761-784), (2010).
  • , The importance of wild populations in studies of animal temperament, Journal of Zoology, 281, 3, (149-160), (2010).
  • , Harmonizing recreational fisheries and conservation objectives for aquatic biodiversity in inland waters, Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 9, (2194-2215), (2010).
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  • , Humane killing of fishes for scientific research: a comparison of two methods, Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 10, (2571-2577), (2010).
  • , Fish stress and mortality can be predicted using reflex impairment, Fish and Fisheries, 11, 1, (1-11), (2009).
  • , Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish, Aquaculture Research, 41, 8, (1261-1267), (2009).
  • , Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: aspects of feeding rhythm and stress, Aquaculture Research, 41, 5, (654-667), (2010).
  • , Substratum choice for nesting in male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Journal of Fish Biology, 77, 6, (1439-1445), (2010).
  • , Physiological and health consequences of social status in zebrafish (Danio rerio), Physiology & Behavior, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.09.004, 101, 5, (576-587), (2010).
  • , A prospective longitudinal study of “Candidatus arthromitus”-associated rainbow trout gastroenteritis in the UK, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 94, 3-4, (289), (2010).
  • , Moral and empirical dimensions of human–animal interactions in ecotourism: deepening an otherwise shallow pool of debate, Journal of Ecotourism, 9, 3, (239), (2010).
  • , The effect of group size on the behaviour and welfare of four fish species commonly kept in home aquaria, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.04.008, 125, 3-4, (195-205), (2010).
  • , Reduced hatchery rearing density increases social dominance, postrelease growth, and survival in brown trout (Salmo trutta), Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10.1139/F09-185, 67, 2, (288-295), (2010).
  • , Forebrain cell proliferation, behavior, and physiology of zebrafish, Danio rerio, kept in enriched or barren environments, Physiology & Behavior, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.003, 101, 1, (32-39), (2010).
  • , δ13C and δ15N Signatures in Muscle and Fin Tissues: Nonlethal Sampling Methods for Stable Isotope Analysis of Salmonids, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 30, 1, (1-11), (2011).
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  • , Quantifying stress responses induced by different handling methods in three species of fish, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 116, 2-4, (295), (2009).
  • , Key issues concerning environmental enrichment for laboratory-held fish species, Laboratory Animals, 10.1258/la.2007.007023, 43, 2, (107-120), (2009).
  • , Effects of four factors on the quality of male reproductive cycle in pikeperch Sander lucioperca, Aquaculture, 291, 3-4, (217), (2009).
  • , A review of the need and possible uses for genetically standardized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in research, Laboratory Animals, 43, 2, (121), (2009).
  • , Polyploid fish and shellfish: Production, biology and applications to aquaculture for performance improvement and genetic containment, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.036, 293, 3-4, (125-156), (2009).
  • , Diet and husbandry techniques to improve disease resistance: new technologies and prospects, New Technologies in Aquaculture, 10.1533/9781845696474.2.267, (267-311), (2009).
  • , Controlling parasitic diseases in aquaculture: new developments, New Technologies in Aquaculture, 10.1533/9781845696474.2.215, (215-243), (2009).
  • , Assessment of fish populations in still waters using hydroacoustics and survey gill netting: Experiences with Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the UK, Fisheries Research, 96, 1, (30), (2009).
  • , Farmed fish welfare-suffering assessment and impact on product quality, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.139, 8, sup1, (139-160), (2016).
  • , Towards a classification and an understanding of developmental relationships of vertebral body malformations in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.037, 295, 1-2, (6-14), (2009).
  • , Effects of feeding schedule on locomotor activity rhythms and stress response in sea bream, Physiology & Behavior, 98, 1-2, (125), (2009).
  • , Barging Effects on Sensory Systems of Chinook Salmon Smolts, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138, 4, (777-789), (2011).
  • , General approach to fish welfare and to the concept of sentience in fish, EFSA Journal, 7, 2, (n/a-n/a), (2009).
  • , Fish Welfare, Fish and Fisheries, 10, 3, (355-357), (2009).
  • , Rearing Environment Affects the Brain Size of Guppies: Lab‐Reared Guppies have Smaller Brains than Wild‐Caught Guppies, Ethology, 115, 2, (122-133), (2009).
  • , Contrasting pragmatic and suffering‐centred approaches to fish welfare in recreational angling, Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 10, (2448-2463), (2010).
  • , Introduction to papers on fish welfare in commercial fisheries, Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 10, (2852-2854), (2010).
  • , Taking account of fish welfare: lessons from aquaculture, Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 10, (2862-2867), (2010).
  • , Welfare in wild‐capture marine fisheries, Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 10, (2855-2861), (2010).
  • , Balancing the needs and preferences of humans against concerns for fishes: how to handle the emerging ethical discussions regarding capture fisheries?, Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 10, (2868-2871), (2010).
  • , Strategies for the capture and transport of bonefish, Albula vulpes, from tidal creeks to a marine research laboratory for long‐term holding, Aquaculture Research, 40, 13, (1538-1550), (2009).
  • , The role of management practices in fish kills in recreational lake fisheries in England and Wales, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16, 3, (248-254), (2009).
  • , Electronic tags reveal behaviour of captured and discarded fish, Journal of Fish Biology, 74, 3, (715-721), (2009).
  • , Effects of temperature, stocking density and farming conditions on fin damage in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) , Aquatic Living Resources, 10.1051/alr/2009047, 22, 3, (349-362), (2009).
  • , Does environmental enrichment affect the behaviour of fish commonly used in laboratory work?, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118, 3-4, (137), (2009).
  • , Comparative growth and welfare in rainbow trout reared in recirculating and flow through rearing systems, Aquacultural Engineering, 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.11.005, 40, 2, (79-86), (2009).
  • , Anaesthetic properties of Propiscin (Etomidaat) and 2-phenoxyethanol in the common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.), neural and behavioural measures, Aquaculture Research, 40, 11, (1328), (2009).
  • , A fully implantable multi-channel biotelemetry system for measurement of blood flow and temperature: a first evaluation in the green sturgeon, Hydrobiologia, 10.1007/s10750-008-9578-7, 619, 1, (11-25), (2008).
  • , Preference for the presence of substrate in male cichlid fish: Effects of social dominance and context, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 120, 3-4, (224), (2009).
  • , Development of a flow-through system for the fish embryo toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio), Toxicology in Vitro, 23, 7, (1436), (2009).
  • , Effects of hyperoxia on behavioural and physiological variables in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, Aquaculture International, 10.1007/s10499-008-9206-6, 17, 4, (341-353), (2008).
  • , Daily feeding rhythms of Senegalese sole under laboratory and farming conditions using self-feeding systems, Aquaculture, 291, 1-2, (130), (2009).
  • , Fish in Aquariums for Aesthetically Enhancing Public Spaces (AAEPS): An Incipient Welfare Issue?, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12, 3, (263), (2009).
  • , Physiology and behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts during commercial land and sea transport, Physiology & Behavior, 96, 2, (233), (2009).
  • , Measurement of sole activity by digital image analysis, Aquacultural Engineering, 41, 1, (22), (2009).
  • , Determining stress-responsiveness in family groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using non-invasive measures, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.009, 298, 1-2, (146-152), (2009).
  • , Melanin-based skin spots reflect stress responsiveness in salmonid fish, Hormones and Behavior, 56, 3, (292), (2009).
  • , Physiological responses of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to different stocking densities and acute stress challenge, Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.012, 275, 1-4, (319-328), (2008).
  • , Effects of light spectrum on growth and stress response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared under recirculating system conditions, Aquacultural Engineering, 38, 1, (36), (2008).
  • , Combined effects of water quality and stocking density on welfare and growth of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) , Aquatic Living Resources, 10.1051/alr:2008024, 21, 2, (185-195), (2008).
  • , The Welfare of Ornamental Fish, Fish Welfare, (269-290), (2008).
  • , The Use of Stakeholder Focus Groups to Identify Indicators for the On‐Farm Assessment of Trout Welfare, Fish Welfare, (243-267), (2008).
  • , Welfare and Fish, Fish Welfare, (19-31), (2008).
  • , Social hierarchies, growth and brain serotonin metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kept under commercial rearing conditions, Physiology & Behavior, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.009, 94, 4, (529-535), (2008).
  • , Bio-economical and ethical impacts of alien finfish culture in European inland waters, Aquaculture International, 10.1007/s10499-007-9141-y, 16, 3, (243-272), (2007).
  • , Feed demand behavior in sea bass juveniles: Effects on individual specific growth rate variation and health (inter-individual and inter-group variation), Aquaculture, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.004, 274, 1, (87-95), (2008).
  • , Trends and Developments in Catch and Release, Global Challenges in Recreational Fisheries, (202-236), (2008).
  • , Cognition, Fish Behaviour, 10.1201/b10757-4, (33-60), (2014).
  • , The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture, Aquaculture, 277, 3-4, (125), (2008).
  • , Behavioural analysis of a nociceptive event in fish: Comparisons between three species demonstrate specific responses, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114, 1-2, (248), (2008).
  • , Behaviour and Welfare in Farmed Fish, Fish Behaviour, 10.1201/b10757-21, (593-627), (2014).
  • , Fin Erosion in Farmed Fish, Fish Welfare, (121-149), (2008).
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