The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties.

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity—a study of 350 women

R.H.MEYRICK THOMAS

Departments of Dermatology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London UK.

Search for more papers by this author
C.M. RIDLEY

Whittington Hospital, Archway, London UK.

Search for more papers by this author
D.H. MCGIBBON

St Thomas’Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London UK.

Search for more papers by this author
M.M. BLACK

St Thomas’Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London UK.

Search for more papers by this author
First published: January 1988
Cited by: 180

Dr R.H. Meyrick Thomas, Department of Dermatology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

summary

A study of autoimmune related phenomena in 350 women with histologically confirmed lichen sclerosus et atrophicus revealed that 21.5% had one or more autoimmune related diseases, 21% had one or more first degree relatives with an autoimmune‐related disease, 42% had an autoantibody at a titre > 1:20, and 59.5% had one or more of these autoimmune‐relateda phenomena. No statistically significant differences in the natural history of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus were demonstrated between those patients with autoimmune‐related phenomena and those without.

Number of times cited: 180

  • , Oral lichen sclerosus: a systematic review of reported cases and two new cases, International Journal of Dermatology, 57, 5, (521-528), (2018).
  • , Updates in lichen sclerosis: British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2018, British Journal of Dermatology, 178, 4, (823-824), (2018).
  • , Vulvar lichen sclerosus: A single‐center retrospective study in China, The Journal of Dermatology, 45, 9, (1101-1104), (2018).
  • , Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010, 79, 5, (789-804), (2018).
  • , Oral lichen sclerosus: an overview and report of three cases, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.04.006, (2018).
  • , Surgical treatment of disabling conditions caused by anogenital lichen sclerosus in women: An account of surgical procedures and results, including patient satisfaction, benefits, and improvements in health-related quality of life, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 70, 4, (501), (2017).
  • , Autoimmune Dermatoses, Practical Immunodermatology, 10.1007/978-94-024-0902-4_13, (297-340), (2016).
  • , Oral lichen sclerosus—a review of clinical presentation, treatment, and clinical outcomes, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.07.005, 124, 4, (e243-e248), (2017).
  • , White, Sclerotic Lesions of the Head, Neck, and Fingers, Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association, 9, 5, (270), (2017).
  • , Lichen sclerosus in women: a review, Climacteric, 10.1080/13697137.2017.1343295, 20, 4, (339-347), (2017).
  • , Management of Chronic Recurrent Vulvovaginitis, Handbook of Gynecology, 10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_26, (241-254), (2017).
  • , Benign Diseases of the Vulva, Handbook of Gynecology, 10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_75, (343-353), (2017).
  • , Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the non invasive diagnosis of clinically inconclusive vulval lichen sclerosus, The Analyst, 142, 8, (1200), (2017).
  • , 2016 European guideline for the management of vulval conditions, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 31, 6, (925-941), (2017).
  • , Benign Diseases of the Vulva, Handbook of Gynecology, 10.1007/978-3-319-17002-2_75-1, (1-11), (2016).
  • , Diagnosis and Management of Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus, Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports, 10.1007/s11884-016-0375-2, 11, 3, (234-241), (2016).
  • , Management of Chronic Recurrent Vulvovaginitis, Handbook of Gynecology, 10.1007/978-3-319-17002-2_26-1, (1-15), (2016).
  • , Morphoea (Localized Scleroderma), Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition, (1-37), (2016).
  • , Dermatoses of the Female Genitalia, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition, (1-52), (2016).
  • , Update on the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in inflammatory/autoimmune skin diseases, Experimental Dermatology, 25, 6, (415-421), (2016).
  • , Identification of cancer associated molecular changes in histologically benign vulval disease found in association with vulval squamous cell carcinoma using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Analytical Methods, 8, 48, (8452), (2016).
  • , Evidence‐based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 29, 10, (e1-e43), (2015).
  • , Reply to Nadir I. Osman, Christopher R. Chapple, Sheila MacNeil's Letter to the Editor re: Guido Barbagli, Massimo Lazzeri. Clinical Experience with Urethral Reconstruction Using Tissue-engineered Oral Mucosa: A Quiet Revolution. Eur Urol. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.043, European Urology, 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.07.049, 68, 5, (e101-e102), (2015).
  • , Labial Adhesions and Outcomes of Office Management, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 28, 2, (109), (2015).
  • , 2014 UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 26, 9, (611), (2015).
  • , Vulval symptoms after the menopause – Not all atrophy!, Post Reproductive Health, 21, 4, (146), (2015).
  • , Synchronous Onset of Symmetrically Associated Extragenital Lichen Sclerosus and Vitiligo on both Breasts and the Vulva, Annals of Dermatology, 27, 4, (456), (2015).
  • , Vulvar lichen sclerosus: A new regenerative approach through fat grafting, Gynecologic Oncology, 139, 3, (471), (2015).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus Comorbidities and Complications from a National Sample of Patients Treated with Urethroplasty, Urology Practice, 2, 6, (329), (2015).
  • , Extensive anogenital lichen sclerosus with vaginal stenosis: A case report, Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery, 19, 2, (140), (2015).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Planus in Women and Girls, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 58, 1, (125), (2015).
  • , The management of lichen sclerosus in a genitourinary medicine setting: a 12-month retrospective case-notes review, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 26, 5, (352), (2015).
  • , A double-blind, randomized prospective study evaluating topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% versus topical tacrolimus 0.1% in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 71, 1, (84), (2014).
  • , Vulvar dermatosis, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28, 7, (946), (2014).
  • , Genital Lichen Sclerosus – Has Th ere Been any Progress in Treatment?, Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 6, 2, (2014).
  • , The contribution of drugs to lichen sclerosus, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 39, 2, (234), (2014).
  • , Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses, The American Journal of Dermatopathology, 36, 9, (689), (2014).
  • , Acute Urinary Retention in an Adolescent as the Presenting Symptom of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 26, 6, (e117), (2013).
  • , Diagnosis and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 14, 1, (27), (2013).
  • , Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of genital lichen sclerosus, Expert Review of Dermatology, 10.1586/17469872.2013.835923, 8, 5, (443-450), (2014).
  • , Lichen sclerosus and atopy in boys: coincidence or correlation?, British Journal of Dermatology, 168, 2, (362-366), (2013).
  • , Skin manifestations of systemic disease, Medicine, 41, 7, (372), (2013).
  • , Influence of treatments on prognosis for vulvar lichen sclerosus: Facts and controversies, Clinics in Dermatology, 31, 6, (780), (2013).
  • , Childhood Lichen Sclerosus—A Challenge for Clinicians, Pediatric Dermatology, 30, 4, (444-450), (2013).
  • , Recognition and Management of Vulvar Dermatologic Conditions: Lichen Sclerosus, Lichen Planus, and Lichen Simplex Chronicus, Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 57, 3, (260-275), (2012).
  • , Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 67, 2, (305), (2012).
  • , Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses, Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), 103, 4, (260), (2012).
  • , Benign Diseases of the Vulva, Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, (693-705), (2012).
  • , Gynecologic Issues in Geriatric Women, Journal of Women's Health, 21, 1, (4), (2012).
  • , Dermatosis inflamatorias vulvares, Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 103, 4, (260), (2012).
  • , Rates of Self-Reported Urinary, Gastrointestinal, and Pain Comorbidities in Women With Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus, Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182562f1e, 16, 3, (285-289), (2012).
  • , Gynaecology and the Older Patient, Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine, (1259-1270), (2012).
  • , A population-based case–control study of aetiological factors associated with vulval lichen sclerosus, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 32, 3, (271), (2012).
  • , Two Distinct Pathways to Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva, Journal of Skin Cancer, 2011, (1), (2011).
  • , Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2011).
  • , Follicular keratosis and bullous formation are typical signs of extragenital lichen sclerosus, The Journal of Dermatology, 38, 8, (834), (2011).
  • , Risk factors for genital lichen sclerosus in men, British Journal of Dermatology, 164, 2, (325-329), (2011).
  • , Benign disease of the vulva and the vagina, Gynaecology, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3120-5.00040-0, (599-612), (2011).
  • , Lichen sclerosus im Urogenitalbereich, Der Urologe, 50, 10, (1291), (2011).
  • , Genital tract disorders, Women's Health in General Practice, 10.1016/B978-0-7295-3871-8.10013-X, (225-254), (2011).
  • , Líquen escleroso e atrófico acral: relato de caso, Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 86, 4 suppl 1, (82), (2011).
  • , Noninfectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Vulva, Diagnostic Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology, 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0764-9.00002-0, (21-48), (2011).
  • , The ‘Connective Tissue Diseases’, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, (1-138), (2010).
  • , Liquen escleroso, Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 101, 1, (31), (2010).
  • , The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24, 9, (1031-1034), (2010).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus, Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), 101, 1, (31), (2010).
  • , The granulomatous reaction pattern, Weedon's Skin Pathology, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3485-5.00008-5, (169-194.e17), (2010).
  • , The Genital, Perianal and Umbilical Regions, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, (1-102), (2010).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus, Dermatologic Clinics, 28, 4, (707), (2010).
  • , The prognostic value of blood and lymph vessel parameters in lichen sclerosus for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopy study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 203, 2, (167.e1), (2010).
  • , A Histologic Review of Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses and Intraepithelial Neoplasm, Dermatologic Clinics, 28, 4, (649), (2010).
  • , Disorders of collagen, Weedon's Skin Pathology, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3485-5.00012-7, (303-329.e27), (2010).
  • , Gynecologic Disorders in the Elderly, Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6231-8.10087-X, (716-725), (2010).
  • , The Role of Calcineurin Inhibitors in the Management of Lichen Sclerosus, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 10, 5, (313), (2009).
  • , Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus in the Elderly, Drugs & Aging, 26, 10, (803), (2009).
  • , Nichtmaligne Hauterkrankungen der Vulva, Der Gynäkologe, 42, 4, (256), (2009).
  • , Skin manifestations of systemic disease, Medicine, 37, 6, (277), (2009).
  • , Angiomatous reaction Kaposi‐sarcoma‐like as a side effect of topical corticosteroid therapy in lichen sclerosus of the penis, Dermatologic Therapy, 22, 4, (379-382), (2009).
  • , Significant Improvement in Extensive Lichen Sclerosus with Tacrolimus Ointment and PUVA, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 9, 3, (175), (2008).
  • , Extragenital Lichen Sclerosus and Atrophicus Treated with Topical Steroids and Retinoids in a Child with Vitiligo, International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 21, 3, (757), (2008).
  • , Penile lichen sclerosus after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, British Journal of Dermatology, 159, 2, (470), (2008).
  • , Benign Disease of the Vulva, Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, (578-590), (2008).
  • , The Genital, Perianal and Umbilical Regions, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, (3535-3638), (2008).
  • , The ‘Connective Tissue Diseases’, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, (2697-2844), (2008).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus, Obstetric and Gynecologic Dermatology, 10.1016/B978-0-7234-3445-0.10014-1, (133-145), (2008).
  • , High Prevalence of Concomitant Anogenital Lichen Sclerosus and Extragenital Psoriasis in Adult Women, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 111, 5, (1143), (2008).
  • , Vulval complaints in postmenopausal women, Aging Health, 4, 5, (543), (2008).
  • , Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012, 68, 2, (131-156), (2008).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus: Review of the Literature and Current Recommendations for Management, The Journal of Urology, 178, 6, (2268), (2007).
  • , Anogenital Pruritus: Lichen Sclerosus in Children, Pediatric Annals, 36, 12, (785), (2007).
  • , Clinical review of 202 patients with vulval lichen sclerosus: A possible association with psoriasis, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 48, 1, (28-31), (2007).
  • , Topical testosterone versus clobetasol for vulvar lichen sclerosus, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 96, 2, (117-121), (2007).
  • , Calcineurin antagonists in vulvar lichen sclerosus, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 274, 5, (266), (2006).
  • , The association between lichen sclerosus and antigens of the HLA system, British Journal of Dermatology, 132, 2, (197), (2006).
  • , Cytokine alterations in lichen sclerosus: an immunohistochemical study, British Journal of Dermatology, 155, 5, (931-940), (2006).
  • , Vulvar Disease Update, Advances in Dermatology, 22, (91), (2006).
  • , HLA markers in familial Lichen Sclerosus, JDDG, 4, 10, (842), (2006).
  • , Lichen scléreux, EMC - Dermatologie, 1, 1, (1), (2006).
  • , Multicentre, phase II trial on the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of lichen sclerosus, British Journal of Dermatology, 155, 5, (1021), (2006).
  • , Lichen sclerosus, Der Hautarzt, 56, 6, (550), (2005).
  • , Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus, European Journal of Cell Biology, 84, 2-3, (273), (2005).
  • , P292 - Lichen scléreux vulvaire et thyroïdite auto-immune : pas d’association significative, Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie, 132, (249), (2005).
  • , The Association Between HLA DR, DQ Antigens, and Vulval Lichen Sclerosus in the UK: HLA DRB1*12 and its Associated DRB1*12/DQB1*0301/04/09/010 Haplotype Confers Susceptibility to Vulval Lichen Sclerosus, and HLA DRB1*0301/04 and its Associated DRB1*0301/04/DQB1*0201/02/03 Haplotype Protects from Vulval Lichen Sclerosus, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125, 5, (895), (2005).
  • , Prurito, escozor y dolor vulvar: abordaje desde la atención primaria, FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria, 12, 10, (654), (2005).
  • , An Overview of Lichen Sclerosus, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48, 4, (808), (2005).
  • , Inflammatory dermatoses of the vulva, Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, 32, 9, (604-611), (2005).
  • , Lichen sclerosus mistaken for child sexual abuse, International Journal of Dermatology, 44, 4, (317-320), (2004).
  • , Early vulvar lichen sclerosus: a histopathological challenge, Histopathology, 47, 4, (340-347), (2005).
  • , Malignant Melanoma Associated with Lichen Sclerosus in the Vulva of a 10-Year-Old, Pediatric Dermatology, 21, 4, (473), (2004).
  • , Lichen sclerosus: a review and practical approach, Dermatologic Therapy, 17, 1, (28-37), (2004).
  • , Reply to Drs. Cerroni and Kerl’s Comments, The American Journal of Dermatopathology, 26, 4, (351), (2004).
  • , Fetal Microchimerism Is Common in Normal and Diseased Vulvar Skin, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 122, 4, (1059), (2004).
  • , Vasculitis in lichen sclerosus: an under recognized feature?, Histopathology, 45, 3, (237), (2004).
  • , Development of antigen-specific ELISA for circulating autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 113, 11, (1550), (2004).
  • , Liquen escleroso, EMC - Dermatología, 38, 1, (1), (2004).
  • , Heroic measures may not always be justified in extensive urethral stricture due to lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans), Urology, 64, 3, (565), (2004).
  • , Characterization of IgG autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 29, 5, (499), (2004).
  • , Genital lentigines and melanocytic nevi with superimposed lichen sclerosus: a diagnostic challenge, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 50, 5, (690), (2004).
  • , Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Long‐Standing Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 2, (319-320), (2004).
  • , Erosive vulvovaginitis, Current Infectious Disease Reports, 5, 6, (494), (2003).
  • , Autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus, The Lancet, 362, 9378, (118), (2003).
  • , Lichen sclerosus, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 28, 2, (128-133), (2003).
  • , Liquen escleroso, Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 94, 10, (633), (2003).
  • , Lichen sclerosus und Vulvakarzinom, JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 1, 11, (864), (2003).
  • , Pruritus vulvae, Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 12, 4, (231), (2002).
  • , Association ofLichen Sclerosusand Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Possible Role ofBorrelia Burgdorferi?, Thyroid, 12, 12, (1147), (2002).
  • , Possible Mechanisms of Hypopigmentation in Lichen Sclerosus, The American Journal of Dermatopathology, 24, 2, (97), (2002).
  • , Lichen sclerosus and other conditions mimicking vulvovaginal candidiasis, Current Infectious Disease Reports, 4, 6, (520), (2002).
  • , Vulval Disease from the 1800s to the New Millennium, Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 6, 4, (340), (2002).
  • , The effect of topical corticosteroids on Ki67 and p53 expression in vulval lichen sclerosus, British Journal of Dermatology, 147, 3, (503), (2002).
  • , Monoclonal γ-T-Cell Receptor Rearrangement in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus and Squamous Cell Carcinomas, The American Journal of Pathology, 160, 3, (1035), (2002).
  • , High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, British Journal of Dermatology, 145, 1, (85-89), (2001).
  • , Histology of Lichen Sclerosus Varies According to Site and Proximity to Carcinoma, The American Journal of Dermatopathology, 23, 5, (413), (2001).
  • , Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, Eye, 14, 1, (103), (2000).
  • , Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 95, 1, (147), (2000).
  • , Premalignant vulvar disorders, Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 10, 1, (12), (2000).
  • , Detection of Expanded T Cell Clones in Skin Biopsy Samples of Patients with Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus by T Cell Receptor-γ Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 115, 2, (254), (2000).
  • , Peristomal lichen sclerosus affecting colostomy sites, British Journal of Dermatology, 142, 1, (177-178), (2001).
  • , Decrease in Epidermal CD44 Expression as a Potential Mechanism for Abnormal Hyaluronate Accumulation in Superficial Dermis in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 115, 6, (1054), (2000).
  • , Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: A retrospective clinical and histopathologic study, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 40, 3, (451), (1999).
  • , Oral lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 88, 6, (702), (1999).
  • , Does lichen sclerosus play a central role in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus negative vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? The itch‐scratch‐lichen sclerosus hypothesis, International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 9, 2, (89-97), (2001).
  • , Lichen sclerosus: evidence that immunological changes occur at all levels of the skin, British Journal of Dermatology, 140, 6, (1087-1092), (2001).
  • , Quality of Life Evaluation in Chronic Lichen Sclerosus for Improved Medical Care, Drug Information Journal, 33, 2, (577), (1999).
  • , Incidence of preputial lichen sclerosus in adults: Histologic study of circumcision specimens, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 41, 6, (923), (1999).
  • , An infective aetiology for vulval lichen sclerosus re‐addressed, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 24, 6, (479-483), (2001).
  • , Correspondence, International Journal of Dermatology, 38, 3, (238-239), (2001).
  • , Vulvar lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma: A cohort, case control, and investigational study with historical perspective; implications for chronic inflammation and sclerosis in the development of neoplasia, Human Pathology, 29, 9, (932), (1998).
  • , Lichen sclerosus and lichen planus: a spectrum of disease? Report of two cases and review of the literature, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 23, 3, (129-131), (2002).
  • , Dermatologic diseases of the vulva, Clinics in Dermatology, 15, 1, (53), (1997).
  • , Lichen sclerosus in women, Clinics in Dermatology, 15, 1, (155), (1997).
  • , Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the oral cavity, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 84, 2, (165), (1997).
  • , Vulval lichen sclerosus: lack of correlation between duration of clinical symptoms and histological appearances, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 8, 3, (212-216), (2006).
  • , Familial lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in association with CREST syndrome: a case report, British Journal of Dermatology, 134, 6, (1144), (1996).
  • , Cicatricial pemphigoid and lichen sclerosus, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 7, 1, (71-74), (2006).
  • , Lichen sclerosus, Seminars in Dermatology, 15, 1, (42), (1996).
  • , Promoter region polymorphism in the human TNF‐α gene is not associated with lichen sclerosus, Experimental Dermatology, 5, 4, (227-229), (2006).
  • , The commonest causes of symptomatic vulvar disease: A dermatologist's perspective, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 37, 1, (12-18), (2007).
  • , DERMATOLOGIC DISEASES AND PROBLEMS OF WOMEN THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE, International Journal of Dermatology, 34, 6, (369-379), (2007).
  • , Lichen sclerosus in childhood, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 36, 3, (166-167), (2007).
  • , Lichen sclerosus, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 32, 3, (393), (1995).
  • , Benign and premalignant disease of the vulva, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 102, 5, (359-363), (2005).
  • , Vulvovaginal disease, Current Problems in Dermatology, 6, 6, (187), (1994).
  • , Lichen sclerosus associated with prolectinoma, British Journal of Dermatology, 131, 3, (448), (1994).
  • , Persistent Erythema Infectiosum‐Like Rash as a Prodrome of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Pediatric Dermatology, 11, 2, (160-163), (2008).
  • , Extensive lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with bullae and ulceration-improvement with hydroxychloroquine, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 19, 4, (332), (1994).
  • , Lichen sclerosus and the Kobner phenomenon, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 19, 3, (262), (1994).
  • , Microscopic features of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in acrochordons: A clue to the cause of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus?, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 28, 5, (751), (1993).
  • , Lichen sclerosus as a cutaneous manifestation of thyroid disease, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 28, 4, (665), (1993).
  • , Precursors of vulval cancers, Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 3, 3, (149), (1993).
  • , Bullous and haemorrhagic lichen sclerosus with scalp involvement, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 17, 5, (354), (1992).
  • , Progress in recognition and management of vulval disease, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 3, 2, (91), (1992).
  • , Lichen scleroses et atrophicus of the oral mucosa, British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 29, 1, (64), (1991).
  • , Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus in Children and Young Adults, Pediatric Dermatology, 8, 2, (97), (1991).
  • , Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus-a review of 15 cases in young girls, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 16, 1, (14), (1991).
  • , Vulval dystrophy — the passing of a term, Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 1, 2, (97), (1991).
  • , The skin in diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia, 31, 8, (567), (1988).
  • , 5 Dermatological conditions of the vulva, Baillière's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2, 2, (317), (1988).
  • , Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD008240, (2010).
  • , Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of present management and future considerations, Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 10.1080/14737140.2019.1538797, (1-8), (2018).