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An evaluation of methods for modelling species distributions

Pedro Segurado

Unidade de Macroecologia e Conservação, Universidade de Évora, Estrada dos Leões Évora, Portugal

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Miguel B. Araújo

Corresponding Author

Unidade de Macroecologia e Conservação, Universidade de Évora, Estrada dos Leões Évora, Portugal

Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS 1919 Route Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Miguel B. Araújo, Unidade de Macroecologia e Conservação, Universidade de Évora, Estrada dos Leões 7000‐730 Évora, Portugal. E‐mail:

mba@uevora.pt

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First published: 13 September 2004
Cited by: 470

Abstract

Aim Various statistical techniques have been used to model species probabilities of occurrence in response to environmental conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of methods and investigates whether errors in model predictions are associated to specific kinds of geographical and environmental distributions of species.

Location Portugal, Western Europe.

Methods Probabilities of occurrence for 44 species of amphibians and reptiles in Portugal were modelled using seven modelling techniques: Gower metric, Ecological Niche Factor Analysis, classification trees, neural networks, generalized linear models, generalized additive models and spatial interpolators. Generalized linear and additive models were constructed with and without a term accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Model performance was measured using two methods: sensitivity and Kappa index. Species were grouped according to their spatial (area of occupancy and extent of occurrence) and environmental (marginality and tolerance) distributions. Two‐way comparison tests were performed to detect significant interactions between models and species groups.

Results Interaction between model and species groups was significant for both sensitivity and Kappa index. This indicates that model performance varied for species with different geographical and environmental distributions. Artificial neural networks performed generally better, immediately followed by generalized additive models including a covariate term for spatial autocorrelation. Non‐parametric methods were preferred to parametric approaches, especially when modelling distributions of species with a greater area of occupancy, a larger extent of occurrence, lower marginality and higher tolerance.

Main conclusions This is a first attempt to relate performance of modelling techniques with species spatial and environmental distributions. Results indicate a strong relationship between model performance and the kinds of species distributions being modelled. Some methods performed generally better, but no method was superior in all circumstances. A suggestion is made that choice of the appropriate method should be contingent on the goals and kinds of distributions being modelled.

Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 470

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  • , Overlap between Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning grounds and observed Deepwater Horizon surface oil in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.034, 64, 4, (679-687), (2012).
  • , Nest-site preferences of Eleonora’s Falcon (Falco eleonorae) on uninhabited islets of the Aegean Sea using GIS and species distribution models, Journal of Ornithology, 153, 3, (663), (2012).
  • , Comparison of five modelling techniques to predict the spatial distribution and abundance of seabirds, Biological Conservation, 156, (94), (2012).
  • , Application of a habitat model to define calving habitat of the North Atlantic right whale in the southeastern United States, Endangered Species Research, 18, 1, (73), (2012).
  • , Predicting the Current and Future Potential Distributions of Lymphatic Filariasis in Africa Using Maximum Entropy Ecological Niche Modelling, PLoS ONE, 7, 2, (e32202), (2012).
  • , Decadal-scale responses of larval fish assemblages to multiple ecosystem processes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10.3354/meps09540, 450, (37-53), (2012).
  • , Does longitudinal connectivity loss affect the distribution of freshwater fish?, Ecological Engineering, 48, (70), (2012).
  • , Bioclimatic equilibrium for lichen distributions on disjunct continental landmasses, Botany, 90, 12, (1316), (2012).
  • , Potential effects of climatic change on the distribution of Tetraclinis articulata, an endemic tree from arid Mediterranean ecosystems, Climatic Change, 113, 3-4, (663), (2012).
  • , Are We Predicting the Actual or Apparent Distribution of Temperate Marine Fishes?, PLoS ONE, 7, 4, (e34558), (2012).
  • , Effects of Water Management, Connectivity, and Surrounding Land use on Habitat use by Frogs in Rice Paddies in Japan, Zoological Science, 29, 9, (577), (2012).
  • , Effect of Methodological and Ecological Approaches on Heterogeneity of Nest-Site Selection of a Long-Lived Vulture, PLoS ONE, 7, 3, (e33469), (2012).
  • , Point count duration: five minutes are usually sufficient to model the distribution of bird species and to study the structure of communities for a French landscape, Journal of Ornithology, 153, 2, (491), (2012).
  • , Mapping from heterogeneous biodiversity monitoring data sources, Biodiversity and Conservation, 21, 11, (2927), (2012).
  • , Modelling seasonal changes in the distribution of Common Quail oturnix coturnix in farmland landscapes using remote sensing, Ibis, 154, 4, (703-713), (2012).
  • , Predicting the potential distribution of the beaded lizard and identification of priority areas for conservation, Journal for Nature Conservation, 20, 4, (247), (2012).
  • , Equilibrium of Global Amphibian Species Distributions with Climate, PLoS ONE, 7, 4, (e34420), (2012).
  • , Variation in niche and distribution model performance: The need for a priori assessment of key causal factors, Ecological Modelling, 237-238, (11), (2012).
  • , Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in Europe: The Case of Pest Control by Vertebrates, BioScience, 62, 7, (658), (2012).
  • , Estimating Fractional Snow Cover in Mountain Environments with Fuzzy Classification, International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research, 10.4018/jagr.2012070101, 3, 3, (1-20), (2012).
  • , Development of a quantitative ‘bioassay’ approach for ecosystem mapping, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 10.1080/21513732.2012.686121, 8, 1-2, (71-79), (2012).
  • , Improving coarse species distribution data for conservation planning in biodiversity‐rich, data‐poor, regions: no easy shortcuts, Animal Conservation, 14, 2, (108-110), (2011).
  • , Understanding what controls the spatial distribution of fish populations using a multi‐model approach, Fisheries Oceanography, 20, 1, (1-17), (2010).
  • , Predicting worldwide invasiveness for four major problematic decapods: an evaluation of using different calibration sets, Ecography, 34, 3, (448-459), (2010).
  • , How well does presence‐only‐based species distribution modelling predict assemblage diversity? A case study of the Tenerife flora, Ecography, 34, 1, (31-38), (2011).
  • , Can we model the probability of presence of species without absence data?, Ecography, 34, 6, (1096-1105), (2011).
  • , Ensemble modelling of species distribution: the effects of geographical and environmental ranges, Ecography, 34, 1, (9-17), (2011).
  • , Evaluating models to assess the distribution of Buxus balearica in southern Spain, Applied Vegetation Science, 14, 2, (256-267), (2010).
  • , Finessing atlas data for species distribution models, Diversity and Distributions, 17, 6, (1173-1185), (2011).
  • , Choice of predictor variables as a source of uncertainty in continental‐scale species distribution modelling under climate change, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 6, (904-914), (2011).
  • , Geographical patterns in prediction errors of species distribution models, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 5, (779-788), (2011).
  • , Assessing the effect of prevalence on the predictive performance of species distribution models using simulated data, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 1, (181-192), (2010).
  • , Conserving pelagic habitats: seascape modelling of an oceanic top predator, Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 1, (121-132), (2010).
  • , Modelling potential distribution of the threatened tree species Juniperus oxycedrus: how to evaluate the predictions of different modelling approaches?, Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, 4, (647-659), (2011).
  • , Spatial autocorrelation in predictors reduces the impact of positional uncertainty in occurrence data on species distribution modelling, Journal of Biogeography, 38, 8, (1497-1509), (2011).
  • , When the method for mapping species matters: defining priority areas for conservation of African freshwater turtles, Diversity and Distributions, 17, 4, (581-592), (2011).
  • , Assessing the environmental requirements of invaders using ensembles of distribution models, Diversity and Distributions, 17, 1, (13-24), (2010).
  • , Community versus single‐species distribution models for British plants, Journal of Biogeography, 38, 8, (1524-1535), (2011).
  • , An improved multi‐scale approach to modeling habitat occupancy of northern bobwhite, The Journal of Wildlife Management, 75, 8, (1700-1709), (2011).
  • , Comparison of statistical and theoretical habitat models for conservation planning: the benefit of ensemble prediction, Ecological Applications, 21, 6, (2269-2282), (2011).
  • , Modeling plant ranges over 75 years of climate change in California, USA: temporal transferability and species traits, Ecological Monographs, 81, 2, (241-257), (2011).
  • , Criteria for assessing climate change impacts on ecosystems, Ecology and Evolution, 1, 1, (63-72), (2011).
  • , Modelling phytoclimatic versatility as a large scale indicator of adaptive capacity to climate change in forest ecosystems, Ecological Modelling, 222, 8, (1436), (2011).
  • , Influence of landscape structure on endemic cicadas in New Zealand kiwifruit orchards, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 13, 3, (259-271), (2010).
  • , Habitat preference of endangered Eastern Iberian Reed BuntingsEmberiza schoeniclus witherbyi, Bird Study, 58, 3, (238), (2011).
  • , Assessing riparian vegetation structure and the influence of land use using landscape metrics and geostatistical tools, Landscape and Urban Planning, 99, 2, (166), (2011).
  • , Modelling species distributions with penalised logistic regressions: A comparison with maximum entropy models, Ecological Modelling, 222, 13, (2037), (2011).
  • , Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.021, 144, 3, (1025-1035), (2011).
  • , Geographic sampling bias in the South African Frog Atlas Project: implications for conservation planning, Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 1, (119), (2011).
  • , Mapping population change index in Southern Serbia (1961–2027) as a function of environmental factors, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35, 1, (35), (2011).
  • , Surface area processing in GIS for different mountain regions, Forestry Studies in China, 13, 4, (311), (2011).
  • , Influence of different species range types on the perception of macroecological patterns, Systematics and Biodiversity, 9, 2, (159), (2011).
  • , Predicting the biodiversity response to climate change: challenges and advances, Systematics and Biodiversity, 10.1080/14772000.2011.634448, 9, 4, (307-317), (2011).
  • , Exploring the effects of quantity and location of pseudo-absences and sampling biases on the performance of distribution models with limited point occurrence data, Journal for Nature Conservation, 19, 1, (1), (2011).
  • , Climate Niche Constraints in Two Coexisting Steppe Birds: The Little and the Great Bustards, Ardeola, 58, 2, (223), (2011).
  • , Choice of threshold alters projections of species range shifts under climate change, Ecological Modelling, 222, 18, (3346), (2011).
  • , Prioritisation of novel pasture species for use in water-limited agriculture: a case study of Cullen in the Western Australian wheatbelt, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 58, 1, (83), (2011).
  • , Evaluating the effects of climate change on tree species abundance and distribution in the Italian peninsula, Applied Vegetation Science, 14, 2, (242-255), (2011).
  • , Evaluation of modelling techniques for forest site productivity prediction in contrasting ecoregions using stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA), Environmental Modelling & Software, 26, 7, (929), (2011).
  • , Prediction of marine species distribution from presence–absence acoustic data: comparing the fitting efficiency and the predictive capacity of conventional and novel distribution models, Hydrobiologia, 670, 1, (241), (2011).
  • , Modelling the distribution of the invasive Roesel’s bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii) in a fragmented landscape, NeoBiota, 11, (33), (2011).
  • , Geospatial tools address emerging issues in spatial ecology: a review and commentary on the Special Issue, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 10.1080/13658816.2011.554296, 25, 3, (337-365), (2011).
  • , Species distribution modelling—Effect of design and sample size of pseudo-absence observations, Ecological Modelling, 222, 11, (1800), (2011).
  • , Performance of predictive models in marine benthic environments based on predictions of sponge distribution on the Australian continental shelf, Ecological Informatics, 6, 3-4, (205), (2011).
  • , A landscape scale spatial model for semi-natural broadleaf woodland expansion in Wales, UK, Journal for Nature Conservation, 19, 1, (43), (2011).
  • , Effects of the Training Dataset Characteristics on the Performance of Nine Species Distribution Models: Application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, PLoS ONE, 6, 6, (e20957), (2011).
  • , Effects of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the spatial distribution of Quercus faginea in the Spanish Central Pyrenees, Plant Ecology, 212, 6, (999), (2011).
  • , Application of Spectral and Environmental Variables to Map the Kissimmee Prairie Ecosystem Using Classification Trees, GIScience & Remote Sensing, 48, 3, (299), (2011).
  • , Comparing machine learning classifiers in potential distribution modelling, Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 5, (5268), (2011).
  • , Modelling Species' Climatic Distributions Under Habitat Constraints: A Case Study withCoturnix coturnix, Annales Zoologici Fennici, 48, 3, (147), (2011).
  • , Predicting potential distributions of geographic events using one-class data: concepts and methods, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25, 10, (1697), (2011).
  • , Not developed yet? Alternative ways to include locations without changes in land use change models, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25, 10, (1613), (2011).
  • , Assessing conservation priorities of xenarthrans in Argentina, Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 1, (141), (2011).
  • , Spatial modelling of disease using data- and knowledge-driven approaches, Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 2, 3, (125), (2011).
  • , The Contribution of Vegetation and Landscape Configuration for Predicting Environmental Change Impacts on Iberian Birds, PLoS ONE, 6, 12, (e29373), (2011).
  • , Determining factors that influence the dispersal of a pelagic species: A comparison between artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms, Ecological Modelling, 222, 10, (1657), (2011).
  • , A predictive modelling technique for human population distribution and abundance estimation using remote-sensing and geospatial data in a rural mountainous area in Kenya, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10.1080/01431161.2010.499383, 32, 21, (5997-6023), (2011).
  • , Local knowledge and species distribution models’ contribution towards mammalian conservation, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.014, 144, 5, (1451-1463), (2011).
  • , Profile or group discriminative techniques? Generating reliable species distribution models using pseudo‐absences and target‐group absences from natural history collections, Diversity and Distributions, 16, 1, (84-94), (2009).
  • , Use of simulated data from a process‐based habitat model to evaluate methods for predicting species occurrence, Ecography, 33, 4, (656-666), (2010).
  • , The uncertain nature of absences and their importance in species distribution modelling, Ecography, 33, 1, (103-114), (2010).
  • , Testing the accuracy of species distribution models using species records from a new field survey, Oikos, 119, 8, (1326-1334), (2010).
  • , The effects of climate data precision on fitting and projecting species niche models, Ecography, 33, 1, (115-127), (2010).
  • , Ensemble forecasting shifts in climatically suitable areas for Tropidacris cristata (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae), Insect Conservation and Diversity, 3, 3, (213-221), (2010).
  • , Moving beyond static species distribution models in support of conservation biogeography, Diversity and Distributions, 16, 3, (321-330), (2010).
  • , Effects of the number of presences on reliability and stability of MARS species distribution models: the importance of regional niche variation and ecological heterogeneity, Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 5, (908-922), (2010).
  • , Seamounts as refugia from ocean acidification for cold‐water stony corals, Marine Ecology, 31, s1, (212-225), (2010).
  • , Species Distribution Modeling, Geography Compass, 4, 6, (490-509), (2010).
  • , Weak climatic associations among British plant distributions, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 6, (831-841), (2010).
  • , Species traits affect the performance of species distribution models for plants in southern California, Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 1, (177-189), (2009).
  • , Uncertainty in ensemble forecasting of species distribution, Global Change Biology, 16, 4, (1145-1157), (2009).
  • , Climate change scenarios and models yield conflicting predictions about the future risk of an invasive species in North America, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 12, 3, (213-221), (2010).
  • , Use of Coarse‐Resolution Models of Species’ Distributions to Guide Local Conservation Inferences, Conservation Biology, 24, 5, (1378-1387), (2010).
  • , Combining local‐ and large‐scale models to predict the distributions of invasive plant species, Ecological Applications, 20, 2, (311-326), (2010).
  • , Predicting range shifts of northern bird species: Influence of modelling technique and topography, Acta Oecologica, 36, 3, (269), (2010).
  • , Developing Global Maps of the Dominant Anopheles Vectors of Human Malaria, PLoS Medicine, 7, 2, (e1000209), (2010).
  • , Modeling a spatially restricted distribution in the Neotropics: How the size of calibration area affects the performance of five presence-only methods, Ecological Modelling, 221, 2, (215), (2010).
  • , Toward a new instrument for identifying the Italian hotspots of biodiversity: A case study of the amphibians and reptiles of Sicily, Italian Journal of Zoology, 77, 4, (453), (2010).
  • , Classification in conservation biology: A comparison of five machine-learning methods, Ecological Informatics, 5, 6, (441), (2010).
  • , How many studies are necessary to compare niche-based models for geographic distributions? Inductive reasoning may fail at the end, Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70, 2, (263), (2010).
  • , Ecological relevance of performance criteria for species distribution models, Ecological Modelling, 221, 16, (1995), (2010).
  • , Predictive performance of plant species distribution models depends on species traits, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 12, 3, (219), (2010).
  • , Indication of a species in an extinction vortex: The ocellated turkey on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, Acta Oecologica, 36, 6, (561), (2010).
  • , Estimating the spatio-temporal risk of disease epidemics using a bioclimatic niche model, Ecological Modelling, 221, 23, (2828), (2010).
  • , Spatial evaluation model for assessing and mapping impacts on threatened species in regions adjacent to Natura 2000 sites due to dam construction, Ecological Engineering, 36, 8, (1017), (2010).
  • , Combining multiple models to predict the geographical distribution of the Baru tree (Dipteryx alata Vogel) in the Brazilian Cerrado, Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70, 4, (911), (2010).
  • , Deriving the Species Richness Distribution of Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Mexico From the Overlap of Individual Model Predictions, Environmental Entomology, 39, 1, (42), (2010).
  • , Habitat–performance relationships: finding the right metric at a given spatial scale, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rstb.2010.0085, 365, 1550, (2255-2265), (2010).
  • , Simulating the effects of using different types of species distribution data in reserve selection, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.010, 143, 2, (426-438), (2010).
  • , Invasive and flexible: niche shift in the drosophilid Zaprionus indianus (Insecta, Diptera), Biological Invasions, 10.1007/s10530-009-9542-0, 12, 5, (1231-1241), (2009).
  • , Sampling bias and the use of ecological niche modeling in conservation planning: a field evaluation in a biodiversity hotspot, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10.1007/s10531-009-9746-8, 19, 3, (883-899), (2009).
  • , Does plot size affect the performance of GIS-based species distribution models?, Journal of Geographical Systems, 10.1007/s10109-010-0106-8, 12, 4, (389-407), (2010).
  • , Using species distribution models to guide conservation at the state level: the endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) in Oklahoma, Journal of Insect Conservation, 10.1007/s10841-010-9280-8, 14, 5, (511-521), (2010).
  • , Predicting the occurrence of rare Brazilian birds with species distribution models, Journal of Ornithology, 10.1007/s10336-010-0523-y, 151, 4, (857-866), (2010).
  • , A model of vegetation pattern at the Verkhneussuriysky Biogeocenotic Station, Russian Journal of Ecology, 10.1134/S1067413610040053, 41, 4, (307-315), (2010).
  • , Is current climatic equilibrium a guarantee for the transferability of distribution model predictions? A case study of the spotted hyena, Journal of Biogeography, 36, 9, (1645-1655), (2009).
  • , Modelling species distribution in complex environments: an evaluation of predictive ability and reliability in five shorebird species, Diversity and Distributions, 15, 2, (266-279), (2008).
  • , Do species distribution models explain spatial structure within tree species ranges?, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 6, (662-673), (2009).
  • , Richness patterns, species distributions and the principle of extreme deconstruction, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 2, (123-136), (2009).
  • , Beta diversity of plant–insect food webs in tropical forests: a conceptual framework, Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2, 1, (5-9), (2008).
  • , NeuralEnsembles: a neural network based ensemble forecasting program for habitat and bioclimatic suitability analysis, Ecography, 32, 1, (89-93), (2008).
  • , Individualistic vs community modelling of species distributions under climate change, Ecography, 32, 1, (55-65), (2009).
  • , Static species distribution models in dynamically changing systems: how good can predictions really be?, Ecography, 32, 5, (733-744), (2009).
  • , Differences in spatial predictions among species distribution modeling methods vary with species traits and environmental predictors, Ecography, 32, 6, (907-918), (2009).
  • , Partitioning and mapping uncertainties in ensembles of forecasts of species turnover under climate change, Ecography, 32, 6, (897-906), (2009).
  • , Land‐cover data improve bioclimatic models for anurans and turtles at a regional scale, Journal of Biogeography, 36, 9, (1656-1672), (2009).
  • , A critical assessment of two species distribution models: a case study of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), Journal of Biogeography, 36, 12, (2300-2312), (2009).
  • , Using presence signs to discriminate between similar species, Integrative Zoology, 4, 3, (258-264), (2009).
  • , Historically calibrated predictions of butterfly species' range shift using global change as a pseudo‐experiment, Ecology, 90, 8, (2213-2222), (2009).
  • , Effect of species rarity on the accuracy of species distribution models for reptiles and amphibians in southern California, Diversity and Distributions, 15, 1, (167-177), (2008).
  • , Evaluation of consensus methods in predictive species distribution modelling, Diversity and Distributions, 15, 1, (59-69), (2008).
  • , Different climatic envelopes among invasive populations may lead to underestimations of current and future biological invasions, Diversity and Distributions, 15, 3, (409-420), (2009).
  • , Conservation biogeography of mammals in the Cerrado biome under the unified theory of macroecology, Acta Oecologica, 35, 5, (630), (2009).
  • , Prevalence-adjusted optimisation of fuzzy models for species distribution, Ecological Modelling, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.020, 220, 15, (1776-1786), (2009).
  • , Major current and future gaps of Brazilian reserves to protect Neotropical savanna birds, Biological Conservation, 142, 12, (3039), (2009).
  • , Linking density, productivity and trends of an endangered species: The Bonelli's eagle in Spain, Acta Oecologica, 35, 3, (341), (2009).
  • , Invasive species distribution modeling (iSDM): Are absence data and dispersal constraints needed to predict actual distributions?, Ecological Modelling, 220, 23, (3248), (2009).
  • , Spatial patterns of species richness in New World coral snakes and the metabolic theory of ecology, Acta Oecologica, 35, 2, (163), (2009).
  • , Ecological niche modelling of the distribution of cold-water coral habitat using underwater remote sensing data, Ecological Informatics, 4, 2, (83), (2009).
  • , PredictingLeptodactylus(Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) Distributions: Broad-Ranging Versus Patchily Distributed Species Using a Presence-Only Environmental Niche Modeling Technique, South American Journal of Herpetology, 4, 2, (103), (2009).
  • , Using distribution models to test alternative hypotheses about a species’ environmental limits and recovery prospects, Biological Conservation, 142, 3, (488), (2009).
  • , Predicting Geographic Distribution of Seven Forensically Significant Blowfly Species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa, African Entomology, 17, 2, (170), (2009).
  • , Species Distribution Models Do Not Account for Abundance: The Case of Arthropods on Terceira Island, Annales Zoologici Fennici, 46, 6, (451), (2009).
  • , Factors influencing large-scale distribution of two sister species of pine voles (Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus): the importance of spatial autocorrelation, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 87, 12, (1227), (2009).
  • , Bibliography, Geomorphometry - Concepts, Software, Applications, 10.1016/S0166-2481(08)00033-0, (653-694), (2009).
  • , Modelling and spatial discrimination of small mammal assemblages: An example from western Sichuan (China), Ecological Modelling, 220, 9-10, (1218), (2009).
  • , The performance of state-of-the-art modelling techniques depends on geographical distribution of species, Ecological Modelling, 220, 24, (3512), (2009).
  • , The effect of species response form on species distribution model prediction and inference, Ecological Modelling, 220, 19, (2365), (2009).
  • , Modelling species distributions with high resolution remote sensing data to delineate patterns of plant diversity in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso, Recent Advances in Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing for Land Degradation Assessment, 10.1201/9780203875445.ch13, (199-209), (2010).
  • , Multispecies Conservation Planning on U.S. Federal Lands, Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes, 10.1016/B978-0-12-373631-4.00003-4, (51-83), (2009).
  • , Transferability of environmental favourability models in geographic space: The case of the Iberian desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) in Portugal and Spain, Ecological Modelling, 220, 5, (747), (2009).
  • , Valuing coastal habitats: predicting high-tide roosts of non-breeding migratory shorebirds from landscape composition, Emu - Austral Ornithology, 109, 2, (107), (2009).
  • , Chapter 21 Vegetation Mapping Applications, Geomorphometry - Concepts, Software, Applications, 10.1016/S0166-2481(08)00021-4, (481-496), (2009).
  • , Lessons Learned from Using GIS to Model Landscape-Level Wildlife Habitat, Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes, 10.1016/B978-0-12-373631-4.00011-3, (287-320), (2009).
  • , Using summed individual species models and state-of-the-art modelling techniques to identify threatened plant species hotspots, Biological Conservation, 142, 11, (2501), (2009).
  • , Dynamics of range margins for metapopulations under climate change, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rspb.2008.1681, 276, 1661, (1415-1420), (2009).
  • , Assessing extinction-risk of endangered plants using species distribution models: a case study of habitat depletion caused by the spread of greenhouses, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10.1007/s10531-009-9604-8, 18, 9, (2509-2520), (2009).
  • , Landscape fragmentation and habitat suitability in endangered Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) and European hare (Lepus europaeus) populations, European Journal of Wildlife Research, 10.1007/s10344-009-0256-5, 55, 4, (385-396), (2009).
  • , A multiple approach for the evaluation of the spatial distribution and dynamics of a forest habitat: the case of Apennine beech forests with Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10.1007/s10531-009-9629-z, 18, 12, (3099-3113), (2009).
  • , Niche modelling and landscape genetics of Caryocar brasiliense (“Pequi” tree: Caryocaraceae) in Brazilian Cerrado: an integrative approach for evaluating central–peripheral population patterns, Tree Genetics & Genomes, 10.1007/s11295-009-0214-0, 5, 4, (617-627), (2009).
  • , Effect of characteristics of butterfly species on the accuracy of distribution models in an arid environment, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10.1007/s10531-009-9668-5, 18, 13, (3629-3641), (2009).
  • , Measuring Evolutionary Constraints Through the Dimensionality of the Phenotype: Adjusted Bootstrap Method to Estimate Rank of Phenotypic Covariance Matrices, Evolutionary Biology, 10.1007/s11692-009-9066-7, 36, 3, (339-353), (2009).
  • , Modelling the spatial distribution of tree species with fragmented populations from abundance data, Community Ecology, 10.1556/ComEc.10.2009.2.12, 10, 2, (215-224), (2009).
  • , The effect of prevalence and its interaction with sample size on the reliability of species distribution models, Community Ecology, 10.1556/ComEc.10.2009.2.9, 10, 2, (196-205), (2009).
  • , Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 1, (59-71), (2007).
  • , Modelling stream fish species distribution in a river network: the relative effects of temperature versus physical factors, Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 17, 2, (244-257), (2007).
  • , Not as good as they seem: the importance of concepts in species distribution modelling, Diversity and Distributions, 14, 6, (885-890), (2008).
  • , Application of common predictive habitat techniques for post‐border weed risk management, Diversity and Distributions, 14, 2, (213-224), (2007).
  • , Species traits are associated with the quality of bioclimatic models, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 3, (403-414), (2008).
  • , Historical bias in biodiversity inventories affects the observed environmental niche of the species, Oikos, 117, 6, (847-858), (2008).
  • , Modelling the occurrence and abundance of a colonial species, the arctic tern Sterna paradisaea in the archipelago of SW Finland, Ecography, 31, 5, (601-611), (2008).
  • , Usefulness of Bioclimatic Models for Studying Climate Change and Invasive Species, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134, 1, (1-24), (2008).
  • , FINE‐SCALE HABITAT MODELING OF A TOP MARINE PREDATOR: DO PREY DATA IMPROVE PREDICTIVE CAPACITY, Ecological Applications, 18, 7, (1702-1717), (2008).
  • , Will climate change be beneficial or detrimental to the invasive swede midge in North America? Contrasting predictions using climate projections from different general circulation models, Global Change Biology, 14, 8, (1721-1733), (2008).
  • , Spatial scale affects bioclimate model projections of climate change impacts on mountain plants, Global Change Biology, 14, 5, (1089-1103), (2008).
  • , Adapting landscapes to climate change: examples of climate‐proof ecosystem networks and priority adaptation zones, Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 6, (1722-1731), (2008).
  • , Use of Community‐Composition Data to Predict the Fecundity and Abundance of Species, Conservation Biology, 22, 6, (1523-1532), (2008).
  • , Predicting species distributions across the Amazonian and Andean regions using remote sensing data, Journal of Biogeography, 35, 7, (1160-1176), (2008).
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  • , Modelling the potential geographic distribution of invasive ant species in New Zealand, Biological Invasions, 10.1007/s10530-006-9072-y, 9, 6, (723-735), (2006).
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  • , Predicting the spatial distribution of an invasive plant species (Eupatorium adenophorum) in China, Landscape Ecology, 10.1007/s10980-007-9096-4, 22, 8, (1143-1154), (2007).
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  • , Response of British lichens to climate change scenarios: Trends and uncertainties in the projected impact for contrasting biogeographic groups, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.08.016, 140, 3-4, (217-235), (2007).
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  • , Environmental and geographical factors affecting the Iberian distribution of flightless Jekelius species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae), Diversity and Distributions, 12, 2, (179-188), (2006).
  • , Will climate change affect ectoparasite species ranges?, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 5, (486-497), (2006).
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  • , Modelling the influence of change in fire regime on the local distribution of a Mediterranean pyrophytic plant species (Cistus salviifolius) at its northern range limit, Journal of Biogeography, 33, 8, (1492-1502), (2006).
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  • , Assessing the vulnerability of agricultural land use and species to climate change and the role of policy in facilitating adaptation, Environmental Science & Policy, 9, 2, (189), (2006).
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  • , Soil nutritional factors improve models of plant species distribution: an illustration with Acer campestre (L.) in France, Journal of Biogeography, 33, 10, (1750-1763), (2006).
  • , Habitat history improves prediction of biodiversity in rainforest fauna, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 3, (632), (2006).
  • , Predicting habitat suitability with machine learning models: The potential area of Pinus sylvestris L. in the Iberian Peninsula, Ecological Modelling, 197, 3-4, (383), (2006).
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  • , Evaluation of four modelling techniques to predict the potential distribution of ticks using indigenous cattle infestations as calibration data, Experimental and Applied Acarology, 10.1007/s10493-006-9001-x, 39, 2, (163-176), (2006).
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  • , Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change, Global Change Biology, 11, 9, (1504-1513), (2005).
  • , Niche‐based modelling as a tool for predicting the risk of alien plant invasions at a global scale, Global Change Biology, 11, 12, (2234-2250), (2005).
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  • , Response of spatial vegetation distribution in China to climate changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0175742, 12, 4, (e0175742), (2017).
  • , Using Landscape and Bioclimatic Features to Predict the Distribution of Lions, Leopards and Spotted Hyaenas in Tanzania's Ruaha Landscape, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0096261, 9, 5, (e96261), (2014).
  • , Consensus Forecasting of Species Distributions: The Effects of Niche Model Performance and Niche Properties, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0120056, 10, 3, (e0120056), (2015).
  • , Comparing pseudo-absences generation techniques in Boosted Regression Trees models for conservation purposes: A case study on amphibians in a protected area, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0187589, 12, 11, (e0187589), (2017).
  • , Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. in the central and eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran, iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 10.3832/ifor2559-011, 11, 5, (643-650), (2018).
  • , Reducing Wallacean shortfalls for the coralsnakes of the Micrurus lemniscatus species complex: Present and future distributions under a changing climate, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0205164, 13, 11, (e0205164), (2018).
  • , Modelling the spatial distribution of three Portunidae crabs in Haizhou Bay, China, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0207457, 13, 11, (e0207457), (2018).
  • , Predicting the effect of climate change on tree species abundance and distribution at a regional scale, iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 10.3832/ifor0467-0010132, 1, 4, (132-139), (2008).
  • , A review of evidence about use and performance of species distribution modelling ensembles like BIOMOD, Diversity and Distributions, , (2019).
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