Exploring the Impact of School Discipline on Racial Disproportion in the Juvenile Justice System†
†
*Direct correspondence to Sean Nicholson‐Crotty, University of Missouri, Department of Political Science, 217 Professional Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211 〈nicholsoncrottys@missouri.edu〉, including requests for all data and coding information necessary to replicate the study.
Abstract
It is widely recognized that African‐American youth are significantly overrepresented in many juvenile justice systems relative to their population percentages. Research has also determined that similar disproportion exists in school discipline and speculated about a “school‐to‐prison pipeline” for minority youth.
Objective. This study explores empirically the degree to which disciplinary decisions made in schools can help to explain observed rates of disproportionate minority contact with juvenile courts.
Methods. It does so in an assessment of education and justice system data from a sample of counties in Missouri.
Results. The findings suggest that racial disproportion in out‐of‐school suspensions, which cannot be explained solely by differences in delinquent behavior, is strongly associated with similar levels of disproportion in juvenile court referrals. The association between disproportionate patterns of school discipline and court referrals persists after controlling for poverty, urbanization, and other relevant factors.
Conclusions. The implication is that school‐based programs that offer alternatives to suspension and expulsion and promote disciplinary equity may help alleviate racial disproportion in the juvenile justice system.
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