Volume 48, Issue 2
Article

Extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal characters

János Podani

E-mail address: podani@ludens.elte.hu

Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Eötvös University, Ludovika tér 2, H‐1083 Budapest, Hungary

Search for more papers by this author
First published: 01 May 1999
Citations: 174

Summary

Podani, J.: Extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal characters. – Taxon 48: 331‐340. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The possibilities of calculating similarity based on ordinal characters are evaluated by distinguishing subtypes of the ordinal scale. Multivariate analysis is most problematic when ordinal variables appear together with other scale types in the data. This difficulty is solved by extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal data types, facilitating cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Two alternatives, a non‐metric and a metric version, are offered. The modified formula implies that ordinal variables are equally weighted with the others, and that partially and fully ranked data are both applicable, due to the inherent standardisation procedure. A morphological data set derived for the moss genus Tortula illustrates the new approach.

Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 174

  • On the interpretation of surprisingly high variation of soil map diversity in country-wide study of flood-affected agroecosystems using the legacy data in the Czech Republic, Geoderma, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114732, 383, (114732), (2021).
  • The Impact of Increasing and Decreasing the Professionalism of News Webpage Aesthetics on the Perception of Bias in News Articles, Human-Computer Interaction. Design and User Experience, 10.1007/978-3-030-49059-1_50, (686-710), (2020).
  • Seed density is as important as limiting similarity, diversity effect, and propagule pressure in plant restoration to control invasion, Ecological Engineering, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105712, 144, (105712), (2020).
  • High similarity and management-driven differences in the traits of a diverse pool of invasive stormwater pond plants, Landscape and Urban Planning, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103839, 201, (103839), (2020).
  • Evolutionary constraints and adaptation shape the size and colour of rain forest fruits and flowers at continental scale, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.13065, 29, 5, (830-841), (2020).
  • Atg3 promotes Atg8 lipidation via altering lipid diffusion and rearrangement, Protein Science, 10.1002/pro.3866, 29, 6, (1511-1523), (2020).
  • Morphological sorting of introduced freshwater fish species within and between donor realms, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.13054, 29, 5, (803-813), (2020).
  • Is Motor Side Onset of Parkinson's Disease a Risk Factor for Developing Impulsive‐Compulsive Behavior? A Cross‐Sectional Study, Movement Disorders, 10.1002/mds.28053, 35, 6, (1080-1081), (2020).
  • Latitudinal biodiversity gradients at three levels: Linking species richness, population richness and genetic diversity, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.13075, 29, 5, (770-788), (2020).
  • Coastal eutrophication as a potential driver of functional homogenization of copepod species assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea, Ecological Indicators, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106388, 115, (106388), (2020).
  • Island properties dominate species traits in determining plant colonizations in an archipelago system, Ecography, 10.1111/ecog.05013, 43, 7, (1041-1051), (2020).
  • Traits and depth: What do hydroids tell us about morphology and life‐history strategies in the deep sea?, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.13074, 29, 5, (908-924), (2020).
  • Production of Evidence-Based Informed Consent (EBIC) With Meaning Equivalence Reusable Learning Objects (MERLO), Pedagogy for Conceptual Thinking and Meaning Equivalence, 10.4018/978-1-7998-1985-1.ch005, (86-116), (2020).
  • External Logistic Biplots for Mixed Types of Data, Advanced Studies in Classification and Data Science, 10.1007/978-981-15-3311-2_14, (169-183), (2020).
  • Contextual Anomaly Detection in Solder Paste Inspection with Multi-Task Learning, ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 10.1145/3383261, 11, 6, (1-17), (2020).
  • Long-term ecological research in southern Brazil grasslands: Effects of grazing exclusion and deferred grazing on plant and arthropod communities, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0227706, 15, 1, (e0227706), (2020).
  • Introduced and native plant species composition of vacant unmanaged green roofs in New York City, Urban Ecosystems, 10.1007/s11252-020-00992-6, (2020).
  • Urbanization Effects on Biodiversity Revealed by a Two-Scale Analysis of Species Functional Uniqueness vs. Redundancy, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10.3389/fevo.2020.00073, 8, (2020).
  • A morphometric and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the African orchid genus Stenoglottis (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 10.1093/botlinnean/boaa018, (2020).
  • Decomposing the Causes for Niche Differentiation Between Species Using Hypervolumes, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10.3389/fevo.2020.00243, 8, (2020).
  • Changes in functional composition and diversity of waterbirds: The roles of water level and submerged macrophytes, Freshwater Biology, 10.1111/fwb.13531, 0, 0, (2020).
  • Numerical soil classification supports soil identification by citizen scientists using limited, simple soil observations, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 10.1002/saj2.20119, 0, 0, (2020).
  • Shifts in the community composition of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in a subtropical river over three decades, Ecological Entomology, 10.1111/een.12822, 45, 3, (514-524), (2019).
  • Multidecadal shifts in fish community diversity across a dynamic biogeographic transition zone, Diversity and Distributions, 10.1111/ddi.13000, 26, 1, (93-107), (2019).
  • The Magellanic Province and its fish fauna (South America): Several provinces or one?, Journal of Biogeography, 10.1111/jbi.13735, 47, 1, (220-234), (2019).
  • Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: Insights from beta diversity partitioning, Journal of Biogeography, 10.1111/jbi.13722, 47, 1, (288-300), (2019).
  • Alternative pathways to diversity across ecologically distinct lizard radiations, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.13044, 29, 3, (454-469), (2019).
  • What makes a species a priority for nature conservation?, Animal Conservation, 10.1111/acv.12512, 23, 1, (28-35), (2019).
  • Direct and indirect effects of forest management on tree-hole inhabiting aquatic organisms and their functional traits, Science of The Total Environment, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135418, (135418), (2019).
  • Techno‐economic analysis of novel power generation system based on coal partial gasification technology, Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 10.1002/apj.2377, 14, 6, (2019).
  • Minimum sensitivity coupled resonators and biquads, International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 10.1002/cta.2683, 47, 9, (1383-1401), (2019).
  • An efficient voltage to delay conversion method for DCVSL cells and its application in high speed all‐digital time‐based quantization, International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 10.1002/cta.2673, 47, 9, (1417-1434), (2019).
  • Power efficient low latency architecture for decoder: Breaking the ACS bottleneck, International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 10.1002/cta.2663, 47, 9, (1513-1528), (2019).
  • Trait-based community assembly of epiphytic diatoms in saline astatic ponds: a test of the stress-dominance hypothesis, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-019-52304-4, 9, 1, (2019).
  • undefined, Proceedings of the XV Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems - SBSI'19, 10.1145/3330204.3330205, (1-8), (2019).
  • Phytoplankton functional composition shows higher seasonal variability in a large shallow lake after a eutrophic past, Ecosphere, 10.1002/ecs2.2684, 10, 5, (2019).
  • Assessment of congruence between co-occurrence and functional networks: A new framework for revealing community assembly rules, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-019-56515-7, 9, 1, (2019).
  • hydrotalcite, Catalysis from A to Z, 10.1002/9783527809080, (2019).
  • hydrothermal decarboxylation, Catalysis from A to Z, 10.1002/9783527809080, (2019).
  • hydrothiolation, Catalysis from A to Z, 10.1002/9783527809080, (2019).
  • hydrothermal synthesis, Catalysis from A to Z, 10.1002/9783527809080, (2019).
  • Pattern Recognition Using Clustering Analysis to Support Transportation System Management, Operations, and Modeling, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 10.1155/2019/1628417, 2019, (1-12), (2019).
  • Evolutionary histories impart structure into marine fish heterospecific co‐occurrence networks, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.12934, 28, 9, (1310-1324), (2019).
  • Land‐sparing agriculture sustains higher levels of avian functional diversity than land sharing, Global Change Biology, 10.1111/gcb.14601, 25, 5, (1576-1590), (2019).
  • Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of Hakea and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems, Evolution, 10.1111/evo.13769, 73, 7, (1392-1410), (2019).
  • Clustering and ensembling approaches to support surrogate‐based species management, Diversity and Distributions, 10.1111/ddi.12933, 25, 8, (1246-1258), (2019).
  • Defining a new autoecological trait matrix for French stream benthic diatoms, Ecological Indicators, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.055, 103, (650-658), (2019).
  • Functional convergence in macroalgal assemblages of isolated coral reefs in the Mozambique Channel, Marine Biology, 10.1007/s00227-019-3470-z, 166, 3, (2019).
  • Comparison Between k-Means and k-Medoids for Mixed Variables Clustering, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Statistics (iCMS2017), 10.1007/978-981-13-7279-7, (303-308), (2019).
  • ED Door-to-Antibiotic Time and Long-term Mortality in Sepsis, Chest, 10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.008, 155, 5, (938-946), (2019).
  • Land cover change homogenizes functional and phylogenetic diversity within and among African savanna bird assemblages, Landscape Ecology, 10.1007/s10980-019-00939-z, (2019).
  • Derivation of scaled design premises for future vehicle concepts based on a forecast of travel demand using the example of a commercial fully automated on-demand fleet, Automotive and Engine Technology, 10.1007/s41104-019-00042-0, (2019).
  • Latitudinal patterns in phylogenetic and functional diversity of Diptera in temperate bogs, The Canadian Entomologist, 10.4039/tce.2019.5, (1-22), (2019).
  • Distance‐based clustering of mixed data, WIREs Computational Statistics , 10.1002/wics.1456, 11, 3, (2018).
  • Association Measures and Matrices, Numerical Ecology with R, 10.1007/978-3-319-71404-2_3, (35-57), (2018).
  • Taxonomic and functional diversity change is scale dependent, Nature Communications, 10.1038/s41467-018-04889-z, 9, 1, (2018).
  • Cross-taxon congruence and relationships to stand characteristics of vascular plants, bryophytes, polyporous fungi and beetles in mature managed boreal forests, Ecological Indicators, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.036, 85, (137-145), (2018).
  • Integrating social media analysis and revealed preference methods to value the recreation services of ecologically engineered wetlands, Ecosystem Services, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.12.012, 31, (351-357), (2018).
  • Presenting multivariate statistical protocols in R using Roman wine amphorae productions in Catalonia, Spain, Journal of Archaeological Science, 10.1016/j.jas.2018.03.007, 93, (150-165), (2018).
  • Effects of the invasive herb Ageratina adenophora on understory plant communities and tree seedling growth in Pinus yunnanensis forests in Yunnan, China , Journal of Forest Research, 10.1080/13416979.2018.1429202, 23, 2, (112-119), (2018).
  • Giant Ragweed Invasion is Not Well Controlled by Biotic Resistance, Journal of Plant Biology, 10.1007/s12374-017-0472-6, 61, 5, (301-308), (2018).
  • Comparing species richness, functional diversity and functional composition of waterbird communities along environmental gradients in the neotropics, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0200959, 13, 7, (e0200959), (2018).
  • A Generalized Framework for Analyzing Taxonomic, Phylogenetic, and Functional Community Structure Based on Presence–Absence Data, Mathematics, 10.3390/math6110250, 6, 11, (250), (2018).
  • Micromorphological study of Centaurea L. (Asteraceae); some taxa of eight sections analysed with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, Biologia, 10.2478/s11756-018-00176-w, (2018).
  • Multispecies plant invasion increases function but reduces variability across an understorey metacommunity, Biological Invasions, 10.1007/s10530-018-1883-0, (2018).
  • Evidence for pitcher trait-mediated coexistence between sympatric Nepenthes pitcher plant species across geographical scales , Plant Ecology & Diversity, 10.1080/17550874.2018.1517831, (1-12), (2018).
  • Quantifying and modelling decay in forecast proficiency indicates the limits of transferability in land‐cover classification, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10.1111/2041-210X.12870, 9, 2, (235-244), (2017).
  • Thermal affinity as the dominant factor changing Mediterranean fish abundances, Global Change Biology, 10.1111/gcb.13835, 24, 1, (e80-e89), (2017).
  • Scale dependence of environmental controls on the functional diversity of coral reef fish communities, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.12628, 26, 10, (1177-1189), (2017).
  • Ecological application of biotic resistance to control the invasion of an invasive plant, Ageratina altissima, Ecology and Evolution, 10.1002/ece3.2799, 7, 7, (2181-2192), (2017).
  • Restoration of riparian systems through clearing of invasive plant species improves functional diversity of Odonate assemblages, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.031, 214, (46-54), (2017).
  • A Method for Transforming Ordinal Variables, Data Science, 10.1007/978-3-319-55723-6_22, (285-294), (2017).
  • An assessment of the effectiveness of a long-term ecosystem restoration project in a fynbos shrubland catchment in South Africa, Journal of Environmental Management, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.053, 185, (1-10), (2017).
  • Landuse Change in Savannas Disproportionately Reduces Functional Diversity of Invertebrate Predators at the Highest Trophic Levels: Spiders as an Example, Ecosystems, 10.1007/s10021-017-0194-0, (2017).
  • Clustering of samples and variables with mixed-type data, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0188274, 12, 11, (e0188274), (2017).
  • Trait structure reveals the processes underlying fish establishment in the Mediterranean, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10.1111/geb.12523, 26, 2, (142-153), (2016).
  • A near half‐century of temporal change in different facets of avian diversity, Global Change Biology, 10.1111/gcb.13571, 23, 8, (2999-3011), (2016).
  • Evolutionary Models and Phylogenetic Signal Assessment via Mantel Test, Evolutionary Biology, 10.1007/s11692-016-9396-1, 44, 1, (135-143), (2016).
  • Changes in dispersal and light capturing traits explain post‐abandonment community change in semi‐natural grasslands, Journal of Vegetation Science, 10.1111/jvs.12449, 27, 6, (1222-1232), (2016).
  • Is phylogenetic diversity a good proxy for functional diversity of plant communities? A case study from urban habitats, Journal of Vegetation Science, 10.1111/jvs.12414, 27, 5, (1036-1046), (2016).
  • Morphologically structured vocalizations in female Diana monkeys, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.010, 115, (97-105), (2016).
  • Population-specific co-evolution of offspring anti-predator competence and parental brood defence in Nicaraguan convict cichlids, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 10.1007/s10641-016-0476-y, 99, 4, (325-333), (2016).
  • Hybrid ecosystems can contribute to local biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10.1007/s10531-016-1218-3, 25, 14, (3023-3041), (2016).
  • Integrating similarity analysis and ecosystem service value transfer: Results from a tropical coastal wetland in India, Ecosystem Services, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.014, 22, (73-82), (2016).
  • Patterns and drivers of fish community assembly in a large marine ecosystem, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10.3354/meps11613, 546, (239-248), (2016).
  • Analysis of factors contributing to variation in the C57BL/6J fecal microbiota across German animal facilities, International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.004, 306, 5, (343-355), (2016).
  • Assessing the multicomponent aspect of coral fish diversity: The impact of sampling unit dimensions, Ecological Indicators, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.019, 60, (815-823), (2016).
  • Macroalgae contribute to the diet of Patella vulgata from contrasting conditions of latitude and wave exposure in the UK, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10.3354/meps11691, 549, (113-123), (2016).
  • Faunal Communities Are Invariant to Fragmentation in Experimental Seagrass Landscapes, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0156550, 11, 5, (e0156550), (2016).
  • Linking trait similarity to interspecific spatial associations in a moist tropical forest, Journal of Vegetation Science, 10.1111/jvs.12313, 26, 6, (1068-1079), (2015).
  • Let the concept of indicator species be functional!, Journal of Vegetation Science, 10.1111/jvs.12291, 26, 5, (839-847), (2015).
  • Termite mounds mitigate against 50 years of herbivore-induced reduction of functional diversity of savanna woody plants, Landscape Ecology, 10.1007/s10980-015-0238-9, 30, 10, (2161-2174), (2015).
  • Desert-adapted species are vulnerable to climate change: Insights from the warmest region on Earth, Global Ecology and Conservation, 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.012, 4, (369-379), (2015).
  • An empirical analysis of airline business model convergence, Journal of Air Transport Management, 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.03.008, 46, (3-11), (2015).
  • On Bird Functional Diversity: Species Richness and Functional Differentiation Show Contrasting Responses to Rainfall and Vegetation Structure in an Arid Landscape, Ecosystems, 10.1007/s10021-015-9875-8, 18, 6, (971-984), (2015).
  • Functional identity and diversity of animals predict ecosystem functioning better than species-based indices, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rspb.2014.2620, 282, 1801, (20142620-20142620), (2015).
  • Mixture models for ordinal data: a pairwise likelihood approach, Statistics and Computing, 10.1007/s11222-014-9543-4, 26, 1-2, (529-547), (2014).
  • Co-evolution of offspring antipredator competence and parental brood defense in convict cichlids, Hydrobiologia, 10.1007/s10750-014-1917-2, 748, 1, (259-272), (2014).
  • Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Turkish Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae), Plant Systematics and Evolution, 10.1007/s00606-014-1064-2, 301, 1, (185-199), (2014).
  • Phylogeny, karyotype evolution and taxonomy of Crocus series Verni (Iridaceae), Plant Systematics and Evolution, 10.1007/s00606-014-1074-0, 301, 1, (309-325), (2014).
  • See more

The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties.