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Molecular Ecology
Original Article

Integrating multiple lines of evidence to better understand the evolutionary divergence of humpback dolphins along their entire distribution range: a new dolphin species in Australian waters?

Martin Mendez

Corresponding Author

Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024 USA

Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460 USA

Correspondence: Martin Mendez and Howard C. Rosenbaum, Fax: 718 220 5100; E‐mails:

mmendez@wcs.org

,

hrosenbaum@wcs.org

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Thomas A. Jefferson

Clymene Enterprises, 13037 Yerba Valley Way, Lakeside, CA, 92040 USA

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Sergios‐Orestis Kolokotronis

Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458 USA

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Michael Krützen

Evolutionary Genetics Group, Anthropological Institute & Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH‐8057 Zurich, Switzerland

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Guido J. Parra

Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001 Australia

South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Aquatic Sciences, West Beach, SA, 5024 Australia

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Tim Collins

Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460 USA

Environment Society of Oman, Al‐Khuwair, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

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Giana Minton

Environment Society of Oman, Al‐Khuwair, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Sarawak Dolphin Project, Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

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Robert Baldwin

Environment Society of Oman, Al‐Khuwair, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

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Per Berggren

School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Anna Särnblad

Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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Omar A. Amir

Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania

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Vic M. Peddemors

School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Durban, South Africa

Cronulla Fisheries Reseach Centre, Cronulla, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Leszek Karczmarski

The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar, Shek O, Hong Kong

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Almeida Guissamulo

Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Museu de Historia Natural, Pracça Travessia do Zambeze, Maputo, Mozambique

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Brian Smith

Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460 USA

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Dipani Sutaria

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

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George Amato

Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024 USA

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Howard C. Rosenbaum

Corresponding Author

Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024 USA

Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460 USA

Correspondence: Martin Mendez and Howard C. Rosenbaum, Fax: 718 220 5100; E‐mails:

mmendez@wcs.org

,

hrosenbaum@wcs.org

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First published: 24 September 2013
Cited by: 42
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Abstract

The conservation of humpback dolphins, distributed in coastal waters of the Indo‐West Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans, has been hindered by a lack of understanding about the number of species in the genus (Sousa) and their population structure. To address this issue, we present a combined analysis of genetic and morphologic data collected from beach‐cast, remote‐biopsied and museum specimens from throughout the known Sousa range. We extracted genetic sequence data from 235 samples from extant populations and explored the mitochondrial control region and four nuclear introns through phylogenetic, population‐level and population aggregation frameworks. In addition, 180 cranial specimens from the same geographical regions allowed comparisons of 24 morphological characters through multivariate analyses. The genetic and morphological data showed significant and concordant patterns of geographical segregation, which are typical for the kind of demographic isolation displayed by species units, across the Sousa genus distribution range. Based on our combined genetic and morphological analyses, there is convincing evidence for at least four species within the genus (S. teuszii in the Atlantic off West Africa, S. plumbea in the central and western Indian Ocean, S. chinensis in the eastern Indian and West Pacific Oceans, and a new as‐yet‐unnamed species off northern Australia).

Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 42

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