Long‐term effects of an oral elemental nutritional supplement on post‐gastrectomy body weight loss in gastric cancer patients (KSES002)

Abstract Aim The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of short‐term nutritional intervention with an oral elemental diet (ED; Elental; EA Pharma Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) at 300 kcal/day for 6‐8 weeks in the early post‐gastrectomy period on postoperative long‐term body weight loss (BWL). Methods We analyzed consecutive patients who were randomly divided to receive the regular diet with or without ED. The control group received regular diet alone post‐gastrectomy, whereas the ED group received 300 kcal ED plus regular diet for 6‐8 weeks. Primary endpoint was percentage (%) BWL (body weight loss; body weight before surgery minus that at postoperative 1 year) by surgical type. Secondary endpoints included changes in nutrition‐related blood parameters. Results Of the patients in the original trial, 106 were eligible for efficacy analyses. %BWL at postoperative 1 year was significantly lower in the ED group than in the control group among patients who underwent total gastrectomy (TG) (n = 19 and n = 17, respectively; 9.66 ± 5.98% [95% confidence interval, CI: 6.77‐12.54] vs 15.11 ± 6.78% [95% CI: 11.63‐18.60], P = .015), but not in patients who underwent distal gastrectomy (n = 38 and n = 32, respectively; 5.81 ± 7.91% [95% CI: 3.21‐8.41] vs 5.96 ± 6.20% [95% CI: 3.72‐8.19], P = .933). In multivariate analysis, ED was the only factor affecting %BWL at postoperative 1 year among patients who underwent TG. Conclusions Daily nutritional intervention (300 kcal/day ED) for 6‐8 weeks reduced %BWL not only at postoperative 6‐8 weeks but also at 1 year in patients who underwent TG.


| INTRODUC TI ON
Gastrectomy for gastric cancer is one of the most common gastroenterological operations in Japan. 1 After a gastrectomy, patients experience reduced nutrient (energy) intake because of decreased food retention in the stomach and hypofunction of intestinal digestion as a result of upper-gastrointestinal dysfunction, which result in post-gastrectomy syndrome and malnutrition. [2][3][4][5] For these reasons, gastrectomy almost invariably causes body weight loss (BWL). In previous studies, patients who underwent distal gastrectomy (DG) showed BWL of 6%-10% at 1 year after surgery, whereas those who underwent total gastrectomy (TG) showed BWL of 15%-18% at postoperative 1 year. [6][7][8] Weight loss correlates with a decline in postoperative quality of life and worsens the long-term prognosis of gastric cancer patients. 9 BWL at 1 month after surgery affects compliance with adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy and survival of gastric cancer patients. 10,11 Therefore, to improve the quality of life and prognosis of gastrectomized patients, it is essential to suppress weight loss early after gastrectomy. In a prospective randomized control trial, we have already shown that daily nutritional intervention with an oral elemental diet (ED) at 300 kcal/day for 6-8 weeks attenuated %BWL within this short period in post-gastrectomy patients, especially in those who underwent TG. 12 Conversely, low body mass index (BMI) is generally associated with poor prognosis regardless of disease (cancer or other illnesses).
In post-gastrectomy patients, who tend to experience decreases in BMI, high rates of BMI decline and continuous BMI reduction by 1 year postoperatively are correlated with worse prognosis. 9 Therefore, suppression of postoperative weight loss in the long term is as important as that during the short period after surgery.
However, it is not clear whether short-term ED in the early postoperative period remains effective in suppressing BWL in the long term. It would be interesting to determine whether the BWL suppression caused by short-term ED is maintained in the long term in the absence of subsequent planned nutritional intervention. In the present study, we examined the effect of giving short-term oral ED on postoperative long-term weight loss in post-gastrectomy patients according to operation type.

| Subjects
In this study, we examined patients registered in an original multicenter randomized phase II trial who underwent curative DG or TG for gastric adenocarcinoma at the participating hospitals. Details of the original trial have been reported previously. 12 The original study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study was conducted in consecutive patients recruited into the original trial, which was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000023455).
The outline of the original trial is described below. Eligibility criteria were as follows: (i) previously untreated (other than gastrectomy) and histopathologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma; (ii) age ≥20 years; (iii) clinical stage I, II, or III; (iv) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2; (v) curative resection at the end of surgery; (vi) ability for oral intake; (vii) provision of written informed consent before randomization; Conclusions: Daily nutritional intervention (300 kcal/day ED) for 6-8 weeks reduced %BWL not only at postoperative 6-8 weeks but also at 1 year in patients who underwent TG.

K E Y W O R D S
body weight loss, distal gastrectomy, nutritional intervention, oral elemental diet, total gastrectomy system disorder; (vi) pregnancy, intention for pregnancy, or lactation; (vii) participation in other clinical studies with overlapping endpoints; and (viii) unsuitability for the study as judged by the principal investigator.

| Randomization in the original trial
All patients underwent gastrectomy with D1 and/or D2 lymphadenectomy between September 2011 and July 2012. Gastric reconstruction was carried out with the Billroth I method or Roux-en-Y anastomosis after DG, and with Roux-en-Y anastomosis after TG.
Surgeons confirmed the eligibility criteria after the surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to the ED group or to the control diet group according to surgical method (TG/DG), clinical stage (≤IA/>IA), and presurgical BMI (<18.5/≥18.5 kg/m 2 ). Patients with pathological stage II or III disease were given adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1.
For these patients, adjuvant chemotherapy is usually started within 6 weeks after surgery and given for 1 year.
The ED group received 300 kcal ED (Elental; EA Pharma Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan ) plus their regular diet for 6-8 weeks after surgery, beginning from the day the patient started intake of soft rice or an equivalent diet after surgery. Meanwhile, the control group received regular diet alone.
The protocol stipulated that ED should be discontinued after completion of the protocol treatment in the ED group. However, nutritional intervention after the protocol treatment period was allowed without limitation on the duration and type of oral nutritional supplement in both groups if deemed necessary. Primary endpoint of the original trial was percentage of BWL (%BWL) from the presurgical body weight to the weight at 6-8 weeks after surgery.

| Data collection
The %BWL from presurgical body weight to the weight at

| Study endpoints
Primary endpoint of this additional study was %BWL between the patients' presurgical body weight and the weight at 1 year after surgery according to operation type. Secondary endpoints included changes in nutrition-related blood parameters (serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count) at 1 year after surgery.

| Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were carried out with JMP Pro version 13.1 (SAS Institute Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and R version 3.5.1 (The Comprehensive R Archive Network). Differences were considered significant at P < .05. Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and two-sample t-test for numerical variables were used to assess differences between the two groups, as appropriate. For evaluation of treatment effect-adjusted time point, a linear mixed-effect model was applied with treatment and time point as fixed effect and subjects as random effect. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to identify independent factors potentially associated with %BWL at 1 year after surgery. A backward stepwise method with Bayesian information criteria was used for variable selection.
Data analyses were carried out using the modified intention-totreat set, which was defined as all randomized patients excluding those who withdrew consent after enrollment but before randomization, or those without follow up.

| Patient characteristics
Of the 112 patients who were registered in the original study, 106 patients were enrolled in this additional study because one patient withdrew consent and five patients were excluded owing to loss to follow up ( Figure 1). Clinicopathological features of the patients are given in Table 1 Two patients in the control group were transferred to other hospitals. Therefore, accurate information on S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy and oral nutritional supplementation could not be obtained for these patients. There was a total of three adverse events of grade three or higher according to the CTCAE. Grade 3 abdominal pain (one patient) and grade 3 diarrhea (two patients) were observed only in the ED group. No patient underwent any type of surgery until 1 year after gastrectomy. Recurrence was observed in 11 patients.

| Nutritional intervention after protocol treatment
After the protocol treatment, oral nutritional supplement was taken by 11 patients (19.3%; TG: seven patients, DG: four patients) in the ED group and by six patients (12.5%; TG: six patients) in the control group (P = .5286). In the ED group, ED (Elental) was taken by  additional oral nutritional supplementation than in those without (12.9 ± 6.5% vs 7.3 ± 7.7%, P = .0062), and tended to be higher in patients who received oral nutritional supplementation at postoperative 1 year than in those who did not (12.2 ± 4.6% vs 7.9 ± 7.9%, P = .1332).

| Long-term outcomes
There was no significant difference in %BWL between the control group and the ED group ( At 6 months after surgery, no significant differences were found in all patients ( Figure 3A), although %BWL in the ED group was smaller than that in the control group among patients who underwent TG ( Figure 3B). There was no significant difference among patients who underwent DG ( Figure 3C).
There were no significant differences between the control group and the ED group in the change in serum albumin level at 1 year after surgery regardless of surgical type; however, total lymphocyte count was higher in the ED group than in the control group at 1 year after surgery (2).

| Independent predictors of postoperative body weight loss
Multiple regression analysis showed that type of gastrectomy was independently associated with %BWL at 1 year after surgery. No association was found between the presence of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy or additional oral nutritional supplementation and %BWL (Table 3). Among the patients who underwent TG, ED was the only factor that affected BWL at 1 year after surgery (Table 4). In contrast, male gender was the only factor among the patients who underwent DG (Table 5).

| D ISCUSS I ON
This is the first study to show that short-term nutritional intervention with ED at the early stage after TG has a positive effect on suppression of BWL not only in the short term after surgery but also after 1 year in prospectively registered and randomized cases.
However, nutritional intervention with ED did not contribute at all to suppression of BWL after DG.
Body weight loss after gastrectomy is a problem concerning many surgeons. Many types of reconstruction methods and perioperative management after gastrectomy have been attempted, such as the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. 13,14 As remarkable BWL occurs especially after TG, various reconstruction methods have been applied, such as jejunal pouch, jejunal interposition, or double-tract reconstruction. However, no prospective trials have achieved striking improvement with respect to BWL. [15][16][17][18] Meanwhile, the ERAS protocol, which encompasses all types of perioperative management, has been recommended in gastric surgery for improving nitrogen balance under the condition of hypercatabolism associated with inflammatory reactions as a result of surgical stress, by shortening the fasting period as much as possible.
Although ERAS is a reasonable management protocol, there remains a problem in that patients who undergo gastrectomy, in particular TG, are not able to consume a sufficient amount of food early after surgery because of loss of reservoir function and reduction in blood ghrelin levels. 19,20 According to many retrospective studies on body weight after gastrectomy, BWL occurs within approximately 1 month. Then, gradual weight loss continues by 3 or 6 months after surgery, and only slight weight reductions occur after 6 months regardless of the surgical procedure. 7,8,21 In the present study, both in patients who underwent DG and in those who underwent TG, BWL occurred by 6 months and was almost stabilized after 6 months, consistent with previous studies. In patients who underwent DG, there was little difference in BWL between the control group and the ED group at 6 months and at 1 year, similar to that at 6-8 weeks after surgery. In patients who underwent TG, there was an approximate 4% disparity in the early postoperative period between the control group and the ED group, and the difference in BWL between the groups was maintained until 1 year after surgery.
In the present study, there was a concern that additional oral nutritional supplementation after the protocol treatment might affect long-term body weight. However, on the contrary, BWL was greater in patients with additional supplementation than in those without.
This finding was believed to be attributable to the fact that oral nutritional supplement was given to patients who needed nutritional intervention because of reduced food intake and BWL associated with post-gastrectomy syndrome in both groups. Therefore, additional oral nutritional supplementation would not have a critical impact on the results of this study.
In their retrospective study, Ohkura et al reported that early intervention with ED after DG, but not TG, reduced weight loss over the long-term period (1, 3, 6 and 9 months) after surgery. 22 Our result implies that short-term intervention with ED for 6-8 weeks from the early postoperative days contributes to suppression of BWL at 6-12 months after surgery. Kobayashi et al showed that oral nutritional supplementation at >200 kcal/day led to a significant reduction in BWL at 3 months after surgery in gastrectomized patients. 23 It would be interesting to see the long-term difference between patients with a high rate of BWL and those with a low rate of BWL in the early postoperative period in prospective studies on oral nutritional intervention.
With respect to body composition after gastrectomy, skeletal muscle mass shows a sharp decline in the early days because of muscle catabolism and lack of food intake, 24 and then slowly increases after the third month. Body fat decreases at almost the same pace by 6 months after surgery. 25 It is important to suppress the reduction in skeletal muscle mass in addition to suppression of BWL after surgery because it was reported that loss of lean body mass might be an important risk factor for a decrease in compliance with adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy. 26,27 Adherence to ED was better in patients who underwent TG than in those who underwent DG, as described previously. 12 In TG cases with good adherence to ED, it is considered that replenishment of the protein source through ED from the early postoperative period may suppress decrease in body protein (i.e. decrease in skeletal muscle mass). In a rodent sarcopenia model induced by TG, giving branched-chain amino acids and glutamine has been reported TA B L E 4 Multiple regression analysis and backward stepwise method to identify independent predictors of postoperative body weight loss in patients who underwent total gastrectomy n a to be effective in suppressing BWL and skeletal muscle atrophy. 28 Because ED contains branched-chain amino acids and glutamine, the effects of ED may have been shown in patients in the TG group with low food intake but with good adherence to ED. It is presumed that if skeletal muscle reduction is suppressed early after surgery with ED intervention, the skeletal muscle activity after 2 months from surgery may be higher than that in the case of large skeletal muscle reduction early after surgery.

Multivariate analysis
However, myokine, a cytokine secreted from skeletal muscle, has been found to be useful for regulation of whole-body metabolism. [29][30][31] Exercise can maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass, which, in turn, maintains myokine secretion, possibly leading to improved metabolism. Therefore, after the completion of the ED intervention, significant suppression of weight loss in the long term may be possible. However, to verify this finding, it is necessary to monitor detailed changes in body composition and myokine levels after surgery.
Sarcopenia is associated with worse prognosis in various diseases. Although BWL after gastrectomy has been reported to worsen the prognosis, there is still little evidence supporting this claim. 9 However, it is possible that long-term BWL after gastrectomy can lead to poor prognosis because BWL after gastrectomy is accompanied by at least skeletal muscle loss (one of the conditions of sarcopenia). In the present study, nutritional intervention suppressed long-term BWL in TG cases; however, it is unclear whether it will improve the prognosis. Large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the prognostic impact of early postoperative nutritional interventions.
This study has some limitations. First, no regard was given to dietary intake assessment during the period from operation day to 1 year after surgery. There was no significant difference in late complications related to digestive symptoms; however, it is unclear whether total dietary caloric intake or composition differed between the two groups. Second, this study analyzed patients who were enrolled prospectively and it was not conducted as an original trial but as an accompanying research. Owing to loss to follow up, we investigated only 90% of the patients who were registered in the original randomized trial, and total sample size was very small. Further clinical trials are needed to clarify optimal nutritional intervention in terms of nutritional supplement type, intervention duration, timing of the start of the intervention, and candidates for the intervention. Furthermore, future studies should show that postoperative nutritional intervention improves quality of life, adherence to S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy, and longterm prognosis of patients.
The present study showed that daily nutritional intervention with oral ED at 300 kcal/day for 6-8 weeks in the early postoperative days reduced BWL not only at 6-8 weeks but also at 1 year after surgery in patients who underwent TG.

ACK N OWLED G EM ENTS
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Dr Yoshitomo Yanagimoto, Dr Kazuyoshi Yamamoto, Dr Jeong Ho Moon, Dr Atsushi Takeno, Dr Takafumi Hirao, Dr Junichi Fukui, Mari Takagi (BPharm), and Fujii Chika (BPharm) for data collection and obtaining ethics committee approval.

D I SCLOS U R E
Funding: This study was partly funded by EA Pharma Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan under contract, but was not involved in the planning, implementation, analysis, or publication of study results.