A novel business strategies framework of do-it-yourself practices in logistics to minimise environmental waste and improve performance

The transportation sector is consuming a high quantity of oil and producing air pollution, CO 2 and allergies, as well as promoting the storage of goods in traditional warehouses. It is not only creating waste and environmental pollution but also increasing temperature, air pollution and low rainfall. The present study intends to uncover and understand the challenges of logistic infrastructure as well as how the adoption of do-it-yourself (DIY) business strategies is useful to encourage those practices and technology which are useful in transforming the logistic infrastructure into an eco-friendly environment. The DIY focuses on purposely utilising digital technologies to increase the engagement and involvement of customers in businesses. Moreover, DIY enables organisations to produce products and services that are highly demanded and have high acceptability. After doing an extensive literature review, the enablers of DIY are identified, and empirical investigation has been conducted. The analysis of the study provides a business strategies framework of DIY which would help the logistics managers in the proper implementation of the DIY practices to minimise negative environmental impact and improve business performance.


| INTRODUCTION
The principal emphasis of do-it-yourself (DIY) is to establish a culture of participation so that groups, individuals and businesses develop product and services themselves (Chen & Wu, 2017). It is a science that is used to motivate and encourage groups, individuals and businesses to utilise techniques that help limit the misuse of resources (Cloutier et al., 2018;Ethirajan et al., 2021;Maldini, 2016;Mickley et al., 2019). The utilisation of DIY encourages the use of technology and practices that help create an optimal solution by involving all the stakeholders (Cloutier et al., 2018;Hunka et al., 2021;Maldini, 2016).
Numerous recent studies have attempted to study the utilisation of DIY in public places, customer engagement, cinema practices, manufacturing, fashion industries, homes and innovation (Chen & Wu, 2017;Cloutier et al., 2018;Frei et al., 2020;Maldini, 2016;Mickley et al., 2019;Ritz et al., 2019). Nevertheless, limited studies currently exist on the role of DIY in creating an eco-friendly logistical infrastructure.
It is important to note that the logistics industry is a significant component of business structure, societal welfare and economic development (Klumpp et al., 2013;Pellegrini et al., 2018). Thus, changes in the logistics industry have significant effects regarding the maintenance of societal and environmental welfare (e.g., low smoke and noise levels, improved air quality, optimal waste management and efficient utilisation of various natural resources) (Klumpp et al., 2013;Li et al., 2021;Mickley et al., 2019). Our research is based on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) a major consumer and producer of oil.
We apply this context to understand the environmental challenges caused by the oil and transportation sectors and the utility of DIY science in addressing this issue. This study investigates how DIY science can encourage technology and practices that help generate logistical infrastructures, which are environmentally friendly. In this research, we address the two research questions: (i) determine the issues and challenges facing the oil production and transportation logistical infrastructures in KSA and (ii) investigate the concept of DIY, its applications and environmental implications of DIY concerning logistical infrastructural issues in KSA for oil production and transportation.
The rest of the paper is divided into seven sections. The first two sections are the introduction and interview of the paper. In Section 3, a review of relevant theories is given, and the methodology is given in Section 4. In Section 5, analysis and discussion are provided. Implications and conclusion are provided in Sections 6 and 7.

| LITERATURE REVIEW
DIY represents the way of achieving goals without the help of professional service providers (Ng et al., 2020;You et al., 2020). This method is being adopted by individuals, groups and organisations operating in different sectors, such as environmental protection, film, global changes, local markets, the music industry, private enterprises, classrooms, universities and publication libraries (Cloutier et al., 2018;Ramanathan et al., 2014;Ritz et al., 2019). Various researchers have presented different definitions and conceptualisations of DIY. The term is constantly evolving and is increasingly being utilised in different disciplines (Maldini, 2016;Mickley et al., 2019). Cloutier et al. (2018 argued that DIY represents the philosophy of increasing public involvement to create the best solutions for the development of urban areas. Salamone et al. (2017) noted that DIY would be helpful for improving indoor environmental quality and overall quality of life. Ritz et al. (2019) observed that DIY gave rise to consumer culture and converted the traditional market into a digital market in areas such as the music industry, cinema and the fashion industry.

| Existing studies on DIY
Research shows many studies on DIY and cognate areas; Maldini (2016) described DIY as a broad range of activities that foster the involvement of existing and targeted users of products and services to increase their influence on producers to design products according to the wants, needs and demands of customers. Moreover, researchers argue that DIY represents the design and creation of things to create a better future (Maldini, 2016;Smith et al., 2019). Mickley et al. (2019) believe that DIY does not promote the culture of complaints regarding the environment; however, it is a means of finding solutions to reduce the negative effects of global environmental changes.
DIY was introduced in North America to control extreme behaviour in societies and patents (Ferretti, 2019). Moreover, researchers have argued that there exists strong evidence of the usage of DIY to create tools for construction and repair of the home and other items (Ferretti, 2019). The initial focus of DIY was to create an environment where products are developed as a result of individuals in society doing tasks themselves (Chen & Wu, 2017). Another study highlighted that as a result of DIY, a culture of providing error-free goods and services on the first attempt was created (Duncombe, 1997). Resultantly, it may be argued that DIY is increasingly becoming a science for creating and integrating technologies and best practices that can minimise the waste of environmental, financial and organisational resources (Ramanathan et al., 2014;Ritz et al., 2019).

| DIY applications
There are different applications of DIY, which have caused positive changes in homes, public places, innovation, supply chain management, customer engagement, manufacturers, cinema practices, fashion and processes of converting raw material into finished items. DIY has also increased people's indoor quality of life. Different industries are applying DIY differently. For example, researchers have argued that DIY has been helpful for creating optimal designs for both public places and homes so that the public infrastructure and people's comfort levels are enhanced (Cloutier et al., 2018;Salamone et al., 2017). Ramanathan et al. (2014) observed that as a result of DIY, the culture of pushing goods has changed to a concept of pulling (Push and Pull) demands whereby manufacturers are improving the supply chain management process and are enjoying competitive advantages in modern times. Ritz et al. (2019) believed that the quality of products in the fashion industry have improved, as has picture quality in the cinema industry with the use of DIY technology. Maldini (2016) noted that DIY changed the local market by fostering local production culture.
This has reduced the cost of the design and production of goods, allowing organisations to profit. Poppendieck et al. (2019) observed that due to DIY, ventilation guidelines have improved, which in turn have improved quality of life. It is imperative to recognise the impact of DIY on the environment. Here, we review selected studies, which highlight the environmental implications of DIY, such as noise pollution, air quality, climate change, land use, waste management and biodiversity.
DIY has helped reduce transportation costs and has improved the distribution of resources, thereby reducing waste and air pollution (Maldini, 2016;Ramanathan et al., 2014). DIY has also promoted the culture of involving customers in technology, which has enhanced the concept of personalisation and brought flexibility in the use of technology (Baloch et al., 2021;Ferretti, 2019;Hatton-Jones & Teah, 2015). In many cities across the globe, DIY laboratories are emerging (Hecker et al., 2018;Landrain et al., 2013). These are structured on the principles of open-source system. These DIY laboratories are independent society-based research centres, often established by scientists and science enthusiasts to experiment, learn and set foot into the science, technology and innovation (STI) advancement world. Such 'citizen laboratories' are booming, drawing in communities, venture capitalists, groups and volunteers. They are becoming substitute homes for skill within and beyond the theoretical limits of universities eager to spread the procedures of technology, innovation and science, to general society (Baloch et al., 2021;Hecker et al., 2018;Landrain et al., 2013;Sleator, 2016).
In conducting basic and advanced experiments in private structures often known as 'hackspaces', these DIY labs not only challenge the monopolisation of research institutes and traditional universities as the basic centres of practising science (Downes et al., 2013;Halfacree, 2004). They also give individuals an opportunity to meet at unusual locations, such as private homes (Meyer, 2013), coffee shops, pubs (Secord, 1996) and museums (Ellis & Waterton, 2005) to share potential methods of boosting scientific measures and developing technology. These DIY labs provide tools and scientific education to people who show a willingness to learn. DIY labs are a platform for scientific innovation at the grassroots level. DIY labs promise to democratise and demystify STI by empowering amateurs to carry out complex experiments (Meyer, 2013;Sleator, 2016) and encourage citizen science in fields such as bioinformatics, molecular biology and DNA recombinant technologies and their subfields, such as gene editing (e.g., Cas9/CRISPR) technologies and genetic engineering.

| DIY operation
Universities are places for complex research and provide opportunities for further identification and research chances for innovation (Seyfried et al., 2014); however, concerns are emerging regarding the regulation and operation of DIY labs (Ferretti, 2019;Wolinsky, 2005), their key implications (Fiske et al., 2019;Wexler, 2016) and internal conflicts and the risks posed by these labs while the inner conflicts of their risks encouraging responsible science (Tanenbaum et al., 2013).
These laboratories can also pose a threat to environmental safety and public health as they are free from the regulations and rules that govern the activities of well-established organisations (Gorman, 2011;Unterfrauner et al., 2019). Their semiregulated experiments, held in mostly underdeveloped facilities (including garages and kitchens), which regularly break the protocols of international laboratories (as contended by Revill & Jefferson, 2013), might intentionally or accidentally have devastating effects on human health and safety. The Existing literature on DIY applications has focused on civic initiatives and climate change (Cloutier et al., 2018), minimising the negative impact of global changes (Mickley et al., 2019). It also enhances the quality of the indoor environment through effective ventilation (Poppendieck et al., 2019), promoting the culture of local production and local employability (Maldini, 2016) and increasing personalisation to know customer choices and demand (Ferretti,  Most existing research integrates DIY with the technology acceptance model (Helia et al., 2018). Such studies have been conducted in various industries, including the core banking systems, information systems (Helia et al., 2018) and wearable electronics (Helia et al., 2018). However, there is no research about the environmental effects of DIY on logistics in KSA. KSA is an oil-producing country, and oil production has affected biodiversity, air quality and waste, particularly with respect to logistics. This study aims to bring awareness by developing a conceptual framework for addressing the environmental challenges related to logistics by utilising the DIY concept. The study also seeks to develop a model of logistics that can improve mass production at a local level and reduce transportation, thus improving the quality of the roads, improving air quality, reducing warehouse costs, reducing waste and improving quality of life. Different theories can be utilised to build the conceptual model, including the technology adoption model (TAM), social influence theory and united theory of acceptance and use of technology. These theories will help determine the use of technology and resource management to improve logistics by utilising the concept of DIY in KSA.

| RELEVANT THEORIES AND REVIEW
As discussed above, DIY has been merged through new web technology; therefore, there is a need for it through the adoption of IT and innovation in the DIY approach concerning the environmental effect of logistics in KSA. It is necessary to consider the adoption of technology from the individual's perspective and simultaneously explore the organisational context of the adoption of an innovative DIY approach in business, to reduce the environmental impact of DIY in logistics.
According to Davis and Venkatesh's (1996) TAM model, as shown in  Figure 3 shows the overall theoretical framework of this research.

| RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
An inductive research approach is being used for this research because research is developing a DIY research framework in the context of the supply chain environment. Therefore, this inductive approach emphasises on exploring existing research phenomenon from a new DIY perspective or investigates a new supply chain environment impact phenomenon whereas deductive approach focuses on causality.
F I G U R E 1 TAM model (Davis & Venkatesh, 1996) F I G U R E 2 DOI theory (Rogers, 1995) Qualitative semistructured interviews are one of the most dominant and widely used methods of data collection within the social sciences (Bradford & Cullen, 2012). Interviewing supply chain actors who work with supply chain operations gives knowledge on their approach towards supply chain performance.  Table 1.

| ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This study collected data from principal authorities in the government and the logistics department through the semistructured interview method. Interviews were conducted and recorded with the consent of the participants. Different studies described the significance of thematic data analysis as it provides support to extract repeated ideas, common words and common patterns (Creswell et al., 2007;Creswell & Miller, 2000). Thematic data analysis was used to determine the main themes, keywords and initial codes. There are two themes, six codes and nearly 86 keywords for extracting the results related to the objectives of the research. Tables 2 and 3 provide details about the main themes, codes and keywords.

| Government policies: Logistical issues
Main Theme 1. Existing logistical issues Definition: Current organisational practices to arrange goods from raw material to final products up to the end to customers.

| Government policies
It is imperative to understand how the policies of the government of KSA influence the existing logistical infrastructure.

F I G U R E 3 Theoretical framework (developed for this research)
T A B L E 1 Demographic features of participants

| The logistical system
Manufacturing companies in KSA are still following a 'push' strategy, which means that there is no strong connection between manufacturers and consumers; therefore, manufacturers are unable to identify the precise demands of consumers. Respondent 3 said, 'we import Even though multinational companies are connected closely with customers through e-commerce technology, which helps identify the precise demands of the consumers, some Saudi companies are still not fully adopting the best practices. Respondent 2 said, 'our knowledge is limited about the advantages of green logistics. Therefore, usage of natural resources is higher, which is affecting the environment of our country. For example, we still place orders for importing foreign goods, which has increased the number of transportation companies and has also increased the cost of transportation and wear and tear of roads. It has also increased the cost of warehousing'. It has been found that to decrease transportation and warehousing costs, it is important to utilise green logistics and e-commerce technologies. Respondent 1 said 'our company invested in digital applications for identifying the demands of the customers and also to become more approachable and accessible for the customers'. DIY has given rise to a 'make' culture, which has increased the use of digital media to provide value-added services to all its customers. By using such digital apps, customer involvement in the design and production processes has increased, as the manufacturers are able to design products and services according to the expectations and preferences of the customers. air pollution'.

| Green production
The Saudi government is specifically focusing on transportation and manufacturing companies. The current legislation is specifically targeting these companies to increase their usage of smart logistics and environmentally friendly manufacturing technologies. Respondent 4 said, 'we arranged different meetings for finalising the roadmap to ensure that we import only the right set of smart manufacturing technologies, which can prepare [the best product design] and also provide information to customers about product usage and save packaging to reduce waste'. Thus, smart technologies can enhance green supply chain management practices in Saudi Arabia.

| Green logistics
The concept of DIY has increased practices and methods that foster   (Blazquez et al., 2017;Salam & Khan, 2017). Moreover, this energy centre aims to find out energy sources that are more efficient, such as municipal waste and wind and solar systems, and to introduce electric vehicles with the ability to reduce many serious problems in the logistical infrastructure (Griffiths, 2017). Recent studies have highlighted that DIY primarily emphasises creating and integrating practices and technologies that minimise the waste of organisational, financial and environmental resources (Ramanathan et al., 2014;Ritz et al., 2019). According to this study's findings, green supply chain management practices (e.g., green procurement, green production, environmentally friendly practices and electric vehicles) can use natural, financial, organisational and operational resources in the best possible manner.

| Media and engagement
This study suggested the participants take on an environmental vehicles, e-marketing, digital apps and tools and renewable resources.
These practices and technologies not only can transform the logistics industry but can also address environmental issues such as land optimisation, waste, temperature, smoke and air and noise pollution. Additionally, these practices and technologies use fewer natural resources (e.g., land, gas, oil and trees) compared to traditional practices and technologies and provide value-added services to their customers.

| Unique contributions and recommendations
• It is recommended that the Saudi government should immediately increase its investment in environmental policies and practices that focus on adopting DIY science to preserve natural resources.
• It is suggested that internal stakeholders and manufacturers should remain in touch with customers to know their demands, tastes, trends, preferences and behaviours. Through customer engagement, they can minimise delivery and production losses and stock inventories.
• Transportation companies should produce or import electric vehicles for which less gas and oil is required. Resultantly, it would help reduce air pollution and reduce the prevalence of asthma.
• Creating load optimisation policies is crucial for reducing oil consumption and wear and tear of roads by heavy containers.
• It is important for the Saudi government to promote the usage of and to highly invest in renewable resources and generate energy from wind, solar and waste sources. Moreover, the Saudi government should create an immediate plan to produce electricity to facilitate the usage of environmentally friendly autonomous vehicles as part of its Vision 2030.