Myasthenia gravis therapy with individualized homeopathy: A case report

Abstract We present a 61‐year‐old man with severe myasthenia gravis, nonresponsive to conventional therapy. The patient was treated with individualized homeopathy, demonstrating significant improvement on his clinical status and no disease symptoms.


| INTRODUCTION
Homeopathy can be considered a complementary treatment option for patients with a severe form of myasthenia gravis whose symptoms are not controlled with conventional medication. Individualized therapy is administered based on the levels of health theory.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune pathology of neuromuscular transmission characterized by variable degrees of weakness in skeletal muscles. 1 The global prevalence is 70-320 cases per one million people, so it is considered a relatively rare disease. 2 The age of onset often has a bimodal distribution: 20-30 years old with female predominance and 70-80 years old with male predominance. 3 Up to 90% of patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis have autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in their serum; these antibodies cause a major blockage of the neuromuscular junction. 4 There are also patients who present with antibodies against muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) 5 and a small proportion of patients with neither of these antibodies (seronegative). 6 The majority of patients are also diagnosed with thymic pathology, including hyperplasia and thymoma. 1 The clinical aspects of myasthenia gravis are classified into an ocular form, characterized by a weakness limited to extraocular muscles and eyelids, and a generalized form, with variable involvement of bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. 7 For the majority of patients, the disease onset is characterized by ocular symptoms; weakness of the eyelid muscles, leading to ptosis; and weakness of the extraocular muscles, leading to diplopia. 8 Some patients may develop bulbar symptoms, such as dysphagia, dysarthria, and fatigable chewing. In rare cases, proximal limb weakness is the only manifestation. 7 When the severe pathological process involves the respiratory muscles, weakness in these muscles can lead to respiratory failure and myasthenic crisis. This can | 2465 be aggravated by different factors, such as infections, surgery, medications, or the natural course of the disease. 9 The typical examinations that lead to the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis are laboratory methods (to find specific autoantibodies) and electrophysiologic studies (repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography). 10 The use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine may increase the amount of acetylcholine available at the neuromuscular junction. Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive products represent a chronic treatment option. Immunomodulating agents such as plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin are used in certain cases for rapid and short-term effects. 11 Muscle impairment may lead to respiratory failure, aspiration, pneumonia, falls, and mortality in approximately 3%-4% of all cases. 12 2 | CASE HISTORY

| Case presentation
We describe the case of a 61-year-old man who presented to the Neurology Department in April 2018 for sudden onset diplopia (predominantly on the left side) that would worsen in the evening and mild dysphonia. The patient had a medical history of various pathologies, such as arterial hypertension, deep venous thrombosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, chronic bronchitis, uncontrolled allergy with severe pruritus, disk hernias, and hemorrhoids. For 14 years, he also suffered from recurrent prostatitis and severe urinary infections (at least one episode per year), with a high fever up to 40°C. The last episode (in 2016) was treated with antibiotics for 45 days, leading to a period of 2 years with no fever.
In April 2018, he presented with symptoms which were clinically suspected to be ocular myasthenia gravis and then rapidly confirmed by paraclinical tests. The electromyography showed myasthenic decrement; thymic computer tomography with contrast revealed no abnormalities; and acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AchR) were positive, with a value of 8.83 nmol/L (normal value <0.4 nmol/L). At that time, the patient received corticoid treatment with methylprednisolone (8 mg/day, with a gradual increase) and pyridostigmine (30 mg three times per day). His clinical status was improved.

| Homeopathic treatment
After an acute decompensation in April 2018, the patient was treated with individualized homeopathic remedies complementary to conventional therapy. The treatment was chosen according to the classical homeopathy principles, as it is presented in Table 1. In this presented case, one dose of homeopathic treatment consists of seven granules of remedy administered sublingually.

| Outcome
In combination with conventional medication, the patient was treated with a series of individualized homeopathic remedies, chosen according to his symptoms presented at each follow-up visit. After the last hospitalization, while being treated with pyridostigmine and azathioprine, the patient maintained a steady clinical status but presented with persistent clinical signs of myasthenia gravis, including palpebral ptosis, dysphagia, diplopia, and AchR antibodies at a value of 8.83 nmol/L (normal range <0.4 nmol/L). At that time, after the first homeopathic consultation, he was prescribed Aconitum napellus.
In 3 months, the patient gained more energy and strength, with no more panic attacks or fear of death, although dysphagia, diplopia, and ptosis still persisted at the same intensity. He started treatment with Causticum.
After 1 year, at the next visit, he developed an acute urinary infection and prostatitis, with pronounced symptoms and fever. His prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value was 49.8 ng/mL, which is more than 12 times higher than the normal value of 4.1 ng/mL, associated with leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. The initial myasthenia gravis symptoms were completely absent at this point. The patient did not agree to receive any antibiotic treatment at that time. He started treatment with Mercurius corrosivus, and in 1 week, the inflammatory syndrome was absent. He had a progressive lowering of the PSA value (a change up to 6 ng/ mL over 1 month). The acute episode of infection was absent.
The fourth follow-up visit after 3 months revealed no signs of inflammation, and the myasthenia gravis signs were still absent; therefore, we started lowering the dosage of azathioprine to 12.5 mg/day. A previously treated allergy reappeared along with hemorrhoids. He was prescribed Arsenicum album. In 1 month, the allergy and hemorrhoids also disappeared, the patient declared a state of well-being, and there were no more remedies prescribed. He had no clinical signs of myasthenia gravis on neurological examination and no symptoms; only the remaining AchR antibodies fluctuated over time, from 8.83 nmol/L at the beginning to 5.11 nmol/L after 1 year. He stopped the azathioprine and started progressively lowering the dosage of pyridostigmine, until he completely stopped using conventional medication. According to his good clinical status, he does not take at present any homeopathic treatment either.

| DISCUSSION
Homeopathy is a therapeutic approach of medicine that uses substances selected from nature, such as minerals, chemicals, and plants, which are diluted and potentiated. 13 Its aim is to restore the internal order by stimulating the patient's defense mechanisms. 14 Homeopathic approaches are based on the levels of health theory, which implies that each person has a specific energy needed for all vital functions and health maintenance, and this energy is influenced by genetics, environment, thoughts, and treatments. People with a low level of health are more difficult to treat or are less likely to present with a systematic improvement until they are treated with the correct successive remedies for a long period of time; those with a higher level of health can be completely cured in a faster and easier manner. 15 The energy complex of the organism is the capacity of the body to react to overall stimuli, and the symptoms produced by the defense mechanism may appear to protect the inner vital organs. Hahnemann's law of cure states that the symptoms of the remedy and the symptoms produced by the defense mechanism of a patient in a disease state are similar. 14 A homeopathic treatment uses a source substance and passes through a dilution process (potentization) in which the substance is still biologically active by retaining the proprieties of the initial material . 16 High potencies are obtained by dilution factors greater than the Avogadro's number (<10 23 ). Although it was thought that these dilutions could not contain any active ingredients, recent studies have proven otherwise by detecting the presence of substances in the form of nanoparticles of the initial material by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. 17 In homeopathy, a more diluted solution is considered to have a higher potency. 15 The potency choice is accordingly also related to the health level: a lower health level or a state of imminent danger implies a low potency, such as 30C. 14 Our patient was included in a low health level of 7, group C. This level contains all degenerative chronic diseases, where the disturbed immune system is not capable of properly reacting to foreign agents with high fever. If we suppress repeated acute conditions, the underlying hereditary pathology is activated and leads to a serious chronic disease. 14 Our patient had a full medical history, including urinary infections with high fever that was suppressed by aggressive medication for a period of time. In such periods, the organism is only in an apparent healing state, but it is a prodrome for more serious chronic diseases-in his case, myasthenia gravis. Patients with a low energy level do not have a classical clinical pattern and can be treated only with a series of well-chosen remedies; therefore, we started with the most common remedy, that is, Aconitum napellus, because of his major fear of death.
The healing process of a homeopathic treatment can be observed in the inversion of the chronological pattern in which the symptoms appeared. The curative process has a direction from center to periphery, meaning that the symptoms should move from vital to less important organs and from a mental state to a physical one. 18 After the first remedy, our patient started feeling better. The second treatment, Causticum, was followed by the reappearance of a former severe urinary infection and prostatitis, with high fever, which indicates the reactivation of normal defense mechanisms. An acute event during homeopathic treatment should be carefully evaluated, and it is a difficult moment for the therapist because he has to make a choice regarding the therapy: whether to continue with the same remedy, to wait and closely monitor the case or to find another proper treatment. An acute fever attack is the sign that the immune system allows the organism to properly react to infectious agents. 15 In the case of our patient, some symptoms from the past reappeared in inverse order, firstly, urinary infection and prostatitis. In general, a patient who previously suppressed his acute febrile disease with allopath medication will develop a reactivation of his defense mechanism through fever, if he is under the correct homeopathic treatment. Also, in the case of our patient, the acute attack reappeared only after 1 year of multiple homeopathic remedies, which is highly suggestive for a low level of health. If the defense mechanisms are compromised, the acute phase will take place later on. 15 The initial myasthenia gravis symptoms started to disappear. In our case, the clinical pattern was suggestive for Mercurius corrosivus, and after the treatment, the inflammation disappeared, with no other allopathic medicine. Some other former minor pathologies which had been suppressed temporarily reappeared, meaning that the organism was on its path to a better vital force.
At the last medical visit, our patient had no sign of myasthenia gravis, except for the presence of AchR antibodies. He presented with an excellent clinical status and psychological health.
Myasthenia gravis is a common disorder of neuromuscular transmission. Although most of the patients respond to conventional medicine, some cases are refractory to medication, and thus, treatment options remain limited. 19 Our patient was treated with a homeopathic treatment in parallel with an allopathic one and had a good outcome; he presented significant improvements, leading to the progressive decreasing of the conventional treatment dosages and to a good health.

| CONCLUSION
We present the case of a 61-year-old man diagnosed with severe myasthenia gravis initially treated only with conventional therapy. After an individualized series of homeopathic remedies, he presented a good clinical outcome, with no clinical signs of the disease. This is one of the first cases of myasthenia gravis treated with homeopathy presented in the literature. Homeopathy is a useful complementary approach to be considered among patients with myasthenia gravis.