Enantioselective One-Pot Synthesis of α-Amino Esters by a Phosphine-Catalyzed [3+2]-Cycloaddition Reaction

Phosphine-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions of electron-deficient allenes and alkynes with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can give access to important highly functionalized cyclopentenes.1 The seminal example of such a transformation was first reported by Lu et al. in 1995,2 and its asymmetric version in 1997 by the group of Zhang.3 However, it took another ten years before the potential of this annulation strategy using chiral phosphine catalysts was studied more intensively.4 The last decade has witnessed considerable progress in the development of suitable new chiral phosphine catalysts and their application in asymmetric [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions.5

lenes. In general, two pathways are possible for this reaction, affording regioisomers resulting from a-or g-addition.
Since b-substituted exocyclic enones preferentially undergo g-addition, [3, 5m, o] we assumed that the g-adduct would be favored, giving access to aspartic acid derivatives 5 after a ring-opening reaction of the azlactone moiety.
At the outset, a number of chiral phosphine catalysts were evaluated for the [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction of (Z)olefinic azlactone 1 a with ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate 2 a (see the Supporting Information). Among the catalysts tested, (S)-BINEPINE [9] afforded the highest regio-and enantioselectivities. As anticipated, it was found that the g-addition was favored, providing a 12:1 regioisomeric ratio (i.r.) of products 3 a and 4 a with an enantiomeric excess of 94 % ee of 3 a (Scheme 2). [10] Additional screening of solvents and concentrations showed that the best results were obtained in toluene and a concentration of 0.1 m provided a better solubility of the azlactone. It should be noted that no difference in the reaction outcome was observed when the reaction was performed under air or inert conditions, which enhances the practicability and usefulness of this phosphine-catalyzed cycloaddition. A screening of different allenes showed that the ethyl ester 2 a in combination with an azlactone containing a phenyl group at the C2 position (R 2 = Ph, see Scheme 1), provided the highest, yet disappointing, conversion and selectivities. The cycloaddition with Me-substituted azlactone (R 1 = Ph, R 2 = Me) resulted in inferior results.
Since only partial conversion of the azlactone 1 a, and therefore a low combined yield of products 3 a and 4 a, was  [2,11] Scheme 3 outlines the mechanistic proposal for the catalytic cycle. Therefore, several additives such as water, alcohols, acids, as well as buffered systems, to promote this proton shift were tested. However, none of these additives improved the conversion of the transformation (results not shown).
Finally, the effect of the reaction temperature was investigated. Preliminary experiments at lower temperatures showed that at 5 8C almost the same conversion was obtained as at room temperature, whereas the reaction was very slow at À20 8C. Refluxing in toluene for 2 h led to almost complete consumption of 1 a, providing a significantly higher combined yield of 72 % of products 3 a and 4 a (47 % obtained at room temperature, compare Table 1, entries 2 and 3). While the regioselectivity dropped from 10:1 to 4:1, the enantioselectivity was, to our surprise, only reduced to 85 % ee. A screening of different reaction temperatures showed that by performing the reaction at room temperature followed by heating to 80 8C gave the best combined results with respect to yield, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity ( Table 1, entry 8). An attempt to reduce the catalyst loading to 10 mol % resulted in low conversion of 1 a (Table 1, entry 6), and the following experiments were therefore performed with 20 mol % ofA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G BINEPINE (S)-7.
Based on the optimization of the first reaction step, we next envisioned developing a one-pot [3+2]-cycloaddition/ methanolysis procedure that provides direct access to protected amino acid derivatives. Gratifyingly, treating the crude reaction mixture with MeOH/TMSCl resulted in the opening of azlactones 3 and 4 to give the products 5 and 6, respectively. For the reaction of (Z)-olefinic azlactone 1 a with ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate 2 a, pure major isomer 5 a was isolated in a good overall yield (58 %, Scheme 4) in conjunction with a high enantioselectivity (93 % ee). The scope of   [d] 1 [ the reaction was therefore studied, using this developed one-pot sequence (Scheme 4). All optically active amino acid derivatives were isolated as single regioisomers 5, and the given regioisomeric ratios were determined after the first step. Different b-aryl-substituted azlactones were evaluated, including a variation of substituents containing electron-donating, as well as electron-withdrawing functionalities on the aryl moiety (products 5 b-i). Furthermore, a heteroaromatic azlactone was successfully employed, thereby broadening the scope of the reaction (product 5 j). In general, very high enantioselectivities (> 90 % ee) were obtained with regioselectivities between 7:2 and 9:1. The yields of this one-pot sequence to amino esters 5 were comparable for all substrates. Only in the case of ortho-bromo aryl-substituted azlactone 1 b, the enantioselectivity dropped to 79 % ee, whilst the yield and the regioselectivity remained in the same range as shown for the other substrates.

Time/Temp
This new one-pot reaction can be classified as a TypeA-2-2C2X [12] sequence and provides an easy approach to enantioenriched amino acid derivatives containing a quarternary stereocenter.
The absolute configuration of the major isomer 3 a was determined to be (5S,9R) by singlecrystal X-ray analysis (see Figure 1). [13] The stereochemistry of amino ester 5 a was assigned according to 3 a to be (1S,5R) and assuming a common reaction pathway, the configuration of the other derivatives 5 was assigned by analogy.
The obtained optically active amino acid derivatives can undergo a number of important transformations. The amino acids 8 are readily available by hydrolysis of amino esters 5 as shown for derivative 8 a, which was isolated as its HCl salt in 76 % yield (Scheme 5). [8] Functionalization of the a,bunsaturated ester moiety could be achieved by a Ru-catalyzed ketohydroxylation of product 5 a, and resulted in a-hydroxy-b-ketoester 9 in 72 % yield. [14] Scheme 4. Scope of the one-pot sequence to optically active amino esters. Yields are given for the major isomer (i.r. = regioisomeric ratio of 3:4 determined after the first step). In conclusion, we have developed a TypeA-2-2C2X [12] one-pot synthesis of enantioenriched amino acid derivatives containing a quarternary stereocenter. The sequence relies on an asymmetric phosphine-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction between ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate and (Z)-olefinic azlactones, followed by an in situ ring opening of the azlactone moiety. The products were generally obtained in good overall yields and high enantioselectivities. Transformations of the obtained amino esters to the respective amino acid and to an a-hydroxy-b-ketoester have successfully been demonstrated, giving access to further functionalizable compounds.