Influence of chitosan nanoparticles and fennel essential oils (Foeniculum vulgare) on the shelf life of Huso huso fish fillets during the storage

Abstract Fish and fishery products are important parts of the human diet, but the microbial, chemical, and physical deteriorations limit their shelf life. Using the modified atmospheric packaging system and edible coatings is one of the main procedures to improve the shelf life of fish. In this research, the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with fennel essential oils along with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) system on chemical, microbial, and sensorial properties of Huso huso fish fillets during storage at fridge were evaluated. The results showed that coating fish fillets with CNPs and fennel EO significantly reduced the peroxide value, total volatile nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid value compared with the control samples. Microbial analyses showed a lower number of mesophilic, psychotropic, pseudomonas, and lactic acid bacteria in coated fillets compared with control and MAP packaging. Fish fillets coated with CNPs and EO showed high acceptability in all sensorial attribute through the storage. It can be concluded that using CNPs and fennel EO along with MAP packaging can enhance the shelf life for H. huso fillets up to 18 days in the fridge.


| INTRODUC TI ON
Fishes and fishery products play a significant role in the human diet due to their unique nutritional properties (FAO, 2014). The fishery products contain a high amount of digestible proteins, essential amino acids, health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (long chain omega 3 fatty acids), minerals such as calcium and iodine, and vitamins (Venugopal, 2005). Recently and due to awareness of consumers regarding the nutritional and safety issues attributed to other sources of proteins such as chicken and the beef, the consumption of seafood has increased worldwide (Jasour, Ehsani, Mehryar, & Naghibi, 2015).
The quality of fishery products includes the nutritional, microbial, biochemical, and physiochemical properties (Pietrowski, Tahergorabi, & Jaczynski, 2012). Postdeath degradation of fish due to various biochemical reactions (such as changes in protein and lipid content, and the formation of biogenic amines and hypoxanthine) and microbial spoilage makes them more perishable compared with other muscle foods (Matak, Tahergorabi, & Jaczynski, 2015). Different methods such as lowering the storage temperature (Bahuaud et al., 2008;Fukuma, Yamane, Itoh, Tsukamasa, & Ando, 2012;Quitral et al., 2009), using vacuum packaging (Duun & Rustad, 2008;Uçak, Özogul, & Durmuş, 2011), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (Sivertsvik, Rosnes, & Kleiberg, 2003;Stamatis & Arkoudelos, 2007), and the addition of antioxidants and antimicrobial products in order to retard the fish deterioration have been proposed (Andevari & Rezaei, 2011;Atarés & Chiralt, 2016;Cai et tein films on the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets. Sodium alginate films are used for improving the shelf life of refrigerated bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (Song, Liu, Shen, You, & Luo, 2011) and chitosan-gelatin film for extending the shelf life of fish fillets (Wu et al., 2014). Edible coating and films can be used as carriers of antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, and antioxidants to reduce the microbial growth or chemical reactions on the fish surface (Falguera, Quintero, Jiménez, Muñoz, & Ibarz, 2011). Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from deacetylated chitin which obtains from exoskeletons of crustaceans and mollusks . Chitosan is a nontoxic biodegradable coating and has wide application in preserving the seafood products due to antimicrobial and antifungal properties (Ojagh, Rezaei, Razavi, & Hosseini, 2010). The antimicrobial properties of chitosan depend on different factors including the type of chitosan, degree of polymerization, molecular weight, and pH. Chitosan nanoparticles have been synthesized as a drug carriers, gene carrier, drug delivery, and the release of active antimicrobial agents and antibacterial agents (Qi, Xu, Jiang, Hu, & Zou, 2004). Chitosan has been widely applied as an edible coating or film to improve the shelf life of fish and fishery products (Fan et al., 2009;Günlü & Koyun, 2013;Jeon, Kamil, & Shahidi, 2002;Nowzari, Shábanpour, & Ojagh, 2013;Soares, Mendes, & Vicente, 2013). Chitosan nanoparticles can be prepared by adding a poly-anion such as tripolyphosphate (TPP) into the chitosan solution under steady stirring and can be used in drug delivery or gene therapy applications (Janes, Fresneau, Marazuela, Fabra, & Alonso, 2001).
The incorporation of chitosan and essential oils into food coating as a novel technique helps to inhibit the microorganism growth and to slow down the oxidation at the surface of food which leads to enhance the shelf life and improve the sensorial properties of the food product (Lekjing, 2016). Gómez-Estaca, De Lacey, López-Caballero, Gómez-Guillén, and Montero (2010) used chitosan-gelatin biodegradable films to improve the shelf life of chilled fishes during the storage. Ojagh et al. (2010) improved the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets by the application chitosan and cinnamon EO. Hosseini, Rezaei, Zandi, and Farahmandghavi (2016) observed that the gelatin/chitosan nanoparticle films incorporated with Origanum vulgare L. essential oil exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) is a herb belonging to the Apiaceae family, and it cultivates widely in India, Egypt, and elsewhere for its strong flavored leaves and seeds. Fennel essential oil can be used as a new source of pharmaceutical materials for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (Roby, Sarhan, Selim, & Khalel, 2013). It has been reported that fennel essential oil is a potential natural bactericide to control plant and fungal bacterial diseases (Lo Cantore, Iacobellis, De Marco, Capasso, & Senatore, 2004). Diao, Hu, Zhang, and Xu (2014) reported antibacterial activity of fennel EO against Staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli.
The Huso huso is a species of anadromous fish in the Acipenseriformes family which live primarily in the Caspian and black sea basins, and it is an important natural source for its caviar and meat that is commonly processed into frozen fillet . Except for the microbial deterioration during the storage of fillets, changes in fish lipid can affect the flavor and texture of the flesh. Therefore, improving the shelf life of fish fillets by using different coating techniques and biological preservatives is interesting.
The main goals of this research were to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and investigate the effect of nanoparticles with the fennel essential oil on the peroxide value (PV), total volatile nitrogen (TVN-B), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and microbial and sensorial analysis of H. huso fillets during storage at fridge.

| preparation of the fennel essential oil
Fennel seeds were purchased from a local market in Tehran, Iran.
An amount of 50 g of the seeds was milled and placed in Erlenmeyer flasks for 24 hr with 500 ml of ethanol (95% w/w) to completely extract. Afterward, it was placed in a rotary evaporator and extraction was carried out at room temperature for 72 hr to prepare an adequate amount of the essential oil (Roby et al., 2013).

| Chitosan nanoparticles preparation
Chitosan was dissolved at 1% and 1.5% (w/v) with 1% (v/v) acetic acid, and then, the pH raised to 4.6-4.8 by adding NaOH 10 N. In order to prepare nanoparticles, the same amounts of aqueous tripolyphosphate solution (0.25% w/v) and chitosan solutions were mixed on magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm and 50°C for 10 min. Afterward, the fennel essential oil (1%, v/v) was introduced into the CNPs solutions and mixed for more 15 min.

| Characterization of CNPs
Morphological characteristics of the chitosan nanoparticles were assessed using a high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) device (TEM; CM120, Philips). The zeta potential and particle size distribution of nanoparticles (1% and 1.5% w/v) were determined using a Zetasizer instrument (Nanotrac Wave, Microtrac) and dynamic light scattering (Nanotrac Wave, Microtrac), respectively.

| Fish trail
Huso huso fishes were purchased at a local store in Tehran, Iran, and For coatings, the fish fillets were immersed in CNPs and fennel EO solutions for 5 min and then dried in room temperature for 2 min to remove exceed solutions. MAP-stored samples were kept in packaging system with 80% CO 2 , 19% N 2 , and 1% O 2.

| Peroxide value determination
Peroxide value were determined according to the method described by Egan, Kirk, and Sawyer (1997) and the results expressed as m eq of peroxide oxygen/kg fat. 50 g of fish samples were weighed into a 500-ml beaker and blended with 60 ml of chloroform, 60 ml of methanol, and 30 ml of distilled water, and after 2 hr, it was separated in three phases. 20 ml of bottom phases (chloroform phase) was transferred to 250-ml flask and mixed with acetic acid-chloroform (3:2). Afterward, 0.5 ml saturated KI and 30 ml water were added to a flask and allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 1 min. the solution was titrated with 0.01 N Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution using 0.5 ml of 1% starch solution as an indicator until the blue color disappeared.

| Total volatile base nitrogen determination
The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content of fish was estimated according to the microdiffusion method of Goulas and Kontominas (2005) and expressed as mg TVB-N per 100 g of fish flesh. In this method, MgO was added to homogenized fish samples. After the distillation of this mixture, it was collected in a flask containing boric acid solution (3% w/v). The mixed indicator was prepared from the dissolution of 0.1 g of methyl red and 0.1 g of methylene blue to 100 ml of ethanol. Afterward, the 0.05 M H 2 SO 4 solution was used for titration of the boric acid solution and the consumption of sulfuric acid used as an indicator of TVB-N value (mg N per 100 g of fish).

| The thiobarbituric acid determination
The TBA content was determined according to the method of Kirk and Sawyer (1991) with some modifications. For this aim, 4 g of fillets was minced and added to 20 ml of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (20% w/v) and mixed at 20,000 g for 2 min. 3 ml of the supernatant was introduced into 3 ml of 2-trichloroacetic acid (0.1% w/v) and heated in a boiling water bath for 30 min, and after the cooling, the absorbance was measured at 532 nm by a spectrophotometer (Memmert, Model WNB14, Germany). The amount of TBA was expressed as mg of malondialdehyde per kg of fish flesh.

| Microbial analysis
Ten grams of the fish fillets were mixed with 90 ml of sterile saline solution (0.09% w/v) and homogenized in a stomacher for 2 min.
Then, the serial dilution was made for the following microorganism determinations: (a) Viable mesophilic bacteria were determined using plate count agar (Merck) after incubation for 24 hr at 37°C,

| Sensorial properties
A panel of 6 trained judges (four males and two female) from Islamic Azad University of Tehran were selected for sensorial analysis.

| Statistical analysis
The results were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to test the effect of experimental conditions. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Statistical Software, Inc.) was used for statistical analysis. Duncan's post hoc test was used to assess the difference between pairs of means, and the difference at p < .05 was considered to be significant.

| Nanoparticles structure
Transmission Electron Microscope was used to study the internal structure, morphology, and the size of CNPs. As it can be seen in Figure 1 by the increase in chitosan concentration, the size of CNPs increased, which that leads to aggregation and instability of nanoparticles. It can be concluded that the concentration 1% of chitosan is more appropriate for producing the nanoparticles to release the essential oils during the storage, and also, the smaller size of chitosan particles is probably more effective on the microbial cell wall (Ruparelia, Chatterjee, Duttagupta, & Mukherji, 2008). Gan, Wang, Cochrane, and McCarron (2005) reported typical shapes of polyhedrons (e.g., pentagon and hexagon) for CNPs that it was indicating a similar crystallization mechanism during the particle formation and growth process that suggests them as proper carriers for encapsulation and release mechanism.
The mean size and size distribution of nanoparticles were analyzed using the zetasizer analysis, and the size distribution profile is shown in Table 1. The results exhibited that the mean of NP diameter for 1% and 1.5% chitosan samples was 34 and 117 nm, respectively.
Poly-dispersity index (PDI) is another parameter to evaluate the stability of nanoparticles, and it decreased by the concentration of the chitosan such that the PDI for the 1% and 1.5% chitosan was 0.54 and 0.32, respectively. Oh, Chun, and Chandrasekaran (2019) observed the size of CNPs was in the diameter range of 100-1,000 nm and they also reported the potential antimicrobial activity of CNPs.
Increase in CNPs size as a function of chitosan concentration was also observed by Gan et al. (2005). The method of preparing the nano-chitosan can affect the PDI and stability of nanoparticles (Oh et al., 2019).
As it can be seen in Table 1, the zeta potential for 1% and 1.5% of chitosan was +41 and +47 mV, respectively. The positive charge for nanoparticles might be the result of the protonated amine groups in chitosan chains which results in high stability of chitosan nanoparticles and lower aggregations. Deen, Skovgaard, and Pedersen (2016) proposed that nanoparticles with the zeta potential least of +30 mV are more stable. The results showed the nanoparticles prepared from 1% chitosan were more stable compared with 1.5% chitosan and it can be due to the lower size of particles. Gan et al. (2005) also reported that the CNPs exhibited a positive charge and it increased by the increase in chitosan concentration.

| PV determination
The peroxide test is a measure of the formation of hydroperoxides. PV measurement is used for indicating the primary oxidation products in the lipid fraction of the fish fillets (Eymard, Baron, & Jacobsen, 2009). PV for different treatments during storage is shown in Figure 2.
In this study, PV of fish fillets was in the range of 0.91 to 1.04 m eq /kg of fish lipid. It was observed that the PV in all treatments increased during the storage that it was the highest in the control sample so that, after 27 days of storage the number of primary oxidation products increased from 1.04 to 31.4 m eq /kg of lipid.
No significant difference between PV for all treatments was observed during 6 days of storage while they were significantly lower compared with the control sample (p < .05). Although no difference between CNP-coated treatments and fillets loaded with fennel EO was observed, the samples containing both EO and CNPs had the lowest PV, so that after 27 days of storage the PV was 18.95 m eq / kg of fish oil. The maximum permissible PV for fish oils is 5 m eq /kg It has been reported that EOs and other natural preservatives are able to reduce the oxidation reactions in meat products. Guran, Oksuztepe, Coban, and Incili (2015) observed that using EOs, such as thyme, sage, cloves, and rosemary in smoked rainbow trout, reduced the rate of hydroperoxide formation compared with control sample while there was no significant difference between the studied EOs in terms of reduction in PV. In fact, the phenolic compounds in the EOs by trapping the free radicals of the primary steps of oxidation (starting and propagation), through the formation of phenolic radicals, retard the spread of radicals and oxidation of fish oils (Maqsood & Benjakul, 2010). Sathivel, Liu, Huang, and Prinyawiwatkul (2007) reported that PV of frozen salmon fish coated with chitosan was lower compared with control samples.

| TVN-B determination
Total volatile nitrogen is widely used to determine the seafood quality since it has a direct relation with the microorganism growth and the formation of basic compounds resulted from their metabolism such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethylamine and methylamine (Amin, 2012). TVN-B values for the different treatments were in the range of 9.9 to 10.17 mg/kg of fish fillets on the first day, and it increased during the storage (Figure 3). the TVN-B value for the control sample increased from 9.9 to 126.54 mg/ kg fish, which it exceeded from the maximum level proposed for F I G U R E 1 Transmission Electron Microscope pictures of chitosan nanoparticles with 1.5% (a) and 1% (b) of chitosan w/w

| TBA determination
TBA is one of the indexes to illustrate the quality of fish, and it calculates from the malondialdehyde (MDA) content which the threshold level to percept the oxidation by the consumer is 0.5 mg malondialdehyde (4-10 MAD g/kg) per kg of fish (Sheard et al., 2000). In fact, the TBA represents the secondary oxidation products that affect the sensorial properties of fish (Hu, Wang, Xiao, & Bi, 2015).
The TBA value in high-quality food products should be less than 3 mg MDA/kg and in good quality material, not more than 5 mg MDA/kg (Kilinc, Cakli, Dincer, & Tolasa, 2009 Ojagh et al. (2010) also observed that using chitosan edible coating with EO was able to keep the psychotropic bacteria in accepted level up to 12 days of storage. Pseudomonas are aerobic and gram-negative bacteria that are considered as the most important causes of microbial deterioration in freshwater fishes (Cahill, 1990). These bacteria produce different compounds such as dimethyl sulfide, ketones, amines, and aldehydes and during the storage cause the putrefaction of fish (Dalgaard, 2003). As can be seen in Table 2, the growth of Pseudomonas is significantly influenced by the different treatments. Although the MAP technique was not effective enough to retard the Pseudomonas during the storage, the combined effect of MAP with CNPs and fennel EO significantly reduced the number of bacteria which it can be mainly attributed to the antibacterial effect of chitosan. The Pseudomonas population in control samples after 27 days of storage increased from 2 to 7.93 log CFU/g while in CNP-loaded, fennel EO-loaded, and the combination of them it was 7.09, 7.14, and 7.19 CFU/g, respectively.

| Microbial analysis
It can be concluded that the combination of CNPs and EO was not effective enough to retard the Pseudomonas during storage and it was effective only up to day 9. Using clove EO with gelatin-chitosan film drastically reduced the gram-negative bacteria during storage The results show that the LAB population increased in all treatments through 27 days of storage, which was the highest for control samples (

| Sensorial analysis
The results show that sensorial properties of samples were af-  (Venugopal, 2005). Control samples showed a low odor score after 6 days of storage, which it affirms observations for TVN-B value. All treatments except the control were able to retard the spoilage odor in fish samples. Samples treated with CNPs and fennel EO showed the acceptable odor score after 18 days of storage and prohibited the amine and secondary oxidation products.
Color is another factor in fish quality, and it can be a sign of the freshness or spoilage of the fish (Mancini & Hunt, 2005). The color of the fish will change from pink to white which in some cases it can change to the darker color. Color changes in fish flesh is mainly due to oxidation and Millard reactions which presence an antioxidant can positively prohibit it (Ashie, Smith, Simpson, & Haard, 1996).
The color score for all samples was acceptable for 9 days of storage.
Samples coated with CNPs and EO had the highest score after days 18 and 27. Discoloration in fish samples can be due to oxidation and myoglobin changes (Chaijan, Benjakul, Visessanguan, & Faustman, 2005). Texture is an important quality parameter of muscle foods such as fish. Fish is generally softer than meat which is a result of low content of connective tissue and a lower degree of cross-linking (Venugopal, 2005). As can be seen in Figure 5c, the presence of CNPs coating with or without EO was effective in retaining the texture of the fish up to 18 days of storage. Control sample received the lowest sensory score and after 9 days of storage, the texture score was 2.6. Figure 5d shows that the overall acceptance of the samples declined through the storage. Control sample was acceptable to consumers up to 6 days and then after received low scores for overall

| CON CLUS ION
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of CNPs and fennel Treatment containing CNPs and EO had an acceptable level of microorganisms through the storage period. Sensorial properties of fish fillets also were affected by storage time and coating treatments. Study on odor, color, texture, and overall acceptance of samples showed that both of CNPs and fennel EO are able to improve the sensorial attributes of Huso huso fillets and increased the acceptance by the consumers. It can be concluded that using bioactive coatings with MAP improves the shelf life of Huso huso fish fillets up to 18 days.

ACK N OWLED G M ENTS
The authors are grateful to Islamic Azad University Research Council for the financial support.

CO N FLI C T O F I NTE R E S T S
The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interests.