Traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and phytochemical constituents of the genus Syzygium: A review

Abstract The genus Syzygium comprises 1200–1800 species that belong to the family of Myrtaceae. Moreover, plants that are belonged to this genus are being used in the traditional system of medicine in Asian countries, especially in China, India, and Bangladesh. The aim of this review is to describe the scientific works and to provide organized information on the available traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of mostly available species of the genus Syzygium in Bangladesh. The information related to genus Syzygium was analytically composed from the scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Research Gate link, published books, and conference proceedings. Bioactive compounds such as flavanone derivatives, ellagic acid derivatives and other polyphenolics, and terpenoids are reported from several species of the genus Syzygium. However, many members of the species of the genus Syzygium need further comprehensive studies regarding phytochemical constituents and mechanism‐based pharmacological activities.


| INTRODUC TI ON
Plant is an essential source of medicine and plays a vital role in world health for its therapeutic or curative aids which have attained a commanding role in health system all over the world (Akkol, Tatlı, et al., 2021;Fernández et al., 2021;Hossain et al., 2020;Rahman et al., 2021). This comprises medicinal plants not only important for the treatment of diseases but also as potential material for maintaining good health and conditions. Better cultural acceptability, better compatibility and adaptability with the human body, and lesser side effects of plants made many countries in the world to depend on herbal medicine for their primary health care (Bari et al., 2021;CHOWDHURY et al., 2021;Hoque et al., 2021). For centuries, plants are being widely used for their natural resources isolated from various parts of a plant and have been used in the treatment of human diseases. Moreover, some of these plants produce edible fruits, while others simply produce dazzling flowers, which are so attractive and important economically as well.
The knowledge of traditional medicine supports all other systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and even modern medicine. Plant-based systems always play an essential role in health care, and their use by different cultures has been extensively documented. The number of plants used for treatment is estimated to be 20,000 named as medicinal plants. The studies on medicinal plants and active substances derived from these have increased the interest in plants for modern medicine in recent years (F. S. Hossain et al., 2021;Sinan et al., 2021;Tallei et al., 2021).
The genus Syzygium is one of the genera of the myrtle family Myrtaceae comprising 1200-1800 species spread out over the world (B. Ahmad et al., 2016;Reza et al., 2021). The genus Syzygium (Myrtaceae) is named after a Greek word meaning "coupled," an illusion to the paired branches and leaves (Nigam & Nigam, 2012). It has an extensive range that spread out from Africa and Madagascar, Asia throughout the Pacific (Tuiwawa et al., 2013), and highest levels of diversity ensue from Malaysia to Australia, where numerous species are very poorly known and countless species have not been portrayed taxonomically. These species are abundant components in the upper and medium strata of rainforests of the eastern Australia (Hyland, 1983). It is the biggest woody genus of the flowering plants in the world (B. Ahmad et al., 2016). Majority of the species of Syzygium genus vary from medium to large evergreen trees. Some of the species produce edible fruits (e.g., S. jambos, S. fibrosum), which are eaten freshly or commercially used to form them in jam and jellies (Table 1). The genus Syzygium has also a culinary use such as clove of some species, for example, S. aromaticum (B. Ahmad et al., 2016), whose unopened flower buds are used as a spice which is most important economically. Few species are used as flavoring agents for their attractive glossy foliage, while other species look ornamented. Many species of the genus Syzygium are known for their traditional use in various diseases. S. aromaticum's essential oil (CEO) is traditionally used in the treatment of burns and wounds, and as a pain reliever in dental care as well as treating tooth infections and toothache (Batiha et al., 2020). S. cordatum and S. guineese are used in abdominal pain, indigestion, and diarrhea (N. Dharani, 2016). S. cumini is used in diarrhea, dysentery, menorrhagia, asthma, and ulcers (Jadhav et al., 2009). S. jambos (L.) is traditionally used to treat hemorrhages, syphilis, leprosy, wounds, ulcers, and lung diseases (Reis et al., 2021). S. malaccense (L.) is used to treat mouth ulcers and irregular menstruation; S. samarangense flowers are used to treat diarrhea and fever; and S. suboriculare is used to treat coughs and colds, diarrhea, and dysentery (IE Cock & Cheesman, 2018). S. caryophyllatum, S. cumini, S. malaccense, and S. samarangens are used to treat diabetes mellitus (Ediriweera & Ratnasooriya, 2009).
Although many species of Syzygium genus are used as traditional medicine (Table 1), in this review, we tried to provide an overview on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Syzygium species for the development of evidence-based medicines.
It is important to analyze the critique of these species in relation to current knowledge of bioactive compounds and biological activities, which may reduce the gaps between the traditional knowledge and evidence-based research in future.

| Nomenclature
Syzygium is an entirely old world genus. In past, many Syzygium species were originally described in Eugenia L. or Jambosa Adans.
Taxonomic confusion in Eugenia and Syzygium resulted from the considerable overlap of macro-and micromorphological characters.
Gallic acid methyl ester, a compound identified and characterized from S. fruticosum, exhibited strong antibacterial activity, cytotoxic activity, higher ferrous reducing antioxidant and DPPH free radical scavenging activities

| Alkaloids
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic compounds, which con-

| Glycosides
Glycosides are the compounds in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond and many plants preserve

| Antioxidant activities
Antioxidants are the elements which scavenge free radicals, improve protection level from oxidative damage, and also help in decreasing or inhibiting oxidative stress (OS; Figure 2). Many compounds isolated from plants are considered to be natural resources of antioxidants (Table 3). Consumption of several foods which are rich in flavonoid and phenolic compounds exhibits antioxidant effects that can be advantageous for health (Majumder et al., 2017).
The ability to scavenge the oxygen free radicals was displayed by the leaf of S. anisatum (Konczak et al., 2010). S. aqueum leaf extract showed strong antioxidant properties in vitro and protected human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against UVA damage (Sobeh, Mahmoud, et al., 2018b). Water and methanol extracts of S. aromaticum clove buds and leaves exhibited effective antioxidant activity (Kasai et al., 2016). Its essential clove oil showed high DPPH radical scavenging capacity and low hydroxyl radical inhibition (Radünz et al., 2019). Ethyl acetate leaf extract of S. benthamianum was found to act as potent free radical scavengers in comparison with BHT, a commercial antioxidant. Moreover, a concentration of 400 μg/ml of the extract showed significant inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity (Kiruthiga et al., 2011). Ethyl acetate extract of S. calophyllifolium leaves showed higher radical scavenging activity against DPPH free radical, and the activity of was concentration-dependent manner (Vignesh et al., 2013). Its methanol extract of fruits also showed antioxidant activity (Sathyanarayanan et al., 2018). Ethyl acetate fraction of S. caryophyllatum leaves and n-hexane fraction of S. caryophyllatum fruits exhibited significant antioxidant activity (Wathsara et al., 2020). Methanol extract of S. cordatum plant was found to be more effective in scavenging DPPH free radicals and exhibited antioxidant activity (Mzindle, 2017). S. cumini methanol leaf extract exhibited antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays (Ruan et al., 2008). Its seed powder with high carbohydrate diet supplementation prevented the rise of plasma OS markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione) and restored the anti-oxidative enzymes activity (Ulla et al., 2017). Moreover, fruit extract of S. cumini showed antioxidant activity (Singh et al., 2016).

| Anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory is an action of a substance, which affects the CNS to block the pain signaling to the brain and helps to reduce inflammation and pain. Various compounds of several classes isolated from different species of the genus Syzygium exhibited anti-inflammatory activity (Table 3)

| Antibacterial activities
Antibacterial agents are the substances used principally against pathogenic bacteria to kill or inhibit them to protect cells. Aqueous extract of S. alternifolium stem bark showed antimicrobial properties (Yugandhar et al., 2015). S. anisatum methanol and aqueous leaf extract significantly inhibited both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Bryant & Cock, 2016). S. aromaticum leaf essential oil  (Reddy et al., 2011). Methanol and aqueous extracts of S. zeylanicum bark and leaves exhibited antibacterial activity, and this activity was independent of gram reaction (Shilpa et al., 2014). Its fruits extract also exhibited antibacterial activity (Shilpa & Krishnakumar, 2015).

| Antifungal activity
S. aromaticum oil (clove oil) showed strong antifungal activity against its antifungal activity (Vignesh et al., 2013). Methyl acetate extract of S. caryophyllatu leaves exhibited antifungal activity against three fungal strains (e.g. Alternaria alternata), assessed in disk diffusion method (Annadurai et al., 2012). Dichloromethane, ethanol, and water extracts of S. cordatum leaves exhibited the best antifungal activity with MIC values of 0.20, 0.39, and 0.78 mg/ml, respectively (Mulaudzi et al., 2012). The aqueous and dichloromethane-methanol extracts of bark exhibited antifungal activity producing inhibition effect against several bacterial pathogens, determined by using the microtiter plate dilution assay (Nciki et al., 2016). Ethyl acetate extract of S. densiflorum leaves exhibited antifungal activity against three fungal species (Aspergillus niger), determined by disk diffusion method . S. malaccense methanol leaf extract exhibited selective antifungal activity against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum through inhibiting their growth (Locher et al., 1995). Ethyl acetate extract of S. stocksii leaves exhibit antifungal activity against three fungal species (A. niger), determined by disk diffusion method ; Table 3).

| Anticancer activity
Anticancer substances are those substances which exhibited its cytotoxic effect against different cancer cell lines (Table 3). In vitro anticancer activity of leaf hexane and methanol extracts and its iso- and human prostate cancer cell lines (DU-145). S. aromaticum bud essential oil extract was evaluated to determine the cytotoxicity using MTT assay, colony formation assay, and Annexin V-FITC assay against the thyroid cancer cell line (HTh-7) and found that the extract showed significant anticancer activity (Nirmala et al., 2019).
Methanol and aqueous extracts of S. austral fruits were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation against CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cells, determined by an MTS-based cell proliferation assay (Jamieson et al., 2014). Ethyl acetate extract of S. benthamianum leaves showed higher activity on Hep2 cells by inhibiting the cell growth, determined by MTT assay (Kiruthiga et al., 2011). n-Hexane methanol extract of S. campanulatum leaves showed antiproliferative activity on human colon cancer (HCT 116) cell line (Memon et al., 2015). Ethyl acetate extract of S. calophyllifolium leaves showed anticancer activity; the extract has higher cytotoxic activity against Hep2 cell lines (Vignesh et al., 2013). Its methanol extract of bark showed antiproliferative and cell death-inducing ability analyzed by using MCF-7 breast cancer cell . Ethyl acetate extract of S. caryophyllatum leaves exhibited maximum cell inhibition at higher concentration on cell viability of Hep2 cell lines determined by MTT assay (Annadurai et al., 2012). Ursolic acid and (+)-2,3-dihydrosideroxylin isolated from the leaves of S. corticosum were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, and it was reported that both the compounds produced cytotoxic effect against the cancer cell line (Ren et al., 2018). S. cumini ethanol fruit extract showed anticancer property through exhibiting a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines or on AML (acute myeloid leukemia, immature monocytes) cell line (Afify et al., 2011). S. fruticosum methanol seed extract showed anticancer property through exhibiting a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Ehrlich's Ascite cell (EAC)-induced Swiss albino mice (S. Islam et al., 2013). S. gratum leaf extract produced cytotoxicological effects on gastric and breast cancer cell lines (e.g., Kato-III, NUGC-4, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), determined by MTT assay (Rocchetti et al., 2019;Stewart et al., 2013). S. guineense methanol plant extract showed anticancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer and colon cancer cells through inhibiting Wnt-signaling and proliferation of Wntdependent tumors (Koval et al., 2018). S. jambos exhibited anticancer activity (Chua et al., 2019). Ethanol and chloroform bark extracts of S. johnsonii showed cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines such as HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 (Harris et al., 2011;Setzer et al., 2001).

| Antidiabetic activity
The substances which are used to treat diabetes mellitus through imum fall of 83% in the blood glucose level in diabetic rat (Kasetti et al., 2010). Bioactive compounds (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside) of leaf extract of S. aqueum effectively increased adipogenesis, stimulated glucose uptake, and also increased adiponectin secretion and showed antidiabetic potentiality (T. Manaharan et al., 2013). S. aromaticum essential oil from bud extract exhibited a stronger antidiabetic activity with 95.30% inhibition of α-amylase (Tahir et al., 2016). Methanol extract of S. calophyllifolium barks reduced the blood glucose level and exhibited antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats (Chandran et al., 2016). Hexane fraction of S. caryophyllatum fruits exhibited significantly high antiamylase activity with IC 50 value of 2.27 ± 1.81 μg/ml and also exhibited antidiabetic effects (Wathsara et al., 2020). Aqueous extract of S. cordatum leaves exhibited strong antidiabetic effects on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats through lowering the blood glucose levels (Deliwe & Amabeoku, 2013). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. cumini seed exhibited the antidiabetic activity against STZ-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts produced significant (p < .05) reduction in blood glucose level (A. . Its ethanol leaf extract exhibited the antidiabetic activity against alloxan-induced diabetic rats by reducing blood glucose level (Schoenfelder et al., 2010). S. densifloru methanol leaf extract exhibited significant reduction in the elevated blood glucose level where the percentage of activity at a concentration of 200 mg/kg b.w was higher than the standard drug metformin (MK et al., 2013). Ethanol fruit extract also exhibited antidiabetic activity in STZ-and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats (Krishnasamy et al., 2016). S. grande bark extract showed antidiabetic properties (Myint, 2017). S. guineense aqueous leaf extract exhibited in vitro antidiabetic activity by effecting on glutathione levels within HepG2 cells and inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux (Ezuruike et al., 2019). S. jambos aqueous leaf extract exhibited antidiabetic activity by reducing blood glucose level in diabetes genetic mouse models (db/db; Gavillán-Suárez et al., 2015).
Aqueous bark extract also exhibited antidiabetic activity by reducing blood glucose level at a high dose determined by using normoglycemic (in fasted and nonfasted states) and STZ-induced diabetic rats (Hettiarachchi et al., 2004). S. luzonense ethanol bark extract exhibited antihyperglycemic activity on alloxan-induced rats by reducing the blood sugar with an optimal dose of 300 mg/ kg b.w (Walean et al., 2020). S. mundagam methanol bark extract exhibited antidiabetic activity by reducing blood glucose level in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats . S. paniculatum methanol and aqueous fruit extract exhibited antidiabetic activity by reducing blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Konda et al., 2019). S. polyanthum aqueous leaf extract exhibited antidiabetic activity through reducing blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Widjajakusuma et al., 2019). Its methanol leaf extract also exhibited antihyperglycemic effects on STZ-induced diabetic rats (Widyawati et al., 2015). Vescalagin, a compound isolated from S. samarangense fruit, exhibited antidiabetic activity against high-fructose diet (HFD)-induced diabetic Wistar rats by lowering the plasma insulin and C-peptide levels (Shen & Chang, 2013). In another study, a compound isolated from leaves of S. samarangense exhibited antihyperglycemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Resurreccion-Magno et al., 2005).

| Antidiarrheal activity
Antidiarrheal agents are fiber-forming substances which are used to treat or relieve the symptoms of diarrhea (S. Ahmad et al., 2020;Ansari et al., 2017). S. cordatum leaf aqueous extract reduced the number of diarrheal episodes, decreased the stool mass, and delayed the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice (Deliwe & Amabeoku, 2013). Its methanol extract of fruit pulp and seed extract exhibited the antidiarrheal activity by reducing the number of wet stools, total stools, and onset time in castor oil-induced rats (Sidney et al., 2015b). S. guineense ethanol leaf extract exhibited antidiarrheal activity in mice significantly (p < .05) by inhibiting the intrinsic small intestinal propulsion and itopride-induced propulsive activity (Ezenyi & Igoli, 2018). Isolated compounds from S. myrtifolium ethanol leaf extract exhibited antidiarrheal and antispasmodic potentiality for selected therapeutic effect (Memon et al., 2020). Hexane extract of S. samarangense leaves exhibited spasmolytic activity by relaxing the high K+-induced contractions and also decreased the Ca++ dose-response in a dose-dependent manner (Ghayur et al., 2006; Table 3).

| Hepatoprotective activity
The ability of a substance to prevent damage or injury of liver is called antihepatotoxicity or hepatoprotective activity. For example, CCl4 causes hepatotoxic effect through various appliances, and the antihepatotoxic substances such as flavonoids (e.g. myricetin) as natural resource of plants counteract that effects by reducing the injury level by different facts . S. aqueum leaf extract showed hepatoprotective activity by reducing the elevated levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin (TB), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) in rats with acute CCl 4 -induced intoxication. In addition to reducing the high MDA level, the extract noticeably restored GSH and SOD to the normal control levels in liver tissue homogenate and counteracted the deleterious histopathologic changes in liver after CCl 4 injection (Sobeh, Mahmoud, et al., 2018b). S. aromaticum clove oil extract showed in vitro hepatoprotective potential against CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity using rat liver slice culture (LSC) model (Hina et al., 2017). S. cumini seed powder with HCHF (high carbohydrate high fat) food supplementation reduced the high-fat dietinduced fatty liver or hepatic steatosis in rats. It is also noted that its seed powder prevented the rise of plasma TC and TG levels (Ulla et al., 2017). Methanol extract of S. densifloru fruits showed antihyperlipidemic activity (Krishnasamy et al., 2016). S. jambos ethanol leaf extract exhibited hepatoprotective activity in a rat model of CCl 4 -induced liver damage (Islam et al., 2012). S. samarangense methanol leaf extract showed hepatoprotective activity by reducing liver injury using CCl 4 -inducedrats .

| Others
The addition of polyphenolic-rich extracts from the leaves of S. anisatum to the culture media exerted supreme cytotoxic effect through reducing cell viability of the following cancer cell lines: HT-29, AGS, BL13, and HepG2, in a dose-dependent manner (Sakulnarmrat et al., 2013). S. aromaticum leaves contain eugenol that inhibited biofilm formation and reduced preformed biofilm of P. gingivalis at different concentrations (Zhang et al., 2017). Its bud methanol extract and hydrodistillate showed larvicidal and ovicidal potentiality against third-instar larvae and eggs of B. procera (Hong et al., 2018).
Its essential oils displayed antiulcer activities in the rat models of indomethacin and ethanol-induced ulcer (Santin et al., 2011). Also bud extracts exhibited antituberculosis activity, the proportion of inhibition for M. tuberculosis H37Rv, was found to be dose dependent (Kaur & Kaur, 2015). Its ethanol bud extract also showed anthelmintic activity (Patil et al., 2014). n-Hexane extract of S. campanulatum leaves suppressed expression of VEGF in endothelial cells. It inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth in nude mice and showed antiangiogenesis effect and antitumor activity (Aisha et al., 2013). S. cordatum bark extracts significantly lowered the effect of the mutagen mitomycin C (MMC) and showed antimutagenic effects (Verschaeve et al., 2004). Its leaf extracts exhibited significant leishmanicidal activity with acceptable SI values (SI ≥10) to determine their potential lethality or safe therapeutic application against rat skeletal myoblast L6 cell (Bapela et al., 2017). S. cordatum also showed antiplasmodial activity through inhibiting the growth of the chloroquine-resistant Dd2 malaria parasite strains (Nondo et al., 2015). S. cumini ethanol leaf extracts exhibited antinociceptive effect through showing marked inhibition (p < .01 or p < .001) of glutamate-induced orofacial nociception (38.8, 51.7, and 54.7%) when compared with the control group (Quintans et al., 2014). Its aqueous leaf extract showed antiallergic properties inhibiting the paw edema induced by C48/80, a potent mast cell degranulator, to an extent comparable to the effect of promethazine, a classical antihistaminic used to relieve symptoms of allergic reactions (Brito et al., 2007). Its methanol and aqueous bark extract exhibited anthelmintic effect using Pheretima posthuma as the animal models, and the effect of the extract is comparable to that of standard drug, Albendazole (Kavitha et al., 2011).
Its ethanol extract of seeds at the dose of 250mg/kg and 500 mg/ kg inhibited the Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis in rats (E. Kumar et al., 2008). Carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of S. fruticosum leaf extract showed significant lethality having the LC 50 value 0.65µg/ml. It also exhibited thrombolytic activity (Chadni et al., 2014). Ethanol extract of S. formosum leaves showed antiallergic activity through inhibiting the allergic symptoms to a significant extent in a dose-dependent manner, examined with a mouse model of chicken ovalbumin (cOVA)-induced food allergy (Nguyen et al., 2018). S. guineense leaf extract exhibited antimalarial activity in mice through the suppression of parasite (e.g., malaria parasite) at doses of 600 and 400 mg/kg (Tadesse & Wubneh, 2017). Its hydro-alcoholic leaf extract exhibited in vivo antihypertensive activity in a rat model by reducing blood pressure and also showed in vitro vasodepressor activity by relaxation of aorta precontracted with KCl (Ayele et al., 2010). Its chloroform stem bark extract exhibited antituberculosis activity assessed by using the Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) method (Oladosu et al., 2017). Its ethanol fruit extract exhibited cytotoxicity and antihelmintic activity against Artemia salina and Pherithema posthuma pathogen, respectively (Maregesi et al., 2016). Methanol stem bark extract inhibited intrinsic contractions of rabbit and also produced sustained hypotension in anaesthetized rats and reduce systolic, diastolic blood pressure exhibiting antispasmodic activity (Malele et al., 1997). S.
jambos hydro-alcoholic leaf extract exhibited significant antinociceptive and analgesic activity in a rat model (Avila-Peña et al., 2007).
Its hydro-ethanol leaf extract exhibited antiulcerogenic activity in a rat model reducing gastric injury induced by HCl/ethanol (Donatini et al., 2009). Its chloroform-methanol fruit extract exhibited antitumor activity in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice reducing the tumor growth (Tamiello et al., 2018). Its fruit extract exhibited cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe nyltetrazolium bromide assay (Li et al., 2015). Methanol bark extract exhibited antileukemic activity with the survived cell percentage (HL-60 cells) of 12.7% among tested sample (Pardede et al., 2020). Simplex Virus-1 and 2 and inhibited the growth of these viruses (Locher et al., 1995). Its leaven-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract exhibited cytotoxicity properties on brine shrimp (Itam & Anna, 2020). Methanol and water extracts of S. myrtifolium leaves exhibited antidermatophytic activity against Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale dermatophytes. These extraction also exhibited fungicidal activity and cytotoxic activity against several isolates of T. tonsurans determined by spread plate method and epithelial (Vero) cell line of monkey, respectively (Sit et al., 2018). S. samarangense methanol leaf extract exhibited analgesic and CNS depressant activities, determined by writhing test and reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field and hole cross tests, respectively (Mollika et al., 2014). Its fruit extracts exhibited antiapoptotic properties against STZ-induced pancreatic ß-cell damage in diabetic rats. Ethanol bark extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against five worms (Gayen et al., 2016). Its fruit extracts exhibited anti-acne activity (Goni et al., 2021;Sekar et al., 2017). Leaf extracts of n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited anti-obesity effect on Wistar rat through inhibiting body weight. S. zeylanicum leaf essential oil exhibited potent larvicidal effect against larvae of mosquitos (e.g. Aedes albopictus, Anopheles subpictus; Govindarajan & Benelli, 2016).

| CON CLUS ION
In this review article, we have tried to present the organized in-

ACK N OWLED G M ENTS
The authors are grateful to the Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh for giving their supports to perform this study.

CO N FLI C T O F I NTE R E S T
All the authors have read and approved the manuscript for this journal. They do not have any conflict of interest.

AUTH O R CO NTR I B UTI O N S
A. B. M Neshar Uddin: investigated the study and provided resources. Farhad Hossain: performed data curation, investigated the study, contributed to software, and wrote the original draft. A. S. M.