Pharmacological effects of different ginger juices on the concurrent symptoms in animal models of functional dyspepsia: A comparative study

Abstract Objective Patients with gastrointestinal disorders commonly suffer from poor treatment outcomes and adverse effects of traditional pharmacological therapy. Herbal medicine is a favorable alternative due to the low risk of side effects. This study was performed to explore the antiemetic effects and the improvement effect on gastrointestinal function of components of three ginger juice excipients. Methods The compositions were analyzed by liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC‐MS), especially the gingerols of dried ginger juice (DGJ), fresh ginger juice (FGJ), and fresh ginger boiled juice (FGBJ). Furthermore, the respective gastrointestinal effects on rat models with functional dyspepsia (FD) were compared. Results The 6‐keto‐PGF1α levels in the serum of the treated groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), as compared with the control group. Compared with the cisplatin group, there was an apparent reduction in kaolin intake for DGJ, FGJ, and FGBJ (p < 0.01; p < 0.01; p < 0.05). The intestinal propulsive rate of the rats in the treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Ginger juices significantly improved gastrointestinal function in rats. Eight common components were found in DGJ, FGJ, and FGBJ, among which 6‐paradol, 10‐gingerol, and 12‐shogaol led to inhibited gastric mucosal damage function effect according to the Pearson correlation analysis. Only 6‐shogaol was found to have a positive correlation with gastrointestinal function effect through Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion Ginger juice should be recommended for the medicinal materials used in the treatment of concurrent symptoms of FD.


| Materials
A liquid chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector was employed to analyze the nonvolatile components. In addition, ahigh-speedrefrigeratedcentrifugeandfreeinstrumentwerealso used.Allinvolvedchemicalswereofanalyticalgrade,includinganhydrousethanol,petroleumether,andchloroform,whichweresepa-ratelypurchasedfromXilongChemicalCo.,Ltd,andTianjinDamao Chemical Reagent Factory. Nutritional semi-pastes were also supplied. Kaolin was prepared as previously described. Briefly, kaolin and arabic gum were mixed at a ratio of 99:1, followed by the addition of distilled water (volume) to form a thick paste. The paste wasfurthercutintopiecesresemblingregularratchowpellets.After beingcut,thepelletsweredriedatroomtemperaturefor48hr (Han etal.,2014).

Fresh ginger juice
Firstly, 150g of fresh ginger was washed and squeezed as juice.

| Grouping and administration
Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage Theratswererandomlydividedintofivegroups:thenormalgroup, the model group, the FGJ group, the FGBJ group, and the DGJ group. FGJ, FGBJ, and DGJ were administered to rats once a day

Cisplatin-induced emesis
After acclimatization to the laboratory environment for 3days, all animals were randomly divided into five groups, namely control,
Compared with the control group, the gastric mucosa of rats inthemodelgroupwasfoundtobesignificantlydamaged.Inaddition, shedding, bleeding, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were apparent in the mucosa. Relative to the model group, the gastric mucosa was observed to be lighter and presented with lessinflammatorycellinfiltrationinthegingerboiledjuicegroup and ginger juice group, while slightly alleviated gastric mucosal lesionandinflammatorycellinfiltrationwerenotedintheginger boiled juice group. However, the gastric was severely damaged inthedriedgingerboiledjuicegroupandgingerjuicegroup.The aforementioned results indicate that ginger juice can inhibit the inflammationofgastricmucosaandcanfurthermorepromotethe repairingprocessofgastricmucosa.
The ulcer index (UI) of the groups following administration was found to be significantly lower than that in the model group The content of TNFα was elevated, but there were no significant differences within any groups. And the content of 6-keto-PGF1α in serum significantly increased compared with that in the control group (p < 0.05).Thisdemonstratesthattheacuteinjurystimulates thebody'sinflammatoryresponse.Thecontentof6-keto-PGF1α in serumofginger-treatedgroupwassignificantlydecreasedcompared withthemodelgroup(p < 0.01,p < 0.05).Furthermore,thecontent ofFGJgroupwaslowerthantheFGBJgroup,inwhichithasbasicallyreturnedtonormallevels.

| Cisplatin-induced emesis
Twenty-four hours after administering peritoneal injections of cisplatin, kaolin intake was shown to be significantly increased in

| Correlation analysis of common components and efficacy index
TheDGJgroupwiththelowestUIwasindexedas100points.The FGJ group with the lowest concentration of TNFα in serum was taken as 100 points. The FGJ group with the lowest concentra-tionof6-keto-PGF1αinserumwastakenas100points.TheFGBJ groupwiththelowestkaolinintakewasalsoindexedas100points.

CO N FLI C T O F I NTE R E S T
Theauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenoconflictofinterest.