Climate-driven ‘species- on- the-move’ provide tangible anchors to engage the public on climate change

1. Over recent decades,


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PECL ET AL.   consequences of climate change (e.g.sea ice and glacier melting), often occurring in the least densely populated regions of the world, fail to engage many people (Manzo, 2010).In contrast, species-onthe-move, when presented in locally and contextually relevant ways, can provide the opportunity for people to connect more strongly to the reality of climate change in ways that are relevant to them.
Although a growing majority of people accept the science of anthropogenic climate change, translating this apparent concern into the necessary social and political action remains elusive (Rowson, 2013).Nevertheless, the impacts of climate change, including the melting of sea ice in the Arctic, the retreat of mountain glaciers, more frequent and intense extreme weather events and fires, sea level rise and species extinctions (Ripple, 2020), as well as emerging and re-emerging diseases (Altizer et al., 2013), are becoming increasingly evident, and global public concern has grown over the Pew Research Center, found that across 91 countries, a median of 67% of people surveyed believed that climate change was a major threat to their country, up from 56% in 2013 (Fagan & Huang, 2019).
However, the 2019 values varied across countries; as low as 38% in Israel, and as high as 90% in Greece.Moreover, the overall figures also hide significant and growing political polarisation on the topic of climate change in many countries (Capstick et al., 2015;Fagan & Huang, 2019).
An interdisciplinary body of climate communication literature, emerging from psychology, sociology, human geography and communication studies, provides evidence-based guidance on effective strategies for engaging society in both individual and collective action on climate change.This research shows that neither the provision of scientific information on climate change, nor attempts to appeal to the objective authority of science, are effective methods of public engagement (Corner & Groves, 2014;Wynne, 2006).
Instead, advocates of social adaptation to climate change are looking to more conversational (Nettlefold & Pecl, 2020) and participatory modes of communication (Maeseele, 2015;Pearce et al., 2015;Whitmarsh et al., 2011).This large body of research highlights three fundamental features of social life that are pivotal to inclusive engagement across diverse segments of global society: human values, trust networks and place attachment (Box 1).
Climate change is already having direct and tangible personal impacts on humans.These impacts may be categorised into three main types: experience of gradual changes, including increases in temperature; experience of more frequent extreme events like fires or heatwaves and observations of changes affecting other species connected to us, including altered migration patterns of birds or changes in the time of flowering of plants.Although variations in the weather and gradual warming lead to greater concern about climate change (Zaval et al., 2014), the magnitude of this effect is small (Bergquist & Warshaw, 2019).Exposure to extreme events, including fires, heatwaves, floods or large storms, can provoke greater concern initially, but these experiences are often intertwined with extreme existential fear and trauma, which can disengage or psychologically paralyse people and cause them to despair (Cunsolo Willox et al., 2013;O'Neill & Nicholson-Cole, 2009).In contrast, observations of climate-mediated changes to the species around us (i.e.species-onthe-move) can incite a range of strong emotions that connect with our values and our sense of place in potentially constructive ways that prompt action.Likewise, evidence of biodiversity responses to past warming intervals and abrupt climatic shifts (some of similar rate and magnitude to what is being forecast for the future) in places and regions with high attachment values, provide important thinking tools for visualising the ecological and evolutionary consequences of future climate change on biodiversity and the services it provides to humanity (Fordham et al., 2020).

| P EO PL E A N D P L AC E S
People are inherently aware of which species 'belong' in the environments they frequent and use, and which species do not.
Many social groups have strong cultural connections based on species interactions, and our relationships with other species are often underpinned by dearly held values.However, although the climate-driven redistribution of species is one of the most pervasive effects of climate change (Fordham et al., 2020;Pecl et al., 2017), and these changes are tangible and visible at local scales, given the growing societal disconnect from nature (e.g.Larson et al., 2018), these changes may go unnoticed unless explicitly brought to people's attention.Species-on-the-move, when presented in locally and contextually relevant ways, can represent a meaningful anchor to communicate climate science, the implications of climate change, and the urgency of addressing the issue.This is because these changes in species distribution offer the potential to engage individuals intellectually, emotionally, behaviorally and sometimes even economically or from the perspective of human health.Species-on-the-move can be understood as 'objects of care' (sensu Wang et al., 2018) that link people directly and more immediately with climate change and centre it as a more personally relevant issue that may evoke strong emotions in ways that potentially prompt action (Figure 1).
A key benefit to anchoring climate change communication to species-on-the-move is that this lens can often avoid the potential for emotional overwhelm and fear that typically follows climate communication, focusing almost exclusively on large-scale impacts and extreme weather events.Emotions provoked by the local loss of a species or the local arrival of a new 'invader' may still produce worry.However, this is a much more productive emotion than existential fear prompted by extreme weather events or by a species going totally extinct because it does not hijack our cognitive abilities where we get so scared or angry that our ability to think clearly and access the executive function in the prefrontal cortex is diminished (Huntley, 2020).Even those for whom climate change is not an active concern may have enough interest in particular species-on-the-move (or their effects on human well-being) to

BOX 1 climate change
Human values are individually held yet culturally informed beliefs about what is important in life.They are the frames of reference, or guiding principles, through which individuals evaluate information and make decisions.Human values evoke strong emotions, and have both rational and affective dimensions (Leiserowitz, 2006).They remain relatively stable over the course of a person's life but can be influenced by shifting norms and transformational experiences, including socio-ecological change (Kendal & Raymond, 2019).
People who demonstrate concern about climate change tend to place high importance on the value of caring for nature (Dietz et al., 2007;Howell, 2013;Lucas, 2018;Reser et al., 2012).While this suggests that encouraging connections with nature may have positive effects on generating concern about climate change (Schultz et al., 2005), it also reflects the fact that predominant narratives frame climate change as an environmental problem, rather than emphasising its impacts on human systems (Lucas & Davison, 2019).
On this basis, we propose two complementary directions for climate communication.First, that stories and experiences of other species impacted by climate change are likely to resonate with people who are already concerned about climate change, and could be leveraged to deepen existing concern, potentially promoting individual and collective action (Ives et al., 2018;Whitburn et al., 2019), or active participation in adaptation.Second, that stories and experiences highlighting human dimensions of climate change are needed for wider and more inclusive engagement, particularly with those who are not currently concerned (Corner et al., 2018;Goldberg et al., 2019).Narratives that appeal to socially conservative values, such as continuity, tradition and responsibility, as well as narratives that speak to the values of opportunity and freedom, may also be useful in engaging with people who are less likely to be concerned about climate change (Whitmarsh & Corner, 2017).Furthermore, engagement that explores the connections between the effects of climate change on other species and on humans is likely to be effective across a broad spectrum of values.
Trust networks are social groups connected through mutually trusted individuals or organisations (Lucas et al., 2015).These are the conduits for shared cultural narratives, experiences and resulting norms and values (Hornsey & Fielding, 2020).Humans are inherently social and have developed unconscious psychological mechanisms, including motivated reasoning, to enable in-group conformity and agreement (Druckman & McGrath, 2019;Kunda, 1990).Once an issue has been 'framed' or interpreted by influential members of a group, this framing acts as a lens for the whole group, enabling them to interpret any information on this issue in a way that confirms the strongly held views of the group (Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020;Nelson & Kinder, 1996).In this way, certain narratives about climate change have created 'ruts' that polarise social groups and are hard to shift and change (Lucas & Warman, 2018).One strategy for disrupting polarised climate discourse is to develop alternative framings of climate change that instead focus on values that are shared across social groups (Blackmore et al., 2013;Lucas & Warman, 2018).Trusted messengers, particularly those who are respected by divergent social groups, are important conduits for these narratives (Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020; Levin & Cross, 2004).

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PECL ET AL.   motivate action outside of a more political climate change framing (Lucas & Davison, 2019).In addition, species-on-the-move often occur at a scale likely to generate local interest-and at a scale where investment in adaptation is practical-without creating the sense of hopelessness and helplessness that comes with a focus on global-scale impacts.Moreover, climate communication is most effective for engendering individual agency and action when aimed at smaller audiences (i.e.10,000 people or less), and so locally relevant species-on-the-move are ideally suited to this scale of engagement (Bhowmik et al., 2020).

| C L I M AT E C H A N G E CO N V E RS ATI O NS
Human communities are connected with other species through long-term ecological, cultural, spiritual and economic relationships.
Climate-driven changes in species distributions-the local losses of plants and animals that we are familiar with, but also the gains of species that are new to us-provide an opportunity to rethink how we frame climate change communication (Figure 1).Frames are that connect to a range of human values and emotions.
Place attachment (or sense of place) is the emotional bond people form with a place (Bell et al., 2018).Positive emotions associated with a place contribute to human well-being (Stedman, 2002), and the strength of this emotional bond is an important predictor of climate change engagement (Scannell & Gifford, 2013).Place attachment is mediated by the quality and range of natural resources present in a place (van Putten et al., 2018) and, therefore, is influenced by any variation in these place-specific values (Larson et al., 2013).Taking guidance from the term salutogenesis (Pitt, 2018), which underscores the link between place attachment, environmental quality and well-being outcomes, it is reasonable to assume that changes to the environment will likely impact an individual's sense of place (Mittelmark et al., 2017).Place attachment is an important concept to understand in relation to change because people use it to not only develop and construct meanings but also form their identities through their experiences with places (Graham et al., 2009).Species present in the environments we form attachment to are often 'objects of care' (sensu Wang et al., 2018) and provide different bonding routes (van Putten et al., 2018) that mediate how changes in the distribution of species might affect place attachment.Thus, we infer that species range shifts-a clear manifestation of climate change-can impact upon our place attachment.
| PECL ET AL.   interpretive storylines for communications-they define an issue and affect how information is evaluated (Nisbet, 2019).By defining a problem in a particular way, accepted frames circumscribe potential responses and solutions.Frames make direct connections to the emotional regions of the brain and are most effectively delivered via trusted messengers (Lakoff, 2010).Frames that can be used to communicate environmental issues include emotional, problem-solution, value-based, social-norm and outcome frames (Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020).Each can evoke emotions that are negative (e.g.anger, worry, grief), positive (e.g.joy, hope, empathy) or perhaps neutral (e.g.surprise, anticipation).In Table 1, we show how different framings of species-on-the-move can provide emotional pathways for thinking about climate change in ways that connect with people's values, their attachment to place and trusted networks (see also Figure 1).The aim is not to provide a definitive list of possible framings, but to show the diverse opportunities for communication presented by species-on-the-move.
We should also note that conservations regarding climate-driven species-on-the-move may need to be nuanced, acknowledging (where appropriate) other potential drivers of change, and including clear differentiation from incursions of introduced or alien species (ie those that occur beyond their accepted normal distribution as a result of human activity).Furthermore, not all climate-driven species-on-the-move will have negative impacts, although some certainly may have impacts equivalent to invasive species (ie introduced species, as a result of human activity, that significantly modify or disrupt the ecosystem).
Species-on-the-move provide opportunities for developing climate change conversations that recognise and associate climatedriven changes in species distributions with broader climate impacts.
For example, people living along the east coast of Tasmania, where a range-shifting long-spined sea urchin has overgrazed kelp forests creating 'urchin barrens' that impact recreational and commercial fisheries (Ling et al., 2009), may feel sadness and grief at the loss of kelp ecosystems.Conversely, some people in these communities may also feel hope and gratitude for the new urchin fishery that developed specifically to reduce their impact on local reefs (Ling & Keane, 2018).The connection between this ecosystem, fishery changes and climate change (i.e.long-term warming of coastal waters) can, thus, be communicated using a 'problem-solution' frame (Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020 and see Table 1).

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In several different contexts and places around the world, climatedriven shifts in species' distributions are already being used to effectively engage people and communities on the issues of climate change (Table 2, Box 2), although not necessarily with the explicit aim of connecting the shifts to particular human values or emotions, or consciously using specific framings.These initiatives span a range of approaches, including citizen science, eco-tourism, interactive report cards and web-based tools, formal educational activities for schools, investigative journalism articles, as well as TV documentaries (such as the recent Australian Ocean Odyssey), and books for the general public (Shah, 2020).Citizen science appears, not surprisingly, to be a particularly popular approach to engage the public on climate-driven species redistribution and offers the advantage of increasing data availability and extending our understanding of underlying biological processes at the same time (Kullenberg & Kasperowski, 2016;Martin et al., 2019).In Taiwan, for example, citizen science projects have developed rapidly over the past decade owing to the well-established cyber infrastructure, popularity of social media, and open data culture (Chyn et al., 2019;Ko et al., 2019).Currently, more than 70% of the 4.5 million species occurrence data across wide taxonomic groups reported for the country was contributed by citizen scientists (Ko et al., 2019).Some citizen science projects are based on simple methods, such as uploading species photos to social media (much like What's That Fish in New Zealand, Middleton et al., 2021), where researchers readily provide taxonomic or biological information that can engage opportunistic observers.Such data accumulate rapidly, support the detection of range shifts, phenology change and even disease outbreaks, all of which can be crucial in communicating climate change in a locally relevant way to audiences.For example, the Taiwan Moth Information Center has used Facebook to collect more than 362,000 moth records since 2011, and citizen science data are an important contribution to the first national report of birds (i.e.State of Taiwan's Birds Partnership., 2020), revealing widespread shifts in distribution of birds.
Redmap Australia, the Range Extension Database and Mapping project www.redmap.org.au, is an Australia-wide citizen science project where fishers, divers, boaters and marine naturalists are invited to submit photos of species they opportunistically observe outside of their expected distributions, via the project website or its smartphone application (Pecl et al., 2019).Each sighting submitted is verified by one of a network of over 80 scientists, and the observer is then sent a personalised email confirming the species identification and the nature of the sighting (e.g.unusual and out-of-range, etc.).The Redmap Australia initiative was specifically established to provide an early indication of which species may be shifting as the coastal waters warm (e.g.Robinson et al., 2015), and, just as importantly, to use observations submitted to engage the public on marine climate change using their own data.The one-on-one dialogue between scientists and observers, via the emails received from the verification process, and the individual engagement achieved on Facebook, has helped build trust in the project (Nursey-Bray et al., 2018).As a point of difference to many citizen science projects, Redmap engages people who are typically often 'unengaged' with science, as it involves opportunistic observations verified after data submission in contrast to projects requiring training and formal signup procedures.The Redmap website has had 1,500,000 webpage downloads with visits from 180 countries, and the to climate change but without a corresponding extension of range limits at the cooler range edge (Kerr et al., 2015).The health of plants and animals that people depend on may be affected by the change in distributions of these important pollinators, in turn affecting food production as well as biodiversity and ecosystem health People are likely to have a changed experience of landscape without bumblebees and for some there will be a feeling of loss of the sound and presence of bees.The lack of bumblebees will result in decline of dependent plant species and may create worry about the economic and practical repercussions for horticultural activities that require bee pollination.
The loss of bumblebees and their important ecosystem role might spark sympathy and care for the environment and the protection of other important pollinator species E: Feelings of loss and highlighting the humannature connection can influence broader behaviour and action on climate change.
P/S: Public action to protect bumblebees and other pollinators can be encouraged as a solution to this climate impact problem.
V: People's connection to place can be appealed to by using messages that describe the bees' role in people's connection to nature.
S/N: Describing how members of the community are acting to protect pollinators can impel others to do the same.
O: Highlighting the potential loss of flowers and plants can encourage communities to take action.Local producers, and in particular rural communities, will be greatly affected, with implications for livelihoods and regional economies.Additionally, the new upslope growing regions may be impacted ecologically (Baca et al., 2014).

Changing distributions of globally important crops may require multijurisdictional strategic planning and cooperation
There is likely to be real worry and fear for the loss of livelihood.Changes in distribution of diseases can challenge health systems at national and international scales, draining public and private sector resources.There is likely to be immediate concern for people's health, likely associated with stress and worry.For those not directly impacted there will likely be sympathy towards people impacted.If given appropriate funding, there is an existing capacity to deal with malaria and something can be done about protecting people, there is likely to be some hope If there is a capacity to drive effective health measures and protection, there is potentially an opportunity for selfefficacy and determination.Collective action appeals to the fundamental values of universalism and benevolence E: The discussion and development of solutions to this threat can provide feelings of hope for this community.
P/S: Solution frames affirm and motivate the potential for individual action, empowering the community to reduce the spread of malaria.
V: Messages that convey a need for collective action appeal to the fundamental values of universalism and benevolence and increase community concern.
S/N: Communicating community co-operation as the norm can strengthen this community's chance of avoiding an epidemic.
O: Emphasising the losses that will be incurred in the face of inaction can engage community members to join an effort to reduce the spread of malaria.

Community co-operation
Social-norm frame (focused on protecting families, noting that poverty may limit potential capacity to act).
'The threat of malaria in our community is real.
Malaria is spreading into our region because of the changing climate.Young children and pregnant women are particularly at risk.
We are working together to stay safe and stop the spread of this disease.There are some things that every one of us can do to help stop the spread of the mosquitoes that carry this disease'.Mustonen, 2015).Sustainable production can be harder to achieve as the distribution of species shifts, impacting culturally or economically important fisheries and challenging management.The loss of traditional fisheries that have both cultural and economic value will likely create a feeling of worry for the future.There may even be anger at western civilisation for further threatening an already precarious cultural link.If people have an inherent connectedness to species the potential loss will translate into inherent sadness and grief There is likely to be a feeling of sympathy and empathy for the connection people have to the species.At the same time the attempt to maintain and co-manage these species will potentially create pride in actively preserving cultural connections.For some in the community there might be some surprise and relief that birds are moving and that they have some available habitat that they can go to E: Describe how conflict can be damaging for everyone.The ski-industryski industry and environmentalists can work together to develop a solution to this impact.

Species
P/S: Emphasising the timeliness and need for action that enable the co-development of a solution that benefits all.
V: Messages that draw on both anthropocentric (i.e.economic) and ecocentric (i.e.conservation) values can engender communitywide concern and action.
S/N: Communicating a norm that everyone is seeking to reduce conflict can discourage others from engaging in conflict around adaptation to changes.
O: A message centred around an outcome of reduced conflict could encourage collective action to develop a shared solution.
Let us find our common ground Outcome framing (focus on shared gain) 'Changing climate in our region will affect our communities and the nature that surrounds us.Mountain birds are moving upslope-this will affect how we manage our ski industry and how we regulate bird conservation.We need to work together to develop management solutions that can benefit us all and reduce any potential conflict, whilst protecting these birds and their habitats for all to enjoy'.
people had learnt about range extensions, species distributions and climate change and also gained insights into the importance of having accurate species information incorporated into policy decisions (Nursey-Bray et al., 2018).Redmap has been very effective in building awareness and understanding of marine climate change in the community, with 97% of people indicating they trusted the data and information emerging from Redmap, and 78% of people sharing information they learnt from the project with other people in their network (Nursey-Bray et al., 2018).
In some regions, standardised ecological surveys are available to reliably track species-on-the-move through time and across space.
Visualisations and maps provide an accessible mechanism for communicating historical and ongoing shifts in species distributions and can be used to not only engage the public but also provide resources for educators and journalists and to directly inform decisions made by resource managers.The OceanAdapt project and website focuses on North America (US and Canada) to compile data annually from ecological surveys across the continental shelf.The data are processed into animated maps and graphs intentionally organised so users can explore and discover changes in spatial distribution over the last few decades for any of the 500 species depicted.In addition, peer-reviewed habitat projections are also available to guide long-term adaptation efforts (Morley et al., 2018).These interactive visualisations have proven engaging for a wide audience, and the website-which has had 75,000 pageviews since 2014-has informed at least 20 original media articles, provided data for an investigative journalism project 'Ocean Shock' and supplied visualisations for a conservation biology textbook (Cardinale et al., 2019) and a documentary movie (Abel, 2018).More directly, however, the ac- widely accessible modelling software and methodological validation (Elith et al., 2006;Phillips & Dudík, 2008), and support for the idea that predictive modelling was needed for conservation planning (Rodríguez et al., 2007).Despite strongly voiced warnings that range shift predictions were likely misleading and often wrong (Dormann, 2007), such predictions nonetheless proliferated in the The long-spined sea urchin has shifted into Tasmania, tracking the pattern of warming in this region.Urchins feed on kelps, converting kelp forests into urchin barrens, affecting the regional lobster and abalone fisheries (Ling et al., 2009).
But a new industry can develop around urchin harvest Some emotions that would be experienced by the affected community are the sadness and grief associated with the loss of environment/ecosystem integrity (system deterioration) and the visual impact this has.The fishers who are reliant on the system for their livelihoods will likely experience worry about income loss.But the fishing industry can also find some hope in being able to participate in a potentially new industry and act to help the environment through harvesting the urchins.This is likely to at least provide some gratification to the industry.E: Loss of kelp forests is associated with sadness and grief.But there may also be hope in the fishing industry's ability to adapt and also protect the environment through harvesting of urchins.P/S: This impact can be framed with a solution by identifying the fishing industry as a champion and custodian of the local environment.Urgency to act is also emphasised under such framing.
V: Appealing to environmental values (e.g.protecting kelp from urchin expansion) can encourage community support for the fishing industry's role in reducing these climate impacts.
S/N: Highlighting that many fishers are already reaping the financial and ecological rewards of targeting urchins can impel others to do the same.
O: Identifying the potential gains for industry and community can inspire creative solutions for action.

Creative empowerment
Problem-solution frame (focused on win-win opportunities) 'The long-spined sea urchin is moving rapidly down our coastline, converting kelp forests to urchin barrens in its wake.We need to stop this spread before it more heavily affects our important fishing industries.
A new urchin-harvesting industry will massively reduce the number of urchins in our local waters, whilst also providing jobs and employment for our community' scientific literature (Beale & Lennon, 2012), generally defended as being useful first approximations for conservation planning (Wiens et al., 2009).In some cases, predictions with unquantified uncertainty were treated as predictive fact by the media, who asked the public to imagine a world where a certain species no longer exists in a certain place, such as the iconic Bald Eagle climatically shifting out of the Grand Canyon of the United States (Bowling, 2018).To this end, visualisations of potential range shifts have been instrumental in communicating to the public what a potential future with climate change might look like from the perspective of beloved animals (Lai et al., 2014).These broadly communicated exercises of the imagination perilously conflate prediction with prophecy, but as a prelude to more recent abilities of citizen science to track ongoing range shifts, the imagination of predicted future species' ranges may have been an effective method of introducing the tangible biotic impacts of climate change to a large segment of the public (Yusoff & Gabrys, 2011).

| S P EC I E S -O N -T H E-M OV E
Climate-driven changes in species distribution have already been used to engage fishers, divers, naturalists, school children, government agencies and policy makers on the complex issues climate change (Table 2).However, there is potential to substantially and strategically expand on these efforts in several key ways to broaden effective engagement, in terms of specific approaches to communicate species-on-the-move, connections made and audiences reached, as well as extending the scale and global reach (  (Vermeeren et al., 2016).
Strategic engagement initiatives using species-on-the-move at the local to regional level can collectively contribute to inter- There are a number of big-picture initiatives and opportunities that can be localised to promote public awareness, education and participation, including the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration (2021-30), Decade of Ocean Science (2021-30) and the last decade of the SDGs (until 2030).The SDGs, in particular, offer a framework that is built around shared goals, and that already incorporates existing rights and international conventions.The post-2020 biodiversity framework will be shaped in terms of its contributions to Agenda 2030 and the SDGs.
Targets within these will be highly relevant to species-on-the-move (Pecl et al., 2017), and further supporting a just, sustainable future where people and nature flourish in a stable climate.
The importance of engaging the whole of society to address climate change has been recognised many times.For example, the UN  et al., 2020).Large, stored collections in museums can also help people explore environmental change in a hands-on way and provide people with opportunities to participate in citizen science initiatives, bringing together education, training, access to information, public participation and international co-operation.These citizen science initiatives, along with other approaches outlined in Tables 2 and 3, build capacity for research that in turn helps build adaptive capacity to climate change and its impacts.Ultimately, different platforms and contexts will be applicable in different circumstances; collectively we need many different actors, connecting via different pathways to engage as many people as possible.
Given the goal of engendering positive and active engagement in addressing climate change, any initiatives designed around using species-on-the-move as an engagement tool could consider several aspects of outcome evaluation.However, a reliable scientific framework to measure the performance, impact and outcome of behaviour change interventions is not readily available (Gatersleben, 2018;Sweeney, 2009) provide lifelong learning opportunities for the public through exhibits, collections and citizen science projects that include range shifts perspectives.These can attract attendance from a cross-section of society but also facilitate partnerships and interaction between different stakeholders including government authorities and planners, researchers and public audiences.

Formal education Image ©woodleywonderworks
Schools can make use of educational kits (e.g.Great Southern Reef educational resource) designed by scientists to incorporate climate-driven changes in species redistribution into their curriculum through formal class-teaching and field observations.Science outreach efforts like these provide easily accessible tools for schools and home learners to educate the young generation about climate change impacts.
5 Rural agriculture and fisheries organisations Image ©Walter Aristondo Farmers, agriculture agencies, fishers, fisheries agencies, local monitoring groups, landcare and coastcare groups could be provided with support to help monitor new species shifting into their regions via apps or websites, or recorded locally, and in turn, use information gathered to communicate species-on-the-move in locally relevant ways.Such platforms can engage rural agricultural and fisheries stakeholders impacted by species range shifts, as well as the broader public that may be typically unengaged with science, by using their own observations.

BOX 2
In addition to species as components of biodiversity, climate change (along with human and animal movement) is altering the distribution of infectious diseases of both medical and veterinary importance (Bergquist et al., 2018).More than 70% of all emerging infections are zoonotic (i.e.coming to humans from animals; Jones et al., 2008).For instance, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to this class, as do the Nipah and hanta virus, ebola and Fransicella tularensis causing tularemia.The on-going global reshuffling of species is likely to produce novel species assemblages, increasing the opportunities for viral sharing between previously isolated species, for example.
In some cases, this will inevitably facilitate spillover of new diseases to humans (Carlson et al., 2020).Already known vector-borne diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever are also expanding, in concert with global warming and changes in the ranges of their mosquito vector species, most notably Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) and Aedes aegypti (Kraemer et al., 2019;Ryan et al., 2019).In the battle against their global spread, various initiatives in academia or health organisations have actively sought to engage citizens or communities in the surveillance of disease-carrying mosquitoes.The Global Mosquito Alert Consortium, is a large UNEP-backed global platform bringing together citizen science initiatives for a coordinated approach to mosquito vector-monitoring by engaging with the public (Tyson et al., 2018).In addition, health professionals (alongside scientists) often rank among the most trusted of messengers, and a focus on public health often elicits strong emotional reactions consistent with support for climate change mitigation and adaptation (Myers et al., 2012).Health researchers, medical societies and clinicians could, therefore, form a powerful, united voice in framing the climate change crisis as a health imperative, presenting a unique opportunity to engage and empower society, including patients and policy makers (Koh, 2016).A (re-)framing of climate change as a public health issue may encourage people to consider the human health context of climate change, providing a new frame of reference that may broaden the personal significance and relevance of climate change to segments in society that may otherwise be disengaged or dismissive of the issue (Maibach et al., 2010).
Evidence suggests that people need to feel that they are part of nature in order to engage in actions that can potentially protect it (Moreton et al., 2019).There is substantial potential for people to connect more deeply with their local environment through engagement with species-on-the-move and climate change that offers: 1. Personal relevance for local communities but connects to global climate narratives (e.g.Davies et al., 2019).This relevance could be nature-based but may also be economic or related to human health, offering a variety of potential pathways for connection; 2. Engagement on intellectual, emotional and embodied dimensions (Morris et al., 2019);

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page has 10,000 followers reaching upwards of 50,000 people each month.Formal evaluation of participants demonstrated | PECL ET AL.TA B L E 1 2017) and suggestions of how these might be used to initiate locally relevant conversations about climate change with individuals and communities.We outline how message framing strategies can be designed to evoke emotional responses in order to improve public awareness and capacity to adapt to climate change.We describe opportunities for communication using different environmental communication frames (adapted from Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020), including emotional (E), problem-solution (P/S), value-based (V), social-norm (S/N) and outcome (O) frames.Emotions highlighted in red, green and blue are negative, positive and neutral emotions, respectively.Species Description of climate-driven change in distribution Emotional receptiveness-pathways Opportunities for communication (framing) Examples of using species-on-the-move as a central message for starting climate conversations Bumblebees A contraction in range at the warmer edge of the distribution, and shift upslope for some species in North America and Europe due Description of climate-driven change in distribution Emotional receptiveness-pathways Opportunities for communication (framing) Examples of using species-on-the-move as a central message for starting climate conversations Atlantic salmon Atlantic salmon has declined in Finland, while another fish, the northern pike (which feeds on juvenile salmon), has expanded its range in response to warmer water temperatures.In an effort to boost salmon reproduction, Indigenous Skolt Sámi comanagement measures have increased harvests of pike and started ecological restoration of important salmon spawning sites (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), 2013, cessibility and high quality of the underlying data has helped inform fisheries management and marine conservation, including a national climate change indicator for the United States (https://www.epa.gov/clima te-indic ators/ clima te-chang e-indic ators -marin e-speci esdistr ibution), climate vulnerability assessments(Hare et al., 2016) and climate adaptation planning for at least four fisheries management organisations.Species-on-the-move are not traditionally considered in fisheries management or marine conservation, and accessible visualisations have helped to change this approach, particularly when the results help corroborate 'on-the-water' reports from fishers reporting similar changes.Even before widespread citizen science projects were available to track range shifts in real time, scientists and communicators have used projections from species distribution models to communicate the reality of shifting species resulting from ongoing and future climate change.The boom of making predictive species distribution models-particularly correlative models of a species 'environmental niche'-reached a fever pitch in the late 2000s, coinciding with species-on-the-move as a central message for starting climate conversations Sea urchin Many species that shift as a result of climate change may not have large ecosystem effects; however, some may function in large numbers as invasive species.
national goals and targets regarding climate change communication.The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for example, include a number of targets related to public education and participation regarding climate change (SDGs 4.7, 12.8, 13.3).The Aarhus Convention (adopted in 1998 and enforced in 2001) established three rights relating to the environment, clearly relevant to climate change: (i) the right of access to environmental information, both on the state of the environment and in relation to human health; (ii) the right to participate in environmental decision-making and (iii) the right of access to justice where these rights are not attained.Communication and engagement on climate-driven species-on-the-move can provide effective mechanisms to ensure that we are working towards these rights of the people in ways that resonate with them and connects with their values.

Framework
Convention on Climate Change (Article 6) and the Paris Agreement (Article 12) acknowledge the importance of public education, training, awareness, access to information, participation and international co-operation.These six elements are of critical importance in addressing climate change and are referred to collectively as Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE).Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, these were operationalised in the Work Programme for the Paris Agreement, in 2018, which acknowledged the importance of a wide range of sectors and actors in the achievement of ACE, including museums, cultural and educational institutions.Globally, museums, zoos and aquariums present an unprecedented opportunity for climate change education and participation, with 95,000 museums and many zoos and aquariums worldwide (Gusset & Dick, 2010).Museums, zoos and aquariums can promote people's connections with biodiversity and with climate change by acknowledging the importance of different forms of knowledge and information, emotions and supporting people's skills and climate actions.Such an approach requires climate change to be presented in ways that have personal meaning, do not rely on science alone, promote participation in the topic and promote a multidisciplinary understanding of climate change and its impacts (see, e.g.McGhie, 2018a, 2018b).Museums, zoos and aquariums can also be used as a space promoting both a greater awareness and understanding of the current situation regarding climate change and its impacts, and opportunities to imagine, debate and create pathways to desired futures (McGhie . To accurately measure change, ideally the actual intended behaviour (e.g.positive participation), or the outcomes of the behaviour (e.g. more media posting and attention on shifting species), should be observed directly.Prohibitive costs of direct observational approaches may be supplemented with self-reported behaviour (i.e.being asked to answer questions like 'have I changed my outlook on climate change because of exposure to shifting species initiatives?'),even TA B L E 3 distribution.Many of these, especially 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, could include or incorporate (but not be limited to) citizen science approaches. 1 Games Many different types of games could be created or adapted to include range-shifting species and other climate change impacts to engage large audiences of all ages in informal learning opportunities.Examples include the card-matching games associated with Redmap Australia (www.redmap.org.au) and based ecosystem simulation games Ecobuilder.Apps, online and video games could be particularly successful engaging teenagers.2 Arts Image ©Pixabay Performance, storytelling, artworks, music, photo and film informed by research through collaborative works between climate change scientists and artists can reach audiences from diverse cultural or linguistic backgrounds.Examples include the Ocean Hub project by Empatheatre, and the Rainforest Music Festival that could be adapted to communicate messages about species-on-the-move and consequences of their movements.Potentially a powerful way of communicating sometimes complex messages to people typically unengaged or unexposed to science, but with strong oral traditions.3 Museums, zoos, aquaria and discovery centers Image ©Jorge Royan Established networks of museums interested in climate change (e.g.Museums and Climate Change Network) learning opportunities for tourists in a relaxed and interactive manner.Tourism operator's organisations like the Polar Citizen Science Collective actively work to advocate and support science by engaging travellers in scientist-led citizen science research.The same approach could be applied to advocate and support species-on-the-move research by leveraging travellers globally on species redistribution in popular ecotourist sites.7 Medical associations and healthcare providers Physicians and doctors can become advocates for climate and health in their community by speaking to policymakers, press and community groups on public health impacts of climate change through changing distributions of disease vectors and novel disease risks.Examples include the Medical Society Consortium on Climate Change and Health and Climate for Health initiative.Platforms like the Global Mosquito Alert Consortium can contribute to mapping the changing distribution of mosquito vectors.8 International day of species-on-the-move Image ©Pixabay Similar to the concept of International Day for Biological Diversity (IDB), an International Day of Species On The Move (IDSOTM) could be devoted to communicating ongoing species redistribution and calling for actions in response to these range shifts.Climate change scientists could work with entities like the United Nations to raise worldwide awareness of tangible and observable climate change impacts.| PECL ET AL.
though it is prone to potential inaccuracy.Combined quantitative and qualitative information, such as generated in formal evaluations of the citizen science range shift initiative Redmap Australia(Nursey-Bray et al., 2018;Pecl et al., 2019), will provide the most useful approach to demonstrate success in whether positive engagement and active engagement in range shift initiatives can change mental models about climate change.|Species-on-the-move offer a powerful opportunity to develop narratives that evoke shared values between different social groups(Kelly et al., 2019,) in ways that generate locally relevant social understandings of climate change(Nursey-Bray et al., 2018).These narratives, based on tangible changes that can be observed by all, represent an effective and individually meaningful way to engage people.The establishment of new species in an environment is often permanent and cannot be dismissed as a one-off event; species are observable living entities, their detection does not (usually) require instruments or necessarily rely on experts, meaning that their presence cannot be easily denied.In addition, scientists and other groups (e.g.teachers, agriculture or fishery managers, medical practitioners) working on these species are often trusted messengers, with the potential to influence diverse social networks (e.g.Ipsos MORI, 2018;Rainie et al., 2019).The climate-driven redistribution of species presents both opportunities and challenges that will require adapting to(Bonebrake et al., 2017), and the changing presence of species can potentially raise interest in a dynamic nature and create opportunities for people to contribute to climate change science through their personal interests and activities (e.g.citizen science).Participation in environmental monitoring via citizen science has been highlighted as enabling people to 'immerse themselves deeply in learning about global challenges' and potentially 'provide personally transformative experiences'(United Nations, 2019).The recent enormous rise in participatory citizen science projects, platforms as Zooniverse, iNaturalist and SciStarter, is further evidence that appetite for citizen science is increasing and pervasive.The post COVID-19 'anthropause'(Rutz et al., 2020) has meant that large national parks and reserve areas have closed to visitors, and people seem to now be looking to the environment accessible to them under these The uptick is particularly high for citizen science projects that document the various animal or plant species around them, showing the inherent need of many people to connect with nature-projects like the 'Lockdown Garden Surveys' in South Africa have proven to be extremely successful.At a larger scale, Zooniverse reported that 200,000 participants contributed over 5 ciated with climate-driven species redistribution are fundamentally different from those associated with the management of invasive alien species, there are natural synergies between the invasive species management and the species-on-the-move management agendas(Pettorelli et al., 2019) providing proven pathways and examples of how communication and engagement initiatives focused on species-on-the-move could be scaled up to support global coordination and effective action.

3.
Connection to a diverse range of human values, employing multiple types of communication 'frames' (e.g.care for nature, care for humanity, responsibility, tradition, freedom and opportunity, Kolandai-Matchett & Armoudian, 2020);4.Opportunities for personal involvement and for relationshipbuilding between experts and lay people, creating stronger and wider trust networks (i.e. through citizen science projects,Pittman et al., 2019); 5. Potential for relationship building between diverse social groups (e.g.across political and generational differences, e.g.Kelly et al., 2019).Current trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions are projected to lead to global warming of between 2.6 and 4.5°C above preindustrial levels by the year 2100, far exceeding the long-term temperature limit supported by the Paris Agreement.As members of the global research community, we face the daunting task of engaging an increasingly polarised public on the urgency of climate change.However, we need to do so in a way that feels locally relevant, increases interest in adaptation, and does not paralyse and prevent action.Species-on-the-move provide an exceptional opportunity for strategic and structured engagement on climate change that can involve mass participation at locally relevant scales, and in ways that link to people's human values, trust networks, and attachment to place.Future research could include carefully designed interdisciplinary and experimental research to examine how to best to leverage the concept of species-on-the-move to facilitate public engagement with climate change.Ultimately, we need to make climate Targeting pike can be a win-win solution for both the salmon stocks and Sámi community and create agency for action.Evoking cultural values can inspire connection to nature and a desire to protect it.S/N: Emphasising that more and more Sámi fishers are targeting pike instead of salmon can create a community-wide shift in fishing practices.O: Providing a vision for a positive outcome can reduce the feeling of being overwhelmed and focus people on developing opportunities for positive solutions. V:

Table 3 ,
Box 2).This potential can be enhanced by inclusion of different platforms (e.g.Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube), approaches (e.g.citizen science, art/science exhibition, books, games, radio/TV programs, workshops) and presenters (e.g.people from different age groups, genders, ethnicities, religions or socio-economic backgrounds) to engage audiences, as this has been shown to help reach a greater diversity of people Soacha and Gómez (2016)e Change CitizenScience Project http://www.humboldt.org.co/es/actualidad/itemlist/tag/Cienc ia%20 Par ticip ativaSoacha and Gómez (2016).A national initiative that integrates the participation of citizen scientists to document changes in biodiversity and distribution of species in key ecosystems (e.g.birds from the High Andean plateau wetlands; Orchids from tropical dry forests).Offers an online platform (Colombia Naturalist) to document findings