Reducing distress in cancer patients—A preliminary evaluation of short‐term coaching by expert volunteers

1 | BACKGROUND Recently, the conceptualization of cancer‐related distress, and consequently of psychosocial interventions adequately dealing with this distress, is shifting. The prevailing idea that distress results from an intense emotional experience of a psychological, social, and/or spiritual nature ignores the fundamental adaptive value of emotions. Instead, cancer‐related emotions may be adaptive—potentially facilitating adjustment to cancer—if they (despite their intensity) alert, motivate, and prepare people to deal with the event of cancer and maladaptive if they perpetuate and linger across time, are extreme or instable, or interfere with one's ability to cope. While people experiencing maladaptive emotions might be in need of specialist mental health care such as psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, people experiencing (intense) adaptive emotions may instead benefit from nonspecialized emotion support by relatives, friends, or primary caregivers, encouraging awareness, reflection, and self‐management. This pilot study evaluates innovative short‐term coaching sessions, conducted by expert volunteers with a background in the field of psychosocial oncology, that form an intermediary between specialist mental health care and one's private support system of relatives and friends.


| BACKGROUND
Recently, the conceptualization of cancer-related distress, and consequently of psychosocial interventions adequately dealing with this distress, is shifting. The prevailing idea that distress results from an intense emotional experience of a psychological, social, and/or spiritual nature ignores the fundamental adaptive value of emotions. 1 Instead, cancer-related emotions may be adaptive-potentially facilitating adjustment to cancer-if they (despite their intensity) alert, motivate, and prepare people to deal with the event of cancer and maladaptive if they perpetuate and linger across time, are extreme or instable, or interfere with one's ability to cope. 1,2 While people experiencing maladaptive emotions might be in need of specialist mental health care such as psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, people experiencing (intense) adaptive emotions may instead benefit from nonspecialized emotion support by relatives, friends, or primary caregivers, encouraging awareness, reflection, and self-management. 1 This pilot study evaluates innovative short-term coaching sessions, conducted by expert volunteers with a background in the field of psychosocial oncology, that form an intermediary between specialist mental health care and one's private support system of relatives and friends. and partners of cancer patients; Dutch proficiency) completed the questionnaire shortly before (baseline) and after two or three coaching sessions (follow-up).

| Intervention
The intervention entails short-term coaching sessions by expert volunteers at an independent Dutch regional center for psychosocial support, dedicated to facilitate easily accessible support for anyone living with cancer. The coaching sessions are tailored to ameliorate cancer-related distress by supporting participants to reflect on their situation, understand their emotional state, encourage selfmanagement, and refer participants to professional support if needed.
Coaches are volunteers with a professional background in the field of psychosocial oncology and are trained and supervised for the purpose of this intervention by the center.

| Measures
Questionnaires comprised demographic characteristics: standardized (Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale [MAC]) 3 and tailor-made (emotional state and emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being) patient-reported outcome measurements.

| Analysis
Changes over time in adjustment to cancer, emotional state, emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being were assessed via paired sample t tests. Participants were on average 60 years old (SD = 9.5), women were overrepresented (80% at baseline; 61% at follow-up), three quarters (74%) had or had had cancer themselves, and one quarter (26%) were partners or relatives. Compared with other cancer patients in the Netherlands and England, respondents reported more negative and less positive adaptation to cancer (MAC). 3,4 Compared with the Dutch sample, they specifically suffered to a greater extent from helplessness/hopelessness, fatalism, and anxious preoccupation and experienced to a lesser extent fighting spirit and avoidance. 3

| Expectations beforehand
Participants had various reasons to partake in a coaching session with an expert volunteer (see Table 1). They had questions concerning their emotional, psychological, social, or spiritual well-being. Participants were on average mostly hoping for an improvement in their emotional well-being, eg, in dealing with their feelings and in the processing of their emotions. Also, they hoped that their psychological well-being would improve, by means of a better understanding of their situation, or by regaining trust in themselves; or they hoped their social well-being would improve by feeling supported and acknowledged. For some, an improvement of their spiritual well-being-in redeeming the purpose, enjoyment, and meaningfulness of life-was an important objective.

| Interaction during the coaching sessions
Retrospectively evaluating the coaching sessions, on average participants mostly valued the relational skills of their coach, such as listening, being trustworthy, respectful, and understanding (see Table 1).
Moreover, participants valued the reflexive skills of their coach, like helping to gain an overall or more objective perspective on their situation. On average, participants valued these relational and reflexive skills more than substantive expertise on medical, psychological, or existential topics.

Key points
• This is the first evaluation of innovative short-term coaching offered by expert volunteers, tailored to reduce cancer-related distress.
• Coaches support people to reflect on their situation, understand their emotional state, encourage selfmanagement, and seek professional support if needed.  withdrawnness (t 17 = 5.10; P < .01) (see Figure 1); also, respondents

| CONCLUSION
The results of this pilot study suggest that short-term coaching sessions offered by expert volunteers aimed at reducing cancer-related distress positively contribute to the adjustment to cancer, and to the well-being of people afflicted by cancer. Our research indicates that coaching sessions-in which the coach primarily uses relational and reflexive competencies, and to a lesser extent substantive expertise on medical, social, psychological, or existential topics-not only lead to mitigation of negative emotions and improvement of positive emotions, but also to a decrease in negative, and an increase in positive adjustment to cancer.

| Study limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first study to (quantitatively) examine the expectations, experiences and impact of short-term coaching sessions by expert volunteers. Our research is limited by its small study sample and the lack of a control group, necessitating further research to affirm our findings.

| Clinical implications
Despite the limitations, the results of this research suggest that people experiencing (intense) cancer-related adaptive emotions benefit from non-specialized support by expert volunteers, and that this support may be a beneficial addition to the existing (stepped care) approach to psycho-oncological care. Further development of, and research into this type of intervention is therefore relevant and necessary.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Funding from Viore.org supported this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors have nothing to disclose.