Emerging pandemics: Lesson for one‐health approach

Historically, there have been a number of significant infectious disease outbreaks. For example Bubonic Plague of 1665, Spanish flu of 1918, SARS-CoV of 2002–2003, H1N1 influenza of 2009, Zika pandemics of 2013 and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. These major outbreaks have emerged from animals; Bubonic plague from rat, Spanish flu from birds (CDC, 2018; Taubenberger & Morens, 2006), spread of SARS from bats to civets to humans(Guan et al., 2003), spread of MERS-CoV from vespertilionid bats to camelids to humans (Corman et al., 2014) and the close relatedness of SARS-CoV-2 to bat and pangolin viruses (Lau et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Over 30 new human pathogens have emerged in the last three decades, 75% of which have originated in animals (Jones et al., 2008). Animal borne emerging infectious diseases can cause significant economic shocks. More than 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases spreads from animals to humans (anthropozoonoses) through various routes (FAO & USAID, 2019; Munyua et al., 2019). Interestingly, some of the common pathogens of humans such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Ascaris lumbricoides can be transmitted from humans to animal populations (zooanthroponoses) (Messenger et al., 2014). The transmission of pathogens between animals and humans requires target control measures/interventions (Ajit, 2019). The close relationship between animals and humans can increase the risk for transmission of drug-resistant infections. Due to the intimate human animal-environmental interface, controlling these epidemics/ pandemics requires multi-sectoral collaboration between numerous disciplines, which suggests a One-Health approach to understand the biological, social, environmental and genetic determinants of health and diseases of humans and animals (Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2019). To prevent and control these emerging diseases, we may need to develop more advanced systems such as genomic precision surveillance platforms that help to detect and report the cases of outbreaks on time (Acharya et al., 2019). Additionally, enhanced public health infrastructure, population control, sanitation, strict food safety measures, scrutinized international travel and trade are anticipated (Munyua et al., 2019). Besides, environmental factors like evolving patterns of land and water use, the despondency of habitats, intensive farming, pesticide use, wildlife trade and emission of the atmosphere's greenhouse gases need to be properly measured and regulated in harmony with the nature. For complex monitoring and policy interventions, an inter-sectoral health system collaboration is required. In particular, communication at regional, national and international levels across the onehealth sectors to limit the impact of these changes on the health of all (FAO & USAID, 2019). The large scale implementation of the One-Health approach is limited; a few projects have been effectively implemented in outbreaks, for example, to prevent river blindness (Onchocerciasis) (Cantey et al., 2018; Voegele & Kemper, 2018) in Africa and Avian Influenza in Asia (The World Bank, 2011) and Africa (Dixit, 2015). The One-Health approach can be highly efficient in terms of resource-use efficiency. An analysis by the World Bank suggested strengthening human and animal health capacity by the One-Health approach could result in 10%–30% cost saving in surveillance and communication cost (World Bank, 2012). A study by Rostal et al., in sub-Saharan Africa, on the prevalence of Rift Valley Fever (RVF), demonstrated that the One-Health surveillance system was effective in detecting cases of RVF. It was concluded that these cases would have likely been missed with traditional surveillance systems (Rostal et al., 2018). Economic analysis of this risk reduction and early detection, demonstrated a cost saving of 35% (Rostal et al., 2018). Qatar has successfully combated MERS-CoV through active surveillance, inter-sectoral collaboration and joint investigation through the One-Health approach (Farag et al., 2019). A similar study using a One-Health approach with an integrated human and animal disease laboratory in Winnipeg, Canada demonstrated cost savings of 26% per year (World Bank, 2012). Thus, implementation of One-Health approach carries a potential for the prevention and control of trans-boundary zoonotic diseases, such as Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, SARS, MERS, Q-fever and COVID-19 efficiently and cost-effectively. Often, the public health authority, however, remiss the significance of animal and environmental health sectors, as a result, it has been challenging to control such pandemics. Till now, holistic systems of integrating human health, animal health and environment-related disciplines have not been implemented. Thus, we are failing to understand the pivotal role of animal and environmental health sectors to prioritize the “One-Health” approach. It is essential to prepare all the countries for possible future pandemics by appropriate allocations of financial resources, international collaboration, strengthening the veterinary services and public health systems. That needs a financing mechanism to disburse the required funds for a rapid and effective response to pandemics (Voegele & Kemper, 2018). Besides financial resources, human resource investments are required

spread of SARS from bats to civets to humans (Guan et al., 2003), spread of MERS-CoV from vespertilionid bats to camelids to humans (Corman et al., 2014) and the close relatedness of SARS-CoV-2 to bat and pangolin viruses (Lau et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2020). Over 30 new human pathogens have emerged in the last three decades, 75% of which have originated in animals (Jones et al., 2008). Animal borne emerging infectious diseases can cause significant economic shocks.
More than 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases spreads from animals to humans (anthropozoonoses) through various routes (FAO & USAID, 2019;Munyua et al., 2019). Interestingly, some of the common pathogens of humans such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
The close relationship between animals and humans can increase the risk for transmission of drug-resistant infections. Due to the intimate human animal-environmental interface, controlling these epidemics/ pandemics requires multi-sectoral collaboration between numerous disciplines, which suggests a One-Health approach to understand the biological, social, environmental and genetic determinants of health and diseases of humans and animals (Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2019). To prevent and control these emerging diseases, we may need to develop more advanced systems such as genomic precision surveillance platforms that help to detect and report the cases of outbreaks on time (Acharya et al., 2019). For complex monitoring and policy interventions, an inter-sectoral health system collaboration is required. In particular, communication at regional, national and international levels across the onehealth sectors to limit the impact of these changes on the health of all (FAO & USAID, 2019). The large scale implementation of the One-Health approach is limited; a few projects have been effectively implemented in outbreaks, for example, to prevent river blindness (Onchocerciasis) (Cantey et al., 2018;Voegele & Kemper, 2018) in Africa and Avian Influenza in Asia (The World Bank, 2011) and Africa (Dixit, 2015).
The One-Health approach can be highly efficient in terms of resource-use efficiency. An analysis by the World Bank suggested strengthening human and animal health capacity by the One-Health approach could result in 10%-30% cost saving in surveillance and communication cost (World Bank, 2012). A study by Rostal et al., in sub-Saharan Africa, on the prevalence of Rift Valley Fever (RVF), demonstrated that the One-Health surveillance system was effective in detecting cases of RVF. It was concluded that these cases would have likely been missed with traditional surveillance systems (Rostal et al., 2018). Economic analysis of this risk reduction and early detection, demonstrated a cost saving of 35% (Rostal et al., 2018). Qatar has successfully combated MERS-CoV through active surveillance, inter-sectoral collaboration and joint investigation through the One-Health approach (Farag et al., 2019). A similar study using a One-Health approach with an integrated human and animal disease laboratory in Winnipeg, Canada demonstrated cost savings of 26% per year (World Bank, 2012). Thus, implementation of One-Health approach carries a potential for the prevention and control of trans-boundary zoonotic diseases, such as Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, SARS, MERS, Q-fever and COVID-19 efficiently and cost-effectively. Often, the public health authority, however, remiss the significance of animal and environmental health sectors, as a result, it has been challenging to control such pandemics. Till now, holistic systems of integrating human health, animal health and environment-related disciplines have not been implemented. Thus, we are failing to understand the pivotal role of animal and environmental health sectors to prioritize the "One-Health" approach.
It is essential to prepare all the countries for possible future pandemics by appropriate allocations of financial resources, international collaboration, strengthening the veterinary services and public health systems.
That needs a financing mechanism to disburse the required funds for a rapid and effective response to pandemics (Voegele & Kemper, 2018).

Besides financial resources, human resource investments are required
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