UK haemophilia consultant access to foot and ankle services and concurrent patient impact questionnaire responses to foot and ankle interventions

Multi-joint haemarthropathy is a common feature of severe haemophilia. More recent focus has been placed on moderate haemophilia where patients who experience haemarthrosis are similarly affected, requiring the initiation of prophylaxis treatment regimens. 1 Although, the prevalence and incidence of haemarthrosis affecting the elbows, knees and ankles are similar in prophylaxis compliant patients with severe non-inhibitor haemophilia, the ankle is disproportionately affected by haemarthropathy. 2 The burden of ankle joint disease is great with high levels of patient-reported pain and disability. Improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), reduction in bleed rates and improvement in pain are reported when footwear and foot orthoses are provided, however, there is yet to be any national guidance on use. 3,4 quality standards of care for people with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders recommend timely access to clinical services relatedtothemanagementofmusculoskeletal(MSK)diseaseincluding orthopaedics, rheumatology, specialist physiotherapy, psychology and orthotic services. 5 The Quality review report 2020 of Inherited and Acquired Haemophilia and other Bleeding Disorders (IABD) identified the under-provision or complete absence of core and extended multi-professional team members as the most frequent and significant concern reported. 6 Understanding the clinical services available to haemophilia consultants and patients will provide a snapshot of current UK National Health Service (NHS) clinical services available to manage ankle haemarthrosis and haemarthropathy. To obtain insight, patients identified from a multi-centre HRQoL study of patients with severe and moderate haemophilia and ankle haemarthropathy


UK haemophilia consultant access to foot and ankle services and concurrent patient impact questionnaire responses to foot and ankle interventions
Dear Editor, Multi-joint haemarthropathy is a common feature of severe haemophilia. More recent focus has been placed on moderate haemophilia where patients who experience haemarthrosis are similarly affected, requiring the initiation of prophylaxis treatment regimens. 1 Although, the prevalence and incidence of haemarthrosis affecting the elbows, knees and ankles are similar in prophylaxis compliant patients with severe non-inhibitor haemophilia, the ankle is disproportionately affected by haemarthropathy. 2 The burden of ankle joint disease is great with high levels of patient-reported pain and disability. Improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), reduction in bleed rates and improvement in pain are reported when footwear and foot orthoses are provided, however, there is yet to be any national guidance on use. 3,4 United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organisation (UKHCDO) quality standards of care for people with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders recommend timely access to clinical services related to the management of musculoskeletal (MSK) disease including orthopaedics, rheumatology, specialist physiotherapy, psychology and orthotic services. 5 The Quality review report 2020 of Inherited and Acquired Haemophilia and other Bleeding Disorders (IABD) identified the under-provision or complete absence of core and extended multi-professional team members as the most frequent and significant concern reported. 6 Understanding the clinical services available to haemophilia consultants and patients will provide a snapshot of current UK National Health Service (NHS) clinical services available to manage ankle haemarthrosis and haemarthropathy.
To obtain insight, patients identified from a multi-centre HRQoL study of patients with severe and moderate haemophilia and ankle haemarthropathy (n = 241) were asked to provide details of clin- Finally, consultants were asked whether they had access to a podia- A UK survey of haemophilia consultants and data from the concurrent patient questionnaire has identified that patients with haemophilia and ankle haemarthropathy have direct or indirect access to a range of services to manage their foot and ankle complications.
Only a small number of centres were unable to access specific services such as POCUS, RS and psychology services. These findings are comparable to the data published by the Care Quality Review of IABD programme 2019/2020 on behalf of the UKHCDO. 6 Despite improvements in access to physiotherapy, there are still centres across the UK that do not have access to a specialised haemophilia physiotherapist and therefore patients may be missing a key aspect of their MSK care. 7 Physical therapy in haemophilia has been shown to reduce pain and provide expertise in the management of bleeding disorders by limiting joint damage, improving patient pain and disability. 7 POCUS is an emerging imaging modality in haemophilia used in the assessment of joint pathology. POCUS is a low-cost and reliable method of assessing joint status such as effusion and synovial hypertrophy, however, 43% (n = 18) of centres in the consultant survey did not have access.
Use of POCUS may improve patient outcomes as well as decrease the impact of disease by timely assessment of joint swelling, pain and monitoring joint health, however, POCUS is yet to be fully utilised in UK haemophilia care. 8 The finding of this consultant survey and patient questionnaire suggest that whilst access to routine foot care (nail and skincare) is available, a large proportion of participants did not deem it applicable with only 20 (8%) using the services. There is no evidence to support the need for regular foot care in haemophilia, however, increased plantarflexion deformity combined with axial deformity may limit the patient's ability to self-care. This is a common feature of rheumatoid arthritis where the loss of hand strength and foot deformity limits selfcare and foot deformity leads to the build-up of painful callosities. 9 The finding of this survey and patient questionnaire suggests the level of disability may not limit self-care, or patients rely on family members to provide foot care.
Access to footwear and orthotics was available at all centres in the consultant survey however, 211 (88%) patients in the patient questionnaire reported not using adapted shoes and only 117 (51%) used foot orthoses. Differences were reported with access to podiatry services, potentially limiting the number of patients who are supplied with footwear and foot orthoses. The efficacy of footwear and foot orthoses in a Belgian cohort of haemophilia patients report good patient satisfaction with 63% (n = 10) of patients stating significant reductions in pain and improvement in comfort. 10 In the UK only two centres have combined physiotherapy and podiatry services that provide footwear and foot orthoses, both of which report reductions in pain, improvement in HRQoL and high levels of patient satisfaction. 3,4 Use of modified footwear was limited to 12 (12%) patients in the patient questionnaire and 51% (n = 117) did not use of foot orthoses.
In the majority of cases, foot orthoses were obtained from NHS clinical services, but 36 (31%) patients used shop-bought orthoses. For these patients access to orthotic or podiatry services may not be available, or previous intervention resulted in poor satisfaction. In clinics, this is often reflected in patients attending MSK podiatry clinics with several sets of foot orthoses from different suppliers. It may simply be that the use of shop-bought orthoses provide enough cushioning to improve comfort. Good patient satisfaction is reported in the management of haemarthropathy using foot orthoses in UK haemophilia cohorts. 3,4 The lack of access to MSK services reported in this study does not necessarily represent inadequate service as consultants report full access to physiotherapy and podiatry services. The clinical needs of patients with ankle and multi-joint haemarthropathy and also understanding whether consultants make the best use of services both require further investigation.
In conclusion, all UK haemophilia centres report access to a wide range of services for foot and ankle complications, however only 40% of patients reported access to a podiatrist. This may explain why the patient's engagement with mechanical interventions such as footwear and foot orthoses was low, despite all of the patients having ankle haemarthropathy. In other diseases affecting the foot and ankle, the efficacy of footwear and orthoses in the management of pathology has been shown to improve pain and disability, whilst preventing foot deformity. 9 In haemophilia, research is needed to understand how mechanical interventions such as footwear and foot orthoses may improve HRQoL and foot and ankle outcomes of ankle haemarthrosis and haemarthropathy. Furthermore, it is important to understand clinicians' awareness of foot and ankle interventions and the reasons why patients may not engage with foot orthoses and footwear interventions.