Volunteering on Heritage at Risk sites and wellbeing: A qualitative interview study

Abstract Introduction We explored experiences of volunteering in Heritage at Risk (HAR) projects, intended to mitigate the deterioration to historic assets, and the relationship with wellbeing. We aimed to understand the value of HAR to volunteers' wellbeing and relationships between HAR programme characteristics such as location, asset type and type of activity. Methods We used a qualitative design with semi‐structured interviews of a purposive sample of volunteers recruited via Historic England (HE), employing Systematic Grounded Theory involving open, axial and selective coding. Findings We interviewed 35 volunteers (18 male and 17 female) participating in 10 HAR projects. We identified six themes from the data analysis. (1) Purpose—was associated with volunteering motivations; there were some barriers to volunteering and many types of facilitators, including accessibility to local heritage sites. (2) Being—volunteers showed an appreciation and attachment to their place of residence. (3) Capacity—to learn heritage‐specific skills and diversify experiences in learning new skills (life, technical and personal). (4) Sharing—community engagement, connectedness, and inclusivity captured diversity and inclusion within volunteers across age, ethnicity, ability, and gender. (5) Self‐nurture—HAR volunteering created physical, psychological, and social benefits with limited risks and adverse outcomes. (6) Self‐actualisation—described volunteers reflecting on their experiences. Conclusion HAR volunteering was associated with positive physical, social and psychological wellbeing outcomes. The study provides an evidence base for specific wellbeing benefits of volunteering at Heritage at Risk sites, although we could not conclude that HAR project activity was the cause of increased wellbeing. Public Contribution Staff from HE were involved in designing the project brief. In selecting the HAR project sites, we took advice and recommendations from HE staff across all their six regional offices.


| INTRODUCTION
Previous studies have indicated that volunteering on heritage sites has the potential to improve quality of life by offering perceived social and economic benefits and widening social cohesion. 1

Historic
England's 2022 strategy has advanced these understandings reviewing the evidence to explore wider theoretical insights into the wellbeing associations of heritage volunteering from a public health perspective. 2ritage tells the story of who we are, connects us to others, provides us with a shared identity and collective memories, and attaches us to place. 1 Heritage conservation involves 'preserving' an asset from harm and creating cultural 'products' to conserve heritage, including voice recordings of oral histories, poster exhibitions, heritage trails maps, books and murals.3 'Heritage at Risk' (HAR) is a term given by Historic England to heritage assets identified as vulnerable to deterioration. 2 Some HAR assets have benefitted from interventions to arrest or reverse deterioration, and some of these 'HAR interventions' have provided opportunities for volunteering by members of the public.2 The heritage sector has a tradition of working with and supporting volunteers, reporting that 5.5% of adult volunteers in England had undertaken heritage-related activities, from formal roles in heritage trusts and boards, to informal support promoting and sharing local history and heritage.1 Heritage sites may positively impact on wellbeing as historic buildings, ancient monuments and traditional practices are associated with events, stories, communities, political movements that may affect wellbeing through emotional benefits, including increased attachment to place, feelings of security or comfort gained from a long-term perspective and enhanced attachment to others through shared personal stories.4 Visiting heritage sites has been shown to ease challenges associated with dementia 1 and the COVID-19 pandemic.5 Since 2019 the National Heritage Lottery Fund in the United Kingdom has specified 'People will have greater wellbeing' as one of their required outcomes for funded heritage projects.6 Historic England also now aims to ensure everyone can experience the wellbeing benefits of heritage.They produced an assessment that evidenced the role of the historic environment in promoting health and wellbeing and looked at the ways in which that relationship could be explored further.7 Wellbeing is defined as quality of life and prosperity, positive physical and mental health, and sustainable, thriving communities.8 Wellbeing is also about 'feeling good and functioning well', as recognised as a vital part of health in the founding principles of the World Health Organization in 1948 stated that 'Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity'. 9In 2020 Heritage and Society, 1 reporting on the value of heritage to society, individuals and community groups across England, discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted on heritage volunteering.The majority of volunteers affected were in at-risk groups for COVID-19 infection, halting activities, and potentially putting five million people at additional mental health risk.10 It remains unclear whether heritage is associated with wellbeing in ways which other volunteering is not.Current research has shown limited evidence linking heritage volunteering directly with wellbeing.
For instance, in 2010 a large-scale review of volunteers on 134 Heritage Lottery Funded (HLF) projects which included visits to 27 projects across the United Kingdom, in-person interviews with 224 volunteers and 725 responses to a survey, demonstrated a positive correlation between heritage volunteering and greater wellbeing 'far higher' compared to the nonheritage volunteering population.It reported younger HLF volunteers increased their skills and development and HLF unemployed volunteers were more likely to have participated in further training or education following their volunteering experience.However, it found limited evidence that the social outcomes could be attributed specifically to the heritage character of the projects. 11ploying Grounded Theory and an inductive approach helped to understand the relationship between different types of HAR volunteering, and their effect on wellbeing. 12Systematic Grounded Theory enabled us to consider existing knowledge and that HAR volunteering may be associated with positive physical, social, and psychological wellbeing outcomes, including differing motivations. 13,14ble 1 shows the context of HAR sites and Table 2 shows the different types of heritage assets we included, such as outdoor activities on sites and monuments and indoor activities in museums and civic amenities.It is noted that this study was published from a wider study.15

| Design
We used a qualitative design employing Systematic Grounded Theory which uses a set of systematic inductive methods aimed towards theory development, involving the three steps of open, axial and selective coding.

| Setting and participants
In 2020 we recruited a purposive sample via Historic England volunteer programme team leaders at 12 HAR community volunteer groups across England (Table 1).

| Characteristics of the project sites
We used a current logic model which linked wellbeing to the historic environment and included how different routes into historical volunteering related to wellbeing outcomes. 16We chose the 10 HAR project sites ( expected of them, their responsibility during the study, and their ethical rights.After the procedure of informed consent in which the participant read, were asked if they understood and then signed the informed consent document, the interview began.Participants were reminded that they were able to withdraw from the study at any time and remove their data after participation but before analysis.
Before the interview, we asked participants to answer questions on their demographic characteristics.Interviews lasted between 20 and 40 min.The semi-structured interview schedule consisted of open-ended questions and subsequent questions being developed in line with the information from participants' responses, until theoretical saturation was achieved.In Systematic Grounded Theory, data analysis has a well-defined process that begins with basic description and moves to conceptual ordering and then on to theorising. 14e interview questions were designed to explore how participants felt about where they lived and their local heritage.We also explored the impact on wellbeing and HAR volunteering including impact across local communities.
All participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality.
After the interview participants were fully debriefed.Questions about demographic characteristics, including employment status, length of involvement in the current HAR project and ethnicity were asked at the beginning of the interview.Participants were provided with an identification number during their debriefing.Interviews were conducted online or over the phone and were recorded with a digital audiotape recorder.Trint software was used for transcribing interviews to create text documents, and there were validated for accuracy by the researchers (J.P., D. L., C. S., J. A.).

| Ethical approval
The study was given ethical approval by the University of Lincoln Research Ethics Committee and all research was undertaken in accordance with the University of Lincoln code of practice for Research.

| Analysis
We adopted a Straussian approach for data analysis 14 and for theory to emerge, creating an understanding about HAR volunteering and wellbeing.Data were analysed and supported by NVivo 12 software.
Transcripts were systematically analysed putting aside any presuppositions and previous knowledge.Analysis began with open coding line by line to allow grounded codes to emerge from the data. 14The objective of open coding was to identify patterns in the data and to generate a multitude of categories to aid the identification of important concepts requiring further investigation.
The categories were sometimes words elicited by the participants themselves, referred to by Strauss and Corbin 14 as 'in vivo' language.
The conceptual patterns that emerged from open coding guided the researchers to where to focus further analysis.
The second stage of data analysis was axial coding, achieved through systematic analysis and constant comparison of data.In axial coding, four analytical processes occurred: (1) continually relating subcategories to a category, (2) comparing categories with the collected data, (3) expanding the density of the categories by detailing their properties and dimensions, and (4) exploring variations in phenomena.Strauss and Corbin 14(p.123)described axial coding as 'the process of relating categories to their subcategories, linking a category at the level of properties and dimensions'.A coding paradigm involving conditions, actions and interactions, and consequences actualises this process.The focus of axial coding in this study was to create a model that detailed the specific conditions that gave rise to a phenomenon's occurrence. 14The final stage of the three-stage coding process was selective coding.
We analysed the data until theoretical data saturation was achieved.Glaser and Strauss 12 when developing Grounded Theory defined data saturation as the point where 'no additional data are being found whereby the [researcher] can develop properties of the category'.Finally, any field notes or memo cards, of the first author were evaluated by the additional authors to observe whether they were representative of the data transcripts.

| RESULTS
We interviewed 35 HAR volunteers (18 male and 17 female) from 12 different HAR projects (Table 2 shows HAR project characteristics).
Of the sample 24 were married, and most (24/35) were White British.
Ages ranged from 20 to 80 years with an average age of 59.7 years.
Most participants (32/35) were retired or reported being in full-time employment.Participants' length of involvement in their current HAR project ranged from 2 months to 13 years.One participant selfidentified as disabled.We defined the definition of an older person as 65 years or above. 17x core themes emerged and were identified from the data shown in Table 3 and Figure 1.We've had to fight to draw attention to the importance of the building.(HAR14) Threats to restoring heritage sites was finding money for restoration and the stress of dealing with bureaucracy.There were problems of managing grants and frustration at the pace of work.
You know, one of the big threats through it is money and it's finding money and money to look after it.
Money to restore the bits that aren't in good shape and all that kind of stuff.(HAR10) Negative impacts, as I I've said things like the stress of dealing with the bureaucracy, the accountants and all that that, that, they're negative impacts.(HAR15) I feel a little bit frustrated at the pace of things.
(HAR11)  Volunteers' sentiments about their roles, and the benefits gained differed between different HAR assets.For example, they 'loved' going outdoors to conserve heritage sites, while working on the reception desk at the local baths motivated volunteers to use the leisure facilities.There was a strong association with history, with 'the members bringing their own histories to the group', suggesting that HAR volunteering was associated with emotional wellbeing in ways which nonheritage volunteering was not.This helped to advance our understanding of the relationships between volunteering and wellbeing in relation to different HAR assets such as indoor museums, historical buildings, or landscape monuments.
This study demonstrated that HAR volunteering, community development and wellbeing were related as volunteers were able to identify 'problems that different communities are facing' and how a local heritage project could help 'improve people's lives'.This suggested ways to embed and enhance wellbeing in communities through HAR projects.This showed that the volunteer's motivations were associated with needs of the local community and the heritage asset.It was also noted that all the types of HAR project sites were able to support volunteering and wellbeing.

| Comparison with existing literature
The volunteer process model follows a series of stages exploring the volunteer experience. 18Stage 1 observes individuals' circumstances and motivation to volunteer.Stage 2 observes experiences and describes the relationship that develops between volunteers and organisations.Finally, Stage 3 explores consequences, such as a volunteer having positive or negative outcomes. 18Our findings broadly reflected this model.HAR volunteering was multifaceted in its wellbeing benefits at an individual level.For example, HAR volunteers' experienced improved mood associated with attachment to the heritage site, positive feelings about the environment, and widened social networks.Reflecting on their volunteering experience, HAR volunteers took pride in their work, felt they had achieved and experienced more than they expected, and felt valued as part of a team in the community.Many would recommend HAR volunteering to others.
The Taking Part Survey in 2018/2019 identified activities undertaken by volunteers in any heritage sector; 33.5% helped to organise or run an activity or event in any sector, 6.6% acted as trustees, 5.8% engaged with conservation or restoration and 1.8% of volunteers acted as stewards at a heritage site, museum or gallery. 4e condition or location of the HAR site showed an association with different types of motivations for volunteering including protecting, preserving, and restoring.HAR volunteering created a combination of intrinsic or extrinsic rewards. 19Extrinsic rewards included the potential for career development, to learn, gain qualifications and skills, expand knowledge, and create experiences.
Younger HAR volunteers were more likely to be motivated for extrinsic purposes, for example to progress careers or fulfil work placements.Our findings are in line with research suggesting younger volunteers often engage in volunteering as an extension of their other roles. 20,21trinsic motivations were less connected to the at-risk status of the site, while wellbeing was often linked to skills being gained through restoration and preserving the HAR monument or building.
This was more likely observed in younger age groups as they were likely to volunteer to support their education and had less disposable time.This demonstrated differing motivations for volunteering in different age groups. 19r findings are also in line with existing studies showing that older volunteers were more likely to be intrinsically motivated as they had more time to give and therefore were more likely to experience positive emotions compared to younger volunteers. 19,20TTINSON ET AL.
| 2495 Past research showed that volunteering does improve physical and psychological wellbeing of older people by helping them maintain self-esteem, life satisfaction, access to support systems, and activity levels. 20,22,23al et al. 24 reported that volunteering promotes wellbeing and may provide an added purpose to life after retirement.Educating older adults about the health benefits of volunteering may also facilitate participation in both research and volunteering. 22While growing evidence documents strong associations between volunteering and improved health and wellbeing outcomes, less is known about the health and wellbeing factors that lead to increased volunteering. 22R volunteering demonstrated many wellbeing associations including social determinants and subjective wellbeing.Wellbeing is complex, multifaceted and can be defined by two relevant aspects.
First, social determinants of wellbeing are objective factors that contribute to a person's potential for wellbeing and ability to flourish, with application at individual (lifestyle factors), collective (how well a community is doing) and population levels (wider socioeconomic conditions).Second, subjective wellbeing is an individual's own cognitive and affective evaluation of their life.It includes personal health, emotional resilience, supportive social relationships and a feeling of relevance and social justice; at the highest level, this is about how well we feel we are doing in our own lives.Wellbeing in this context is personal and subjective, and universally relevant. 2n Willigen 21 examined the impact of volunteering on physical and psychological wellbeing among older people and contrasted these benefits with those experienced by younger volunteers.
Findings showed that older volunteers experienced greater increases in life satisfaction over time because of their high rates of volunteering hours compared to younger adult volunteers.Older adults experienced greater positive changes in their perceived health than did younger adult volunteers. 21e motivational factors of hospital volunteers included serving the community, improved well-being and health, recognition among friends and family, connections, avoiding loneliness, and a feeling of self-worth. 20The study sample consisted of adults aged over 50.
These types of factors may be considered useful targets for interventions and policies aiming to increase volunteering, including in older adults. 20,25r findings are also in line with Historic England's sixstrand framework linking wellbeing and heritage 4 that identified activities to improve wellbeing with different routes (volunteering, visiting sites, sharing, therapy, belonging and experiencing) identified as increasing social engagement and self-esteem. 4Historic England also highlighted that wellbeing is a policy issue, politically and conceptually linked with addressing health inequality and social cohesion as a long-term government priority.
This supports observations based on Activity Theory 26 that the more time committed, the greater the impact of volunteering on wellbeing.Not only the number but also the range of activity is correlated with time committed, with a broader range of activity correlated with greater benefits. 27This could explain why volunteering amongst older people may have an increasingly positive effect on psychological and physical wellbeing over time.
Outdoor HAR volunteering was beneficial to wellbeing, with HAR volunteers enjoying working in wide open spaces, walking in beautiful surroundings on sunny days, in memorial and church gardens, and the moors and coastal regions.Changes in several indicators of physical health, health behaviours, and psychosocial wellbeing suggest the benefits of increased volunteering. 25e study HAR volunteers of different ages demonstrated 'prosocial behaviour', regarded as a 'social glue', enabling cohesion among people of different ages or characteristics which benefited all members of the group. 28 HAR volunteering projects were associated with many wellbeing outcomes including the 'buzz' of hedonic 30 pleasure from satisfying their psychological needs, interests, enhancing the visitor experience wellbeing of visitors and values in restoring historic sites.This is in line with the functional approach 31 which identifies the importance of matching anticipated psychological benefits with an individual's motivation to volunteer.
In line with self-determination theory, 32 HAR volunteering was motivated by wanting to satisfy basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence.Autonomy refers to freely choosing the activity, while relatedness refers to the need for social cohesion, and competence refers to feeling effective in a task, and reportedly increased social wellbeing, alleviating loneliness, and elevating mood. 32It was socially rewarding creating social engagement which resulted in friendships.
For HAR volunteers there were local, social and family connections and a need to connect with their 'natural environment' which motivated them to take part in HAR projects.Some HAR volunteers wanted to offer their skills, and this was often the only type of volunteering that provided an opportunity to use, learn or share their specialist skills (e.g., archaeology).'Preserving' an asset from harm led to emotional benefits from an increased attachment to place, feelings of security or comfort gained from a long-term perspective and enhanced attachment to others and through exploring intimate personal stories. 4R volunteers were aware that their participation would

| Strengths and limitations
Employing Grounded Theory and an inductive approach has helped us to identify and gain a deeper understanding of the associations between HAR volunteering and wellbeing.Our findings coincided with existing literature, therefore, supporting Grounded Theory methodology is appropriate 'when there is a need for new theoretical explanations built on previous knowledge to explain changes in the field' 34(p.70) .
An important confounder in examining the relationship between volunteering and wellbeing is the bidirectional relationship between psychological wellbeing and volunteering. 35The personal wellbeing model shows that volunteer work requires an investment of personal resources to the extent that those volunteers who score higher on self-reported measures of psychological wellbeing may be more likely to volunteer and may also see an increase in psychological wellbeing as an outcome of the volunteer experience.volunteering.This study supported Historic England policies to promote wellbeing in heritage projects. 2HAR projects need to consider inclusivity across age, gender and ethnicity, for example in supporting younger volunteers to engage in and benefit from volunteering. 36e HAR projects covered a range of different heritage assets and volunteering activities from different geographical regions to explore the association of wellbeing with different project attributes.
This study focused on the association between different types of HAR activities and wellbeing outcomes rather than just concentrating on perceived benefits as in previous studies. 21tablishing a method to capture wellbeing in volunteers may help identify demographic, cultural and geographical differences.The link between volunteering and wellbeing has predominately been measured using longitudinal data. 36Developing valid measurement tools to assess and monitor wellbeing outcomes in HAR volunteering interventions may help tailor these to the specific needs of volunteers, by informing volunteers whether the HAR intervention suits their motivation for volunteering and achieves their wellbeing outcomes.
Dekel et al. 37 suggested that future research needs to include a range of measures that capture the motivational and behavioural factors in younger people, such as self-reported measures of volunteer engagement, psychological wellbeing and perceived organisational support.Their findings suggested that organisations may need to provide greater resources to support volunteer work engagement and wellbeing in younger adults. 37These findings may be useful for not-for-profit organisations on advising how to develop better recruitment and volunteer retention strategies for younger or unrepresented adults.
HAR volunteering may also be an avenue for social prescribing 38 as a means of improving people's wellbeing.Museums and art galleries are also considered as sites for public health interventions, whilst across the UK partnerships already exists between cultural heritage, and health care services. 39In line with social prescribing, museums have the potential to develop a similar scheme. 40

| CONCLUSION
We could not conclude that HAR project activity was the sole cause of increased wellbeing.However, in line with the volunteer model 18 we have addressed questions of motivation, observed experiences and described relationships that develop between HAR volunteers and types of project sites.We also explored negative outcomes from HAR volunteering experiences associated with wellbeing.
Wellbeing outcomes alone may have the potential to increase volunteers' interest in HAR projects, even if they had limited interest in the heritage asset at the outset.We have identified psychological variables to develop an intervention tool to support wellbeing and HAR volunteering effectively.There is a need to ensure that volunteering is more inclusive.

3 . 5 | 3 . 6 | 1 |
(HAR25) Through recruitment and spreading the word, volunteers would share their experiences of volunteering and the benefits recommending volunteering to their local communities and friends.A lot of people can benefit from volunteering experience.(HAR07) This also included promoting sites and heritage to the local community by advertising on local billboards, putting articles in the local newspaper, through social media and holding village events.We have got a little website now and we have had a few people get in contact.We also have got a Facebook page and a Twitter account.And it's very interesting about the local cemetery.(HAR26) Where there was lack of public awareness volunteers would talk to the public about their role in the project and explain roughly what they were doing and the expected outcomes for restoring the at-risk project for the local community.They usually see the badge and say, oh, you're a volunteer ranger.And some of them may not know what we do.And sometimes they'll ask.And then, you know, you can tell them.We tell them roughly what happens.(HAR02) Theme 5-Self-nurture: Physical, psychological, and social benefits There were minor adverse effects on wellbeing such as getting thorns in their fingers, carrying chalk on the side of a hill, or working outdoors in all weathers, including excessive heat, rain, wind and freezing conditions.Probably the least is getting thorns in your finger and isn't scratched to death.Both with the vegetation and the rain.So, we don't work in too bad conditions.(HAR04) Carrying chalk on the side of a hill is a lot.(HAR27) Some experienced the psychological stress of volunteering but felt satisfied seeing things done.A little bit of stress.It's just more.A little bit of stress.Yeah, but then everything is stress.Yeah, I suppose the satisfaction of seeing things done.(HAR24) Negative impacts on volunteering were also associated with not feeling part of the community.I guess being negative, as I said before, it is not really being part of the community.(HAR28) Volunteering promoted psychological and physical benefits and brought people together, alleviated loneliness, created an interest, lifted mood/depression and created a 'buzz'.The museum's done good.Because I got a bit of a buzz from that.(HAR15) This depression, it lifts the mood.(HAR18) I enjoy, I come away feeling, you know, I've done something worthwhile in the day.And we said, you know, we've seen people.(HAR18) Volunteering promoted physical activity and it was an opportunity for volunteers to walk outdoors, get fresh air, swim at the restored local baths, or do some restorative physical work such as lifting wheelbarrows and cutting bracken.I think it's become much more involved and personal because it takes effort to lift barrow loads of chalk up and down hillsides and stamp all down.And so, it's physical, some blood, sweat and tears.(HAR29) Benefits to wellbeing outweigh disadvantages, and volunteers felt rewarded and appreciated, working relationships strengthened and there was a core group of volunteers.Volunteering increased social interaction and friendships including quantity of relationships.Any perceived disadvantages are far outweighed by the advantages.(HAR23) And it's rewarding basically because people enjoy and appreciate your involvement.It's nice to feel appreciated.(HAR08) There's a core group of people who are there most times.(HAR04) Theme 6-Self actualisation: Retrospect and prospect On personal reflection some felt they had not achieved anything personally as it is a team effort.For others what they learnt about the heritage sector potentially opened new possibilities for different types of HAR volunteering roles.Sort of finding out and learning a bit more about the nuts and bolts of heritage itself and what it takes to look after a building.What are the, you know, I spend a lot of my time fundraising, but I didn't know the heritage sector as well as I know other sectors.So, you know, on many levels, it sort of opens new possibilities.(HAR10) I don't think I've achieved a lot personally because it's too early.It's, it's a real team thing.(HAR15) Restoring heritage sites made them more interesting to the community and changed local perceptions of the site.Volunteers would be happy to volunteer again in the future in the same project or other similar HAR sites and projects, as well as recommend volunteering to others.So, it wasn't such an interesting site to look at from the local point of view.Quite the opposite.So, it has.I am sure, changed the local perception of the site.(HAR12) It's been such a positive experience.It's kind of encouraged me to tell people about the project.Summary of main findings Volunteering was associated with positive physical, social and psychological wellbeing outcomes and confirmed the existing theory that Systematic Grounded Theory has enabled us to build theory on existing knowledge. 14Different types of wellbeing outcomes of the HAR volunteer experience were linked to an individual's motivation to volunteer and the characteristics of the site.Differing motivations were found at different ages, suggesting the importance of ensuring inclusion and diversity in HAR volunteers.Negative consequences on wellbeing of HAR volunteering were rarely observed in our findings.

4. 4 |
Implications for stakeholders, practice and future researchOur findings identifying different wellbeing outcomes are associated with different types of HAR sites, have the potential to contribute to the development of a tool to measure wellbeing outcomes in HAR Lewis and Niro Siriwardena designed the study.Joseph Akanuwe and Claudia Sima collected the study data.Julie Pattinson, and D.L. conducted the qualitative analysis.Julie Pattinson, and Despina Laparidou wrote the first draft of the findings.Julie PATTINSON ET AL. | 2497 Pattinson drafted the rest of the manuscript.Carenza Lewis, Niro Siriwardena, Julie Pattinson, and Despina Laparidou edited the manuscript.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Table 2 )
because the site characteristics were related to the logic model wellbeing outcomes.Context of HARAW project sites.The Physic Well, Barnet, London Remedial HAR work to the building involving a partnership of voluntary organisations, the borough, and Historic England.Monument came off the HAR register in 2019.Leased to Barnet Museum Charitable Trust and run by their volunteers.Historic England, the Heritage of London Trust, London Historic Buildings Trust, and the Woolwich Garrison Church Trust; WGCT to repair damage and make the building weather resilient.Site is now run by volunteers from the WGCT.
On receipt of expressions of interest in participating in the study, individuals were contacted by phone or email.They were briefed verbally and provided written information on what would beT A B L E 1Tilty Abbey, Essex Project consolidating the last surviving walls of the abbey and improving its presentation led to the founding of the lively and ongoing Tilty Abbey Local History Group.Mosely Road Baths, Birmingham A renowned 'Arts and Crafts' civic building was repaired enabling it to remain open for public swimming.Now run by community volunteers and hosting fundraising activities.North York Moors Monument Management Scheme, Yorkshire Condition monitoring, conservation, and remedial work of archaeological sites.Large numbers of volunteers achieved significant reduction in the numbers of at-risk and improvements to many others.Allen Smelt Mill, Northumberland Project removing damaging vegetation and consolidating walls carried out by selforganised volunteers working with site manager and specialist contractors to take project beyond its original scope.Anfield Cemetery, Liverpool Friends of Anfield Cemetery maintain and represent the cemetery and ran 'Lifting the Lids' researching and installing interpretation boards, to present the site history and help young people learn various skills.Abbreviations: HAR, Heritage at Risk; HARAW, Heritage at Risk and Wellbeing; WGCT, Woolwich Garrison Church Trust.PATTINSON ET AL. | 2487 T A B L E 2 HARAW: Heritage at Risk and Wellbeing Project characteristics.
Six emergent themes identifying different types of wellbeing benefits of HAR volunteering.HAR, Heritage at Risk. volunteers was problematic, there were deficient resources regarding management, and bureaucracy.It was identified that core staff would be helpful to support volunteers.The location of the heritage project was influential as affluent areas appeared more likely to receive funding, highlighting the lack of support for underfunded areas.
3.1.2|FacilitatorsVolunteersoftenhadlocalaccess to heritage sites, which were likely to be community driven.The volunteers had connections to people who could access resources and funding to restore HAR sites was deemed helpful.Volunteers were able to participate in their own time with flexible timetables.One of the main reasons why it suited me was because you do it in your own time.You go out and do your surveys when you want to.(HAR11)FIG E 1Retaining example, we wouldn't be doing this.It would never have been under threat.And it would have lots and lots of local money being thrown at it.Because we're in a poor, largely immigrant area of Birmingham.
33e project.33Thiscan be achieved by individuals adhering to the design of 'museum experiences' that are attractive, develop or expand tourism.Restoring museums has the potential to enhance visitors' psychological wellbeing including the wellbeing of the individual, or group (e.g., volunteer) that are impacted by the outcome of