Formulation and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of a peel‐off facial masks moisturizer containing curcumin and Rosa Damascena extract

Acne is a common skin issue that typically occurs during adolescence. It causes long‐lasting redness and swelling in the skin. An alternative approach to treating acne could involve using a cosmetic facial mask containing herbal ingredients such as Curcumin and Rosa Damascena extract for its antibacterial properties.


| INTRODUC TI ON
A type of skin care product called a peel-off mask is made of a gel that, when applied to the skin, creates a thin, transparent, malleable layer that is elastic.After a brief drying period, the skin can be easily peeled off. 1 Using peel-off face masks can help improve the condition of the facial skin by reducing wrinkles, signs of aging, and acne.
They can also help to minimize the size of shrink pores. 2 Also, these formulations make skin feel clean and firm. 3It also slightly moisturizes and improves the impact of the active ingredients on the outer covering of the body, mainly due to the barrier created by the plastic layer. 3el-off masks are a good option for adding active ingredients into a plastic film that is made to be easily removed without leaving any residue. 4Plants include an enormous number of physiologically active chemicals that have a substantial impact on human skin. 5e of the most significant Rosaceae family flower species is Rosa Damascena.R. Damascena is an attractive shrub, and in addition to its fragrance, it has been shown to possess many pharmacological characteristics such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, wound healing, anti-HIV, hypnotic, antitussive, hypnotic, skin health, and relaxing effects on tracheal chains. 6Kumar et al. discovered phenolic compounds in an ethanolic extract of R. Damascena.They compare the antioxidant activity of this extract with L-ascorbic acid as a conventional antioxidant.According to this study, R. Damascena possesses excellent antioxidant activity. 7Also, three flavonol glycosides in the ethanolic extract have antioxidant activity.An in-vivo investigation assessed R. Damascene's antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation.The findings revealed that the plant has powerful antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibitory properties equivalent to tocopherol, indicating that it might be used as a medicinal source to treat and prevent numerous free radical disorders. 8 Damascena extract can reduce inflammation in the body.
The effect of extracting R. Damascena in alcohol showed that R. Damascena could help reduce inflammation caused by carrageenan in rats.3][14] In addition, research has proven that R.
Damascena can fight against many different types of microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, 15 Escherichia coli, Ps.Aeruginosa, Candida albicans 16,17 and etc. 18 This substance has a strong ability to kill bacteria due to the large amount of phenylethyl alcohol it contains.R. Damascena has numerous recommendations for eliminating acne. 19,20This condition is caused by too-active oils and worsened by bacterial infections like Propionibacterium acnes.P. acne lives in our hair follicles and proliferates.They break down the natural oil in our skin, creating substances that can cause irritation and likely lead to inflammation. 21ke R. Damascena, curcumin is known for its many health benefits, such as fighting against diseases, reducing inflammation, preventing cancer and diabetes, fighting against bacteria, fungus, and viruses, healing ulcers, and preventing blood clotting. 22,23ma and colleagues studied how curcumin can help slow down the aging process.Curcumin can cause cellular stress responses and trigger the body's antioxidant defenses.It could be an excellent way to fight aging, as shown in a study on human skin cells. 24Research shows that using curcumin orally or on the skin can help prevent and treat skin problems like early aging, dermatitis, wounds, swelling, and psoriasis. 14 the present study, we prepare and test a peel-off face mask gel using different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), curcumin, and R. Damascena extract.
These ingredients have antibacterial properties and could be used instead of other facial skin care products.

| Rose Damascena extract
To extract R. Damascena, 50 g of dry R. Damascena was powdered by mortar and pestle and then placed in a Soxhlet extractor in water/ ethanol 1/1 solvent.The solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator at 80°C to obtain a crude extract and freeze-dried to obtain a finely extracted powder.

| Peel-off mask gel preparation
The peel-off facial mask with curcumin and R. Damascena extract was formulated according to the formula presented in Table 1.For the preparation of peel-off gel, PVA was dissolved in 70°C water under stirring conditions for 2 h.Then PVP dissolved in ethanol/glycerin solution containing curcumin was added to the above mixture and mixed until a homogenous mixture was provided.R. Damascena extract, sweet coconut oil, and Propylene glycol were added to the mixture, respectively, and after each step, stirred until homogenous.

| Organoleptic
An organoleptic test examined the prepared peel-off gel masks' appearance, aroma, and color.

| Homogeneity
Testing for homogeneity looks at how evenly distributed and homogenous the particles are on a formulation.In each formula's preparation for a gel peel-off mask, the homogeneity test results show that solid particles are not present before and after freeze-thaw on day one, and the 30th homogeneity of the formulation was evaluated.

| Formulation pH
The acidity of the formulation is an essential parameter for skin care products because skin pH is one of the most influential parameters for maintaining the integrity of the stratum corneum.Also, changes in skin pH significantly impact barrier permeability and microbiome content, leading to skin disorders and diseases. 25Therefore, pH formulation change was measured for four formations during 30 days.In addition, the pH change after frizz-thaw was evaluated for 30 days.

| Drying time and thickness film
For evaluation formulations drying time, 2 g prepared gel on the 1st and 30th day after preparation was located on a 60 × 60 cm glass plate and spread flat.The glass plate was incubated at 37° until the gel was dry and easily peeled off as a film layer.The formulation was checked every 2 min, and the test ended when the mask was fully dry.The outcome was an average of three tests.The drying time and final film thickness were determined using digital caliper. 26

| Spreadability test
To conduct the coverage test, 5 g of gel was placed on a glass plate and covered with a glass plate up to a weight of 125 g.Following a minute, the diameter is measured.Coating tests were assessed 1 and 30 days after formulation. 27In addition, after freeze-thaw, spread capability evaluated 1 and 30 days after the 6-cycle freeze-thaw.

| Rheological behavior analysis
The rheological properties were assessed on a cone and plate rheometer (Brookfield®) at 25°C.Samples were appropriately arranged to fill the space between the trays.This equipment makes it possible to study the flow and deformation of matter, measure the thixotropy and behavior of non-Newtonian fluids under various conditions, and establish a relationship between deformation, force, and time.Evaluation of the rheological properties of semi-solid formulations is essential to evaluate their quality and stability.

| Viscosity measurement
A formulation's viscosity reveals how difficult it is to flow through it.For instance, the formulation's flow rate decreases as viscosity increases.The test was done by putting the spindle in the gel mask and doing the test.A formulation's viscosity was measured using a machine called a Brookfield viscometer.The machine was set to rotate at 10 turns per minute using a specific part called spindle number 64. 28

| Irritation test
Ethical approval for the experimental procedure's irritation testing was obtained from the University Ethics Committee.Irritating and hypersensitivity testing was performed on 3 lateral sites, as displayed in Figure 1, of the inner arm of 10 healthy female F I G U R E 1 Three sites (3.0 cm × 3.0 cm) of application.S1, S2, and S3 represent the points on which the peeling mask was tested.
volunteers between 18 and 24 years old.Each formulation was tested on 10 volunteers on 3 points of their arms.Every volunteer tested all formulations.After testing formulation 1, formulation 1 was removed, and, with a 2-day interval, we tested another formulation.Volunteers must be free of skin allergy symptoms (e.g., redness, hives, burning, itching, rash, and swelling), lesions, scars, or tattoos at the test site and take no anti-inflammatory drugs with skin side effects such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 29ter cleaning the inner surface of the arm with 70% alcohol, 1 g of mask formulation was applied to the cleaned surface in the area of 3 cm × 3 cm, then it was taken off and changes to the skin, such as itching, redness, and swelling, are checked.Double distilled water served as the negative control, while 0.5% SDS was used as the positive controls. 30

| Corneometer and sebum measurements
The basis of Corneometer® measurements is the capacitance of a dielectric medium.In this case, it is the stratum corneum of the skin.The dielectric constant and sebum content of the skin is determined using the Multi Probe Adapter by skin detector analyzer (Skin pH Meter PH900 Sebumeter SM810 Corneometer CM825, Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, model: Kombi SM/CM 825/ pH).The dielectric constant of skin changes with humidity.The moisture and sebum content results are given in percent units ranging from 0.00% (dehydrated) to 100% (very wet). 31All the measurements were done in a room and the volunteers rested for 30 min before the tests.After removing the mask, the skin analysis was done.Three repeated measurements were performed at each test site and a mean was calculated.

| Bacterial culture
A total of three pathogenic microbial strains were used in the study the bacteria growth on appropriate media to an appropriate OD.

| Antibacterial activity test on peel-off gel mask
This formulation's antibacterial efficacy was assessed against E. coli ATCC 8739 and S. aureus ATCC 6538P and P. acnes using the ordinary Nathan's agar well diffusion (NAWD) technique.

| E. coli and S. aureus antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial activity of the prepared formulation against E. coli and S. aureus was done with a similar procedure.Briefly, Cultures were inoculated with E. coli or S. aureus bacteria and incu- shaking and incubation in the dark for 30 min, absorbance was measured at 517 nm.The percent radical scavenging activity (%RSA) was calculated using the following formula:

| Pell off performance
To evaluate the prepared formulation, a small area of skin was covered by blue ink, and performance of mask in ink peel-off was studied.This experiment was designed only to show the effectiveness of the formulated mask in removing the surface layers or impurities stuck to the skin's outer surface.After drying, mask and skin under mask treatment were imaged by optical microscopy.

| Curcumin skin diffusion in-vitro
The effect of these formulations on skin permeability in vitro was investigated using the Franz diffusion cell apparatus.By Franz cell equipment, the transmittance of curcumin through the skin was tested.The Franz cell's surface area was 0.785 cm 2 , and the compartments could hold about 10 mL of liquid.The entire thickness of the skin from the mice's abdomen was placed between two sections, one for the donor and one for the receiver.The outermost layer of the skin facing the donor compartment.The given liquid contained 1 mL of curcumin mixed with other substances.
The liquid that received the molecules had a pH of 6.5 and contained 0.5% tween-80 and 20% ethanol in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to maintain the sink condition. 40The stirring speed and temperature were maintained at 400 rpm and 37°C.After 1 h, the substance that received the drug was taken out and analyzed for curcumin content using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer.

| Statistical analysis
Two-way ANOVA Tukey's multiple comparisons test was performed to determine which means amongst a set of means differ from the rest.

| Extraction result
The R. Damascena extraction process was repeated three times, and the final dry product showed a yield of 0.25 ± 0.06%, with a light pink color, which was similar to results reported by other researchers. 41

| Physiochemical characteristics of peel-off mask formula
The results of the characterization prepared formulations are summarized in Table 2, which is discussed in the following.

| Organoleptic property and homogeneity
The organoleptic outcomes from the four peel-off gel mask formulations are essentially the same, that is, dark brown color, R. Damascena

| pH test
These results showed that the peel-off mask made from R.
Damascena extract has a pH level that matches the skin's pH level, which is between 4.5 and 5. 42 Therefore, to ensure the pH level does not change during storage for 30 days, it is essential to check for any free fatty acids in the R. Damascena extract or other bioactive compounds that could oxidize when exposed to light or temperatures. 43,44However, the pH of the peel-off mask did not change %RSA = (Absorbance of control − Absorbance of sample)∕Absorbance of control × 100.
significantly over 30 days.Although the pH of the formulations has increased slightly after the 6-cycle freeze-thaw, it is still in the appropriate range of 4.5-5 for the skin.

| Film thickness and drying time
A test of the film drying time was performed to determine how long a peel-off mask gel formulation needs to dry and form a film on the skin surface.Peel-off mask gels should dry in 15-30 min at the most.Table 2, presents the drying time results, the gel layer dries more quickly when formulated with a high PVA of 10% w/w than when formulated with a low PVA of 8% w/w concentration.The best drying time was for F1 and F4 with 5% w/w ethanol.The masks did not exhibit any signs of tearing or cracking while being peeled.The film thickness of all prepared formulations after drying was around 2-3 mm, and the formulation with a higher portion of polymeric material showed a higher film thickness.

| Spreadability test
The size of the area that the anti-acne formulas covered ranged from 5.6 to 4.4 cm.Other researchers also confirmed that the mask can hold between 5 and 7 cm.When the gel covers the skin's surface with a thick film, spreading the gel becomes hard for volunteers.
TA B L E 2 Summary of assessment of physical characteristics of peel-off gel masks.However, the formula still has much water in it, which can make it take longer for the peel-off mask to dry and create a solid layer, similar to other studies. 45,46

| Viscosity
Viscosity testing is performed to determine the thickness of the formulation.Increasing the concentrations of gelling agents and moisturizers impact on the viscosity of gels.

| Rheological evaluation
The study of rheology is the flow and deformation of fluid when subjected to a mechanical force. 47There are two main groups of fluids.
There are two types of fluids: Newtonian and non-Newtonian.The

| Moisture and sebum
A peel-off mask can fix and make skin fresher and tighter, clean out pores, remove dirt from the skin, make skin more moisturized, improve blood flow, increase the activity of skin cells, get rid of dead skin cells, make skin softer, and give the skin some nutrients. 4,48Result of moist and sebum content on the skin is shown in Figure 3. Based on the results of comparing the importance levels, it was found that there was a significant difference between formulations.The formulations with lower ethanol concentrations were discovered to be more effective in moisturizing the skin's surface layers.Peel-off masks promote an increase in skin moisture, possibly by covering, as only this effect can cause an increase in the water concentration in the skin, as curcumin, present in F1 and F2 formula, did not show a significant effect on water content because F1 and F2 which consist curcumin had minimum and maximum moister content in skin, respectively.In addition, the prepared peel-off mask significantly reduced the sebum content of the external layer of skin compared to the control group.

| Microorganism evaluation
Most cosmetics have a lot of water and nutrients, making them a suitable environment for many microorganisms to live and grow. 49smetics that contain dangerous microorganisms may not be as safe to use and may even make users ill. 50While it is not very common for cosmetics to be contaminated and cause safety risks, there are still instances where products need to be recalled worldwide due to contamination with microbes. 51Even though cosmetics don't have to be completely germ-free, it is essential to make ensure they are safe for customers after being sold.To prevent the growth of bacteria in cosmetics, companies test them to make ensure they will last a long time without getting contaminated.However, we cannot guarantee that the preservation system of cosmetics will be effective at the current time.However, it can be difficult because there is a risk of microorganisms spreading from things around it, like objects, tools, or the people making it.
The result of the mask microbial evaluation is presented in Table 3. Aerobic microbial available in the prepared formulation were less than 10 CFU.

| Antibacterial activity of curcumin-R. Damascena mask
According to the test result for peel-off masks, all the different mixtures could stop the growth of P. acne, S. aureus, and E. coli.
By comparing the inhibition zone of bacteria, the inhibitory activity of F1 and F2 formulas for P. acne bacteria was more significant but didn't show significantly differences for other formulations (Table 4; Figures 5 and 6).Experimental results exhibited that all

| Curcumin permeability
Curcumin demonstrated high accessibility and bioactivity when applied topically, particularly when formulated with other ingredients such as glycerol and ethanol, which increased its permeability, establishing curcumin as a therapeutic agent for the topical delivery. 53,54t up the equipment of curcumin permeability from mice skin experiment displayed in Figure 8. Permeability results exhibited that a small amount of curcumin successfully transfers from the skin surface.The total amount of curcumin diffused through the skin within 1 h was 6% for F1 and 4% for F2 formulation.

| DISCUSS ION
In the present paper, R. Damascena extract was extracted from a flower and used as an ingredient for peel-off mask formulation.geraniol, and nerol and kaempferol.Some studies found that it has certain substances in it like, phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, nonadecane, and geraniol.Ethanol is also found in it sometimes.The most essential substances in it are heneicosane and phenyl ethyl alcohol.
In a different research, they found out that roses contain certain chemicals like phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, nerol, and geranial. 55 Damascena has a lot of phenolic compounds, which is one reason why it can be used as medicine.Phenolics have many health benefits, like fighting off hazardous substances in the body, acting as antioxidants, antidepressants, reducing anti-inflammatory, preventing mutations, and stopping cancer cells from growing.affected by rose oil and absolute.E. coli was damaged by rose essential.56 Rose extract can kill both types of bacteria gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.56 Citronellol, geraniol, and nerol in rose oil were found to kill bacteria.It means that the ability of rose oil to fight bacteria may be because of these parts in the oil.17 The antibacterial powers of rose absolute may be due to its large amount of phenylethyl alcohol.People have known for a long time that alcohol can fight off germs.57 However, the physical properties of the prepared formulation are the same.However, the higher amount of PVA and PVP in F2 Based on reports in the literature, formulations for gel-like peeloff masks should have a viscosity between 7100 and 83 144 cps, 58 which is compatible with our formulation. Ou result-prepared formulation gel is a non-Newtonian fluid with pseudoplastic behavior and thixotropic properties.Many commercially available peel-off masks in the market had pseudoplastic behavior; therefore, our findings showed that the prepared masks had the same texture as those sold. 59We tested the prepared formulation on 10 explained that glycerol in peel-off facial masks has two functions: (a) it moisturizes the skin and (b) helps the outer layer of the skin reorganize after it has been intentionally scaled off through physical or chemical methods. 63In addition, the prepared peel-off mask significantly reduced the sebum content of the external layer of skin compared to the control group.Recent studies suggest that reducing sebum production in the skin affects the treatment of acne vulgaris. 64This reduction in sebum production may be because of certain substances, such as polyphenols in rose extract and curcumin, that can lower sebum levels.These substances have been found to have anti-sebum effects and are used to treat and prevent acne. 64e final product must be free from harmful microorganisms and not contain high levels of toxic metals.Even though there are no official worldwide restrictions, most people agree that the bacteria in cosmetics should be below 100 CFU/g or mL.For other cosmetic products, the limit should be below 1000 CFU/g or mL in Europe, the United States, and South Korea. 65Based on our results, the aerobic microbial available in the prepared formulation was less than 10 CFU, according to available standards.Because the composition of the materials used for all the formulations is almost the same and all formulation prepared in the same conditions, and only some materials differ slightly in terms of quantity, so the results of the microbial count of all the formulations are the same and less than the permissible limit.
Studying how curcumin interacts with other chemicals used in skin treatments could help create better mixes for different skin conditions.
A considerable portion of skin damage and unwanted phenomena in the skin, such as aging, stretching, and inflammation, occurred due to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that caused to cytokine release. 66The release of these cytokines is maintained by the overproduction of ROS, produced primarily by sustained antigenic stimulation and also triggered by the inflammatory response to antigenic stimulation.Conversely, the antioxidant system may be depleted in chronic inflammatory conditions, resulting in a redox imbalance, and persistent oxidative stress. 67Curcumin's potential topical and systemic usage in the treating and preventing of skin aging has been investigated due to its recognized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. 68In a clinical study of 28 women, daily use of an herbal formula gel containing rosemary and turmeric extract (containing curcumin) for 4 weeks significantly improved skin elasticity and the subjects' overall self-assessment. 69In addition, Curcumin's ability to stimulate collagen production is essential in terms of facial skin tone and appearance. 70Curcumin has been shown to decrease the amount of membrane matrix metalloproteinases, stimulate hydroxyproline and collagen production, and promote the maturation of collagen fibers. 71,72Curcumin also promotes fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation, signals the onset of wound contraction, and shortens the epithelialization phase of the wound.Peel-off experimental result shows that prepared mask effectively remove ink from kin surface.This paper provides background information on the application of peel-off formulations as a vehicle for several pharmaceutical ingredients.

CO N FLI C T O F I NTER E S T S TATEM ENT
Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

E TH I C S S TATEM ENT
Ethical approval for the experimental procedure's irritation testing was obtained from the Shiraz University Ethics Committee.All volunteer read and signed a written informed consent form.

2. 12 . 3 | 34 2. 12 . 4 | 36 2. 12 . 5 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa countThe formulation was diluted 10 times, seeded on agar plates containing the LB broth and incubate for 48 h at 37°C The colonies calculate the CFU/mL.Staphylococcus aureus count Staphylococcus aureus dilute formulation 10 times and spread on dried Baird Parker agar and incubate for 48 h at 37°C, and the colonies calculate the CFU/mL.35,Totalyeast and mold count Dilute formulation 10 times and spread it on dried Baird Parker agar, and incubate for 5 days at 22°C.The colonies was counted.37

39 2. 15 |
bated overnight at 37°C to adjust turbidity to a McFarland standard of 0.5 and final inoculum levels of 1.5 × 10 8 and 5 × 10 8 CFU/ mL.A plate with 6 mm diameter wells was created.The agar plate's wells were prepared with a drill.A confluent lawn of bacterial growth was created by spreading 100 μL of 16-18 h old bacterial culture onto an agar plate.Each plate also has a center well to hold the curcumin-free control formulation.At 37°C for 24 h, all plates were incubated.The plates were examined for the development of clear zones around the wells, consistent with the tested compounds' antibacterial activity.The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was seen and measured in millimeters.We calculated the ZOI's average size. 38.14.2 | Propionibacterium acnes antimicrobial activity Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 is incubated in blood agar media for 72 h under anaerobic condition and then the agar plate surface is inoculated by spreading a volume of the microbial inoculum over the entire agar surface.Turbidity cells McFarland and final inoculum levels of 1.5 × 10 8 and 5 × 10 8 CFU/mL.A 6 mm diameter hole is then aseptically drilled with a sterile cork drill and 100 μL of our preparation is introduced into the well, incubated for 24 h at 37°C and determined the inhibition zone.Antioxidant activity Various methods have been employed to examine and compare the antioxidant properties of natural substances.The molecule 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is frequently utilized in scientific research to examine antioxidants that react slowly with the test molecules and result in the creation of a colored reagent that is quantified by spectrophotometer at 517 nm.Briefly, a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH was prepared and 1.8 mL of this solution was added to 0.2 mL of a solution of different concentrations of F1, F2, F3, F4, curcumin, and R. damascena in a 24-well plate.After 2.5 | Stability evaluationAfter 1 month, some scientific factors were checked to see if the mixes were starting to become unstable in different situations.The formulas worked well when kept dark place at room temperature or even colder.They did not break down or change in any way.However, when the formulas were kept in a standard room with sunlight (around 22°C), they were not as effective and took longer to dry.When things are exposed to sunlight, they can become hotter or more relaxed.If something has water in it, sunlight can make the water evaporate faster and make the thing dry out faster.It can make the thing stronger because the ingredients become concentrated.The mixture was thick because it was very concentrated, which made it harder to use.In addition, the stability of the formulations was tested by freezing and thawing them 6-times to check if they became unstable in very cold (−80°C) and hot (60°C) conditions.The findings are displayed in Table2.The experiments showed -no instability in the optimized mixtures at very hot or cold temperatures (between −80 and 60°C) for 6-cycles.It means the mixtures organoleptic characterize, acidity level and spread power remained unchanged after freeze-thaw.However, some sedimentation was observed in the freeze-thawed gel after 30 days.The analysis revealed that the four prepared formulations are homogeneous with evenly dispersed active ingredients.
force applied is directly proportional to fluid viscosity in Newtonian fluids.Therefore, the fluid's resistance to flow remains constant regardless of the force applied.However, non-Newtonian fluids have a relationship between the viscosity and the force applied, which is not straight or predictable.47Non-Newtonian fluid can be classified into Thixotropic (Viscosity reduces with time due to stress) and rheopectic (Viscosity rises over time due to stress).Pseudoplastic fluid is a common type of non-Newtonian fluid in which the viscosity of a fluid decreases as the rate at which it is sheared increases.It is called shear-thinning fluid.Shear thinning fluids have a consistent thickness or viscosity or a flat zero thickness at prolonged or no movement.Nevertheless, when there is a lot of force or stress applied, the thickness of the liquid can go down a lot.It shows that the force makes the liquid thinner.47For instance, when polymer melts and solutions flow, the polymer chains become less tangled, causing them to become thinner.Large polymers are always intertwined and arranged randomly when not moving.When there is a strong enough force pushing on them, they start to separate from each other.Therefore, it makes the liquid less thick.If the thickness of a substance becomes thinner over time, it is called thixotropic.Based on the rheometer diagram illustrated in Figure2, our formulation is a non-Newtonian fluid and shows pseudoplastic behavior and thixotropic properties.

F1 52 3. 6 |Figure 7
Figure7show an image of different cycles of the peel off mask and akin after formulation was applied.Before mask application, the skin was severely covered by a blue color, and the peel-off mask layer showed no any evidence of a blue color.However, after the first Some parts were taken out from the flowers, petals, and seed pots of R. Damascena, which contains various natural compounds such as terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins.This plant has some things in it called carboxylic acid, myrcene, vitamin C, kaempferol, and quercetin.Flowers have some bitter stuff, tanning material, fatty oil, and organic acids.In 2007, Loghmani-Khouzani and others discovered over 95 different parts in the essential oil of R. Damascena.Eighteen substances made up over 95% of all the oil.The oil had four main ingredients, β-citronellol, nonadecane, F I G U R E 4 DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) of F1, F2, F3, F4, Curcumin, R. damascene extract, PVA, and PVP 1 mg/mL concentration.

A
study has demonstrated that R. Damascena can kill many different types of bacteria.Essential oil, absolute, and hydrosol are important products with specific effects.Ulusoy and colleagues found that essential oil and absolute can kill certain bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and B. Bacteria named subtilis and S. aureus, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Erwinia carotovora are different types of bacteria.C. violaceum is a tiny living thing easily and F4 formulations decreased applicability based on the vaulters' opinions.With an increase in the amount of PVA from 8 to 10 and PVP from 1% to 2% in the F2 and F4 formula, the viscosity increased by about 5000-5500 cps unit, and consequently, the spreading peel-off gel on the skin surface decreased.Ideally, peeloff face masks should dry within 15-30 min.2The drying time experimental result showed that the percentage of ethanol had more effect than the percentage of polymeric materials such as PVA and PVP because the increase of PVA from 8 to 10 and PVP from 1% to 2% in F2 and F4 did not have any significant effect on drying time of prepared formulation.With an increase in PVA and PVP content, the thickness of the dried film increased.For topical use, the pH should be in the skin pH range (4-6) to minimize skin irritation for skin health maintenance,25 which is in the same range as our formulation.Our finding shows that the ingredients in the mask remained stable during that time.This change in formulation pH displayed that freeze-thaw can degrade some gel formulation ingredients that can relate to R. damascena extract composition.

5 .
healthy female volunteers, and each volunteer tested it on three areas of the skin arm, as shown in Figure 1.After removing the F I G U R E 5 Digital images showing antibacterial assay of prepared formulation against (A) E. coli; (B) S. aureus (C); P. acne.F I G U R E 6 Inhabitation zone (mm) of peel off mask formulation against P. acne, S. aureus, and E. coli.NS, not significant.*p value ≤0.participants in the irritation test, the volunteers' skin turned slightly red.This reaction was not severe enough to require the removal of the mask or cause burning and itching and was observed only after the removal of the mask.We found that the face mask we used made the top layers of skin more hydrated.Our results were even better than what other researchers have found.The amount of curcumin and PVA used did not change the results of the skin moisture test.After comparing the results, it was found that there was a big difference in the time variable.The result exhibited that using products for the face, such as masks, can immediately hydrate the top layer of skin.This phenomenon happens because the mask covers the skin and keeps water better.Yosipovitch studied how pH levels and hydration affect the top layer of skin.60The study showed that people lose different amounts of water through their skin at different times during the day.Also, the skin's hydration mainly stayed the same over 24 h.These findings show that peel-off masks make the skin more hydrated and that four different types of masks had similar results in a short study.Adding or removing curcumin from the formulas did not make the skin more hydrated in a short time.It means the extract ingredients were ineffective in making the skin more hydrated.However physical property of prepared formulation is same, but due to higher amount of PVA and PVP in F2 and F4 formulation applicability decreased base on vaulters opinion.With increase amount of PVA from 8 to 10 and PVP from 1% to 2% in F2 and F4 formula viscosity increased about 5000-5500 cps unit consequently spreading of peel-off gel on skin surface decreased.Drying time experimental result showed that precent of ethanol and polymeric material such as PVA and PVP had effect more significant than ethanol amount, because increase of ethanol from 1% to 5% didn't had any significant effect on drying speed of prepared formulation.All prepared formulations contain ingredients that alter the structure of the stratum corneum.All mixtures contain ingredients that alter the composition of the layer.Polyol and PVA have similar functional groups that can bond through hydrogen bonding.Polyols have a high affinity for attracting water and making the skin moist.So, it was thought that the amount of water lost through the skin would go down because the skin had more water from the polyols in all products.61,62Fluhr and colleagues F I G U R E 7 Optical microscopy imaged of ink covered skin and peel-off mask.F I G U R E 8 (A) Schematic diagram Franz diffusion cell apparatus.(B) Peel-off mask on mice skin surface at the end of diffusion studies.

73 - 75 5 |
Asada et al. conducted a double-blind study on 47 healthyparticipants to investigate the effect of Curcuma longa extract on treatment inflammation caused by UVB irradiation.Participants were randomly divided into two groups-one group received a daily hot water extract of Curcuma longa, while the other group received a pretend treatment.The results showed that the group taking the extract decreased in two types of proteins related to inflammation compared to the placebo group.It significantly increased hyaluronan production by unstimulated keratinocytes and increased the water content of the facial skin.In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, curcumin may be a helpful moisturizer.76CON CLUS IONThe main objective of this research was to examine the factors that have the most significant effect on the desirable qualities of peel-off facial masks.Higher concentrations of PVA and PVP had a notable impact on the drying time.The amounts of PVP and PVA had a significant influence on the consistency of the formulations, which consequently affected their applicability.Improved applicability was achieved by decreasing the concentration of PVA and PVP.The most effective combination for the peel-off face mask consisted of 10% PVA, 0.02% PVP, and 2% Curcumin.This mixture was highly effective, dried quickly, and had good antimicrobial properties.The preliminary study on stability demonstrated that there are no changes in the improved formula when stored under usual storage conditions.The preservative demonstrated satisfactory results in preventing the growth of fungi and bacteria during our tested storage conditions.The number of microbes present was <1 × 10 1 CFU/g for both fungi and bacteria.Optimized formulation significantly inhibits both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.Curcumin diffusion from formulation to skin show that Curcumin successfully diffuses from formulation from skin barriers.
Peel-off gel mask composition.
TA B L E 1