Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger (L5‐6) from asteroid 2023 CX1 recovered in the Normandy, France—220 years after the historic fall of L'Aigle (L6 breccia) in the neighborhood

On February 13, 2023, a huge fireball was visible over Western Europe (fireball event 2023 CX1). After the possible strewn field was calculated, the first of several recovered samples, with a mass of about 100 g, was discovered just 2 days after the fireball event on the ground of the village of Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger. Meanwhile, more than 60 samples with a total mass of more than 1 kg were recovered and a piece of one of these is studied here. The fall occurred 220 years after the historic meteorite fall of L'Aigle on April 26, 1803, <120 km south. L'Aigle is the closest meteorite fall to Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger and belongs to the same chondrite group. Both meteorites are breccias containing only clasts of high metamorphic degree (type 5 and type 6). Since only 20% of the L chondrites are breccias this coincidence is remarkable. As just mentioned, both samples studied from these rocks in this work are ordinary chondrite breccias and consist of equilibrated and recrystallized lithologies of petrologic type 6. The brecciated texture in L'Aigle, resulting in a remarkable light–dark structure, is more pronounced than the brecciated features in Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger, from which also type 5 fragments have been reported. The compositions of low‐Ca pyroxene and olivine grains in Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger (Fs21.2 and Fa23.4, respectively) clearly require an L‐group classification. L'Aigle was classified as an L6 breccia in the past, and this has now been confirmed by new data on low‐Ca pyroxene and olivine (Fs20.7 and Fa23.8, respectively). Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger contains local thin shock veins, and both meteorites are moderately shocked. Most olivines in the studied samples have planar fractures, but the estimated abundance of mosaicized olivines of 30%–40% among the large grains require a S4 shock classification. Oxygen isotope and bulk chemical data of Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger certainly support the L chondrite classification. Bulk spectral data of Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger are dominated by silicate minerals, that is, Fe‐bearing low‐Ca pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase. Isotopic, chemical, and spectral data of the L'Aigle meteorite are shown for comparison and are very similar, providing additional circumstantial evidence of Saint‐Pierre‐le‐Viger's L chondritic nature.


INTRODUCTION
Seven hours after the astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky discovered a small asteroid from a telescope in Hungary, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere as a fireball with a huge burn up on February 13, 02 h 59 min UT.Coordinated searching of meteorite fragments started February 15 in Normandy southeast of Dieppe, and the first sample of almost 100 g was found the same day in the late afternoon on the ground of the village of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger (49°49.255 0N, 0°49.584 0E; Meteoritical Bulletin, 2023a).Since then, many samples have been recovered from this flat region only about 10 km from the English Channel (Figures 1 and 2).
The Meteoritical Bulletin Database (Meteoritical Bulletin, 2023b) includes 72 recorded meteorite falls from France, including seven entries for doubtful, discredited, or pseudo-meteorites.Among these French falls are wellknown samples like Orgueil (CI), Alais (CI), Ornans (CO3), Lance (CO3), L'Aigle (L6), Juvinas (eucrite), Aubres (aubrite), and Ensisheim (LL6).Ensisheim fell on November 7, 1492, and is regarded as the oldest witnessed meteorite sample from which still rocky material exists.L'Aigle fell 1803 (April 26) in Normandy and is the meteorite fall closest to Saint-Pierre-le-Viger.The L'Aigle meteorite belongs, along with the "Pallas iron" (today known as the Krasnojarsk pallasite), to the earliest reports on meteorite recoveries that revolutionized the thinking about the origin of meteorites in Europe.L'Aigle is a large shower with 2000-3000 stones and a total mass of about 37 kg.The early description by Biot (1803) about the fall is still of historical importance today, because it was of one of the first demonstrations indicating the extraterrestrial origin of meteorites (e.g., Gounelle, 2006;Hey, 1966).
L'Aigle belongs to the same meteorite class as the most recent French meteorite fall, namely Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, which fell in a distance of <120 km, and which is the main object of detailed studies in this work.Dodd and Jarosewich (1981) describe the rock of L'Aigle as being variable from petrologic type 5 to type 6 and that the degree of shock varies from negligible to moderate.In one of the many stones studied by these authors, the olivine is fractured and has mosaic extinction, while the plagioclase is deformed and partly transformed into maskelynite (Dodd & Jarosewich, 1981).From the whole description, it appears that L'Aigle may be better classified as an L5-6 breccia instead of an L6 chondrite.
Saint-Pierre-le-Viger has been officially classified as an L5-6 chondrite with a shock degree of S3 (Meteoritical Bulletin, 2023a;Zanda et al., 2023).The classification is consistent with the results presented here, since Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is a breccia.
Here, we report on a detailed mineralogical study on thin sections of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle in order to classify the new French meteorite fall in a similar manner as done for other recent meteorite falls (e.g., Bischoff et al., 2021;Bischoff, Barrat, et al., 2019;Bischoff, Patzek, et al., 2022) and to compare the results with those of the historical sample of L'Aigle.These characterizations are accompanied by O-isotopic and bulk chemical analyses and spectroscopic research.

Samples
A piece from a fragment of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger that was recovered Sunday, February 26, 2023 (13 days after the fall) in Autigny (Figure 1), was used for this study.It was bought from meteorite dealers.Two thin sections of the rock (PL23009, PL23010) with a total area of $60 mm 2 were available for optical and electron microscopic studies.The same holds for the L'Aigle chondrite.From a 1.1 g aliquot of the Museum der Natur (Hamburg), two thin sections were prepared (PL23007, PL23008; total area: $50 mm 2 ).

Analytical Procedures
At the Institut f ür Planetologie (University of M ünster), an Axiophot polarizing microscope (Fa.ZEISS) was used for optical microscopy in transmitted and reflected light (Figures 3-5).
At the same institute, the texture of the new meteorite was studied and the different mineral phases were identified with a JEOL 6610-LV electron microscope (SEM).Some chemical data were obtained using the INCA analytical program provided by Oxford Instruments for energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).

Oxygen Isotope and Bulk Chemical Analyses
It is well known that determining the oxygen isotope composition is important for classifying meteorites (e.g., Clayton et al., 1976).For Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle, the compositions of several chips (2.073, 1.967 mg and 2.115, 2.063, 2.055, 2.130 mg, respectively) were obtained by means of laser fluorination in combination with a gas-source mass spectrometer.Details about the analytical techniques are given elsewhere in Pack et al. (2016) and Peters et al. (2020;also, compare Herwartz et al., 2014;Pack & Herwartz, 2014;Pack et al., 2017).As was done earlier for the Antonin chondrite, another recent fall of an L chondrite breccia (Bischoff, Patzek, et al., 2022), the δ 17 O and δ 18 O values are reported on the VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) scale, and the Δ 017 O is defined here as: To anchor δ 17 O on the VSMOW scale, we used a Δ 017 O value for San Carlos olivine of À0.052‰ (average value of Pack et al., 2016;Sharp et al., 2016;Wostbrock et al., 2020).In this study, the estimated measurement uncertainties are AE0.1‰ for δ 18 O and AE0.01‰ for Δ 017 O.These data are based on replicate analyses of the San Carlos olivine standard (1 SD).
The chemical bulk compositions of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle were obtained using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) at the University of Brest (France).Further details concerning the analytical method are given in Barrat et al. (2012Barrat et al. ( , 2015Barrat et al. ( , 2016) ) and in the Supporting Information.

Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (μ-FTIR) Spectroscopy
We used a Bruker Hyperion 3000 attached to a Bruker Vertex 80v located at the IR/IS facility at the Institut für Planetologie (University of Münster) to perform spectral measurements in diffuse reflectance mode on powdered aliquots of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle, respectively, with a liquid nitrogen-cooled mercury-cadmium-tellurium (MCT) detector and a 15× cassegrain objective.The powder (<300 μm) was filled into an aluminum sample cup (Ø = 3 mm, depth 0.5 mm) and was carefully flattened with a spatula.An aperture of 800 × 800 μm was set to obtain a diffuse reflectance signal.All spectral information was acquired in the energetic range between 2.5 μm (4000 cm À1 ) and 16.7 μm (600 cm À1 ).The microscope is purged with dry air during measurements, as is the sample compartment, in order to avoid additional atmospheric interferences.All measurements were integrated over 512 scans to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a suitable (i.e., a comparably rough) gold standard was used for calibration, and the spectral resolution was set to 2 cm À1 .All spectral data will be available in the upcoming IRIS database for space science missions with the sample ID 475 (Saint-Pierre-le-Viger), ID 476 (L'Aigle), and ID 608 (Antonin) (Weber et al., 2018).The Find Location of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger The asteroid had a flight direction from northwest to the southeast.The small samples were recovered northwest of the village of Angiens and the large ones about 6-7 km toward the southeast (Saint-Pierre-le-Viger/Fontaine-le-Dun/Autigny).Thus, the area in which samples have been found so far has an estimated size of about 8 × 3 km.The real strewn field can be much larger.The first sample was found on the ground of the village of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger having the coordinates of 49°49 0 15.28 00 N, 0°49 0 35.04 00 E (Meteoritical Bulletin, 2023a), southeast of the coast city of Dieppe, and many other mostly small fragments have been found close to the village of Angiens (Figures 1 and 2).The location is on the relatively flat greenland dominated by agriculture.Some typical images of the landscape are shown in Figure 2.

Hand Specimens
In the small studied hand specimens, both rocks look different.Within Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, thin shock veins are clearly visible, and the silicates have a white tint, which is sometimes observed in intensively shocked rocks.On the other hand, L'Aigle clearly is brecciated, showing several millimeter-sized, light-colored clasts embedded in a dark-grayish matrix (light-dark structure).This is consistent with the observation of Dodd and Jarosewich (1981), who reported that the bulk sample of L'Aigle is texturally variable.

Mineralogy
Saint-Pierre-le-Viger: The two thin sections show that the rock is a breccia and consists of well-equilibrated and highly recrystallized lithologies (Figure 3a,b).The boundaries of the fragments can clearly be identified (Figure 3a).Based on the recrystallized state, it is difficult to detect clearly visible "relict" chondrules within the lithologies.Only one large barred olivine (BO) chondrule could clearly be detected (Figure 3f).This is different from many other metamorphosed chondrites, in which relict chondrules, especially of barred olivine (BO), radial pyroxene (RP), and cryptocrystalline (C), are often recognized.
Saint-Pierre-le-Viger contains large plagioclase grains, which are often in excess of 100 μm in apparent size (Figure 3c) and large aggregates of chromites (Figure 3d).All these details point toward a high petrologic type 6.Olivine is homogeneous in composition and the most abundant phase.The mean olivine composition is Fa 24.3AE0.4having a compositional range between 23.4 and 25.3 mole% Fa (Table 1).The low-Ca pyroxenes and Ca pyroxenes in Saint-Pierre-le-Viger have compositions of Fs 21.2AE0.4Wo 1.4AE0.2and Fs 7.7AE0.5Wo 44.8AE0.5 , respectively (Table 1).The mineral compositions indicate an L chondrite parentage.The plagioclase in Saint-Pierre-le-Viger has An and Or components of 10.4 AE 0.4 and 5.8 AE 1.7 mole%, respectively (Table 1) with varying An contents between 9.8 and 11.3 mole%.Both phosphates, namely merrillite and Cl apatite, were found in the two studied thin sections, and their major element compositions are given in Table 1.The apatite has 3.2 wt % Cl, which is lower than in apatites of many other ordinary chondrites (Ward et al., 2017).On average, chromites have 56.0AE 0.6 wt% Cr 2 O 3 , 30.2 AE 0.3 wt% FeO, and 5.4 AE 0.2 wt% Al 2 O 3 .Thus, they are very homogeneous in composition.
Metals and sulfide occur throughout the entire thin sections, and their mean compositions are given in Table 2. Kamacite appears to be slightly more abundant than taenite.The Ni and Co concentrations of kamacite slightly vary (4.6-6.4 and 0.8-1.1 wt%, respectively).The taenite composition is variable, with Ni content varying from 24 to 38 wt% and Co concentrations between 0.24 and 0.41 wt%; however, it cannot be ruled out that this effect is due to the analyses of fine-grained intergrowths of taenite and kamacite.Some grains of tetrataenite ($Fe 50 Ni 50 ) were also detected.Surprisingly, some Cumetal grains (Figures 3e and 5c) were found in both thin sections, as is sometimes found in ordinary chondrites (Rubin, 1994).
L'Aigle: The brecciated texture visible in hand the specimen is also the most obvious characteristic in the thin sections examined here.The boundaries between fragments and to the fine-grained clastic matrix are sharp (Figure 4a).The large clasts show recrystallized textures, and some clasts of relict chondrules are only visible in the clastic matrix (Figure 4b).The plagioclase is well developed, and grains up to about 100 μm are present (Figure 4c).Considering the occurring clasts in L'Aigle, the main mineralogical features point toward a petrologic type 6 classification.Therefore, chondrules are hard to detect (Figure 4).In the two thin sections studied, some fragments of relict barred olivine (BO) chondrules are recognized, whereas porphyritic chondrules are more difficult to detect, since they easily merge with the matrix due to metamorphic  4d), which is similar to the Na,Cr,Al-rich chondrules in other metamorphosed ordinary chondrites (Bischoff & Keil, 1983a, 1983b, 1984;Bischoff, Patzek, et al., 2022).
The plagioclase in L'Aigle has An and Or components of 10.8 AE 0.6 and 5.6 AE 1.6 mole%, respectively (Table 3).The An contents vary between 9.8 and 11.9 mole%.Only merrillite was found in the thin sections, and the major element composition is given in Table 3. Chromites are very homogeneous in composition with 56.5 AE 0.3 wt% Cr 2 O 3 and 30.0 AE 0.2 wt% FeO.Similar to all ordinary chondrites, metal and sulfide grains occur throughout the entire thin sections.Their mean compositions are given in Table 3.In general, the grains of kamacite are homogeneous in composition.Kamacite in L'Aigle appears to be significantly more abundant than taenite.The Ni and Co concentrations of kamacite vary (5.7-6.6 and 0.97-1.04wt%, respectively).The variable taenite composition is probably due to the analyses of finegrained intergrowths of taenite and kamacite: Ni contents vary from 21 to 35 wt% (mean: 30.0 wt%) and Co concentrations between 0.32 and 1.11 wt% (mean: 0.47 wt%).

Shock Metamorphism of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle
The studied aliquots of both chondrites are L6 ordinary chondrite breccias and are moderately shocked.Most olivines have planar fractures, but the abundance of mosaicized olivines of 30%-40% (Figure 5a,b) leads to an S4 shock classification (Bischoff, Schleiting, et al., 2019;Bischoff & St öffler, 1992;Stöffler et al., 1991Stöffler et al., , 2018)).Ferrière and Baziotis (2023) report on the detection of the high-pressure phase albitic jadeite.The brecciated character of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is only weakly detectable in the hand specimen but is clearly visible in thin sections (Figure 3a), whereas the brecciated appearance of L'Aigle is obvious in the hand specimen as well as in thin sections (Figure 4a).Saint-Pierre-le-Viger shows well-defined shock veins, which are black in the hand specimen and also visible in thin sections.Highpressure minerals like ringwoodite and majorite often found in and close to such melt veins were not detected by polarizing microscopy.

Oxygen Isotopes
The oxygen isotope compositions of the several analyzed fragments of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle were obtained and compared with data from Antonin (another recent brecciated L chondrite fall; Table 4).Their mean Δ 017 O of 1.087‰ (Saint-Pierrele-Viger), 1.015‰ (L'Aigle), and 1.019‰ (Antonin), relative to a reference line with a slope of 0.528, are similar to the compositions of other L chondrites (Figure 6).The oxygen isotope data set, therefore, supports the classification of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger as an L chondrite, as is also the case for L'Aigle and Antonin.

Bulk Chemical Characteristics
For most elements the chemical compositions of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle (Table S1) are close to the compositions of recently analyzed meteorite falls of Renchen, Braunschweig, and Antonin and also similar to the mean composition of L chondrites in general (Bartoschewitz et al., 2017;Bischoff, Barrat, et al., 2019;Bischoff, Patzek, et al., 2022;Lodders & Fegley, 1998).Thus, the Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle chondrites are generally indistinguishable from other L chondrites (Table S1).

Infrared Spectroscopy
Stretching vibrational modes of hydroxyl groups give rise to the broad band centered at 3400 cm À1 and a weaker band at 1625 cm À1 , and they are present in all displayed spectra (Figure 7).However, both Antonin and Saint-Pierre-le-Viger are less affected by these hydration features.These two hydroxyl bands are correlated with a stronger band, a double peak, located at 1520 and 1490 cm À1 .This band is attributed to a carbonate complex that is adsorbed to Ca 2+ sites in the sample material by mechanical activation (e.g., grinding) (Fukuda & Tanabe, 1973;Kalinkina et al., 2001;Solis et al., 2017).Both features are virtually absent in bulk measurements obtained from the thin sections for Saint-Pierre-le-Viger (PL23010), and L'Aigle (PL23008) (not shown here).

DISCUSSION
The Classification of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger Based on the textural details, Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is a breccia (Figure 3a), although the brecciation is more difficult to recognize than in L'Aigle (compare  Source: Data for Antonin from Bischoff, Patzek, et al. (2022).Data in ‰.

Figure 4a
), and only fragments of the same petrologic subtype are observed in the studied sample.These fragments show highly recrystallized textures (clearly of type 6; Figure 3b), and relict chondrules are barely identified.The plagioclase grains are well developed, and grains with >100 μm in apparent size frequently occur (Figure 3).The homogeneous compositions of olivine (Fa 24.3AE0.4 ) and low-Ca pyroxene (Fs 21.2AE0.4 ) also support that the rock has experienced a high degree of metamorphism before later brecciation.Due to the mean compositions of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene, the large plagioclase grains and the in situ monomict brecciation clearly indicate that the studied rock has to be classified as an L6 ordinary chondrite breccia.However, since Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is a breccia, we cannot completely rule out that other fragments exist that are less recrystallized and contain well-defined relict chondrules.This would lead to a somewhat different classification (e.g., L5-6), as has been the result of the official classification (Meteoritical Bulletin, 2023a).The chemical mineral data are very similar to those reported in the Meteoritical Bulletin (2023a).Since a significant abundance of olivine (estimated 30%-40% of the large grains) within the entire rock shows weak mosaicism, the chondrite is moderately shocked (S4).As mentioned above, other rock specimens may exist with fragments having experienced a lower degree of shock metamorphism.The fragment with the lowest degree of shock defines the shock degree of a brecciated bulk rock.Thus, also an S3 shock classification for the Saint-Pierre-le-Viger breccia cannot completely be rules out.Definitively, our studied piece of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is an L6, S4 ordinary chondrite breccia.Thus, based on the samples studied here, both Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle belong to the same class of ordinary chondrites (L6 breccias with shock degree of S4).However, since both rocks are brecciated (L'Aigle is heavily brecciated), we cannot rule out that other recovered pieces of the meteorite falls contain fragments with different petrologic types and different degrees of shock metamorphism as earlier indicated by Dodd and Jarosewich (1981).
Results of the O-isotope and bulk chemical analyses confirm the L chondrite classification (Tables 4 and S1; Figure 6).All data points of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger plot in the L chondrite field of the O-isotope diagram, as is also the case for the historical meteorite L'Aigle and the recently studied Antonin meteorite fall.
The Breccias of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle and the Relationship to other Meteorite Breccias In summary, the classifications of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger as L5-6 and L'Aigle as L6 breccias are most appropriate.However, as mentioned before, the brecciation of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is more difficult to recognize than that of L'Aigle.Saint-Pierre-le-Viger is texturally very similar to the optical appearance of the recently studied Antonin (L4-5) breccia (Bischoff, Patzek, et al., 2022).
Considering L6 chondrites in detail, 83 of 570 rocks studied recently by Bischoff et al. (2018) are breccias, representing only 14.6% of the studied L6 chondrites.Therefore, it is very surprising that both L-group samples studied here (Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle) are brecciated on the thin section scale.
As mentioned above, the breccia of L'Aigle is somewhat different in texture to the breccias of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and Antonin.The brecciated texture is very obvious as presented in Figure 5a.The highly fragmented character with the extremely comminuted matrix components leads to the formation of the so-called lightdark structure seen in many ordinary chondrite regolith breccias (e.g., Casanova et al., 1990;Keil, 1982).Often these breccias contain solar wind-implanted noble gases (e.g., Heymann, 1967;Hintenberger et al., 1965;Schutz & Kruse, 1978), but this is not the case for L'Aigle (Keil, 1982).Thus, although L'Aigle is a highly fragmented rock, its components were never part of the surface lithologies of the parent asteroid and were never mixed with less recrystallized (type 4 to type 5) or unequilibrated parts (type 3) of the parent body.If an onion-shell model is considered to be the parent body of the L'Aigle meteorite, it is very difficult to explain that no unequilibrated clasts from the near surface areas and type 4 or type 5 clasts were mixed into the heavily comminuted L'Aigle (L6) breccia until the impact-induced lithification process (Bischoff et al., 1983;Kieffer, 1975) occurred.

Chemical Properties of L'Aigle and Saint-Pierre-le-Viger
For both meteorite falls of L'Aigle and Saint-Pierre-le-Viger the L chondrite classification is convincingly confirmed by the bulk chemical data (Table S1).Considering the REE of L'Aigle, which are similar to those published by Friedrich et al. (2004), and Saint-Pierre-le-Viger flat patterns are obvious at a level of $1.2 × CI (Barrat et al., 2012).The elevated concentrations of Co and Pb relative to other L-group ordinary chondrites within L'Aigle are obvious.We suggest that these elemental enrichments are due to terrestrial contamination in a museum or elsewhere during the residence time of 220 years.Effects of typical terrestrial alteration in the field as found in FIGURE 7. Thermal infrared diffuse reflectance spectra (4000-600 cm À1 ) of powdered ordinary chondrites.Silicate vibrational modes (i.e., Restrahlenbands (RBs) gray shaded area) occur within the energetic range of 1200 and 800 cm À1 .The Christiansen feature (CF; solid line) is a reflectance minimum indicative of the cation over silica composition.Bulk spectra of L'Aigle, Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, and Antonin are dominated by silicate minerals, that is, Fe-bearing low-Ca pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase that give rise to most of the RBs in the silicate vibrational range.Dashed lines denote features that are related to hydroxylation and atmospheric CO 2 desorption (Fukuda & Tanabe, 1973;Kalinkina et al., 2001).A preparational artifact likely induced during grinding under atmosphere.Whereas all powder spectra shown in this diagram are affected by hydroxylation (broad band at 3400 cm À1 ) and show unidentate carbonate features (double peak, 1520 and 1490 cm À1 ), Antonin and Saint-Pierre-le-Viger are the least affected (rather weak bands at 1490 cm À1 ).Spectral information of Shelburne, Guibga, and Rangala L5 and L6 grouped ordinary chondrites (grain size <150 μm) that were used for comparison correspond to bmr1tb122, bmr1tb134, and bir1dp009, respectively, in the RELAB database at the NASA RELAB facility at Brown University.(Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com) meteorite finds (e.g., Stelzner et al., 1999) can be ruled out.

Spectroscopy
The bulk spectra of the powdered sample aliquots of L'Aigle and Antonin are dominated by low-Ca pyroxene and plagioclase minerals (e.g., see RBs of crystal mixtures in Morlok et al., 2023).Olivine, though present in both, is likely spectrally masked by minerals that have overlapping and additional RBs, for example, plagioclase and/or low-Ca pyroxene.However, Saint-Pierre-le-Viger shows a rather olivine-dominated spectrum with additional peaks, which in this context is indicative of the presence of an additional accessory mineral phase in the spectrum.Owing to the presence of sulfide minerals that are very bright in the investigated electromagnetic range, the Christiansen feature (CF) is elevated in all spectra (see Figure 7).The spectra of Antonin and L'Aigle match the spectral features observed in similar ordinary chondrites, namely Rangala (L6) and Shelburne (L5), rather well.The dominance of olivine in the powder spectrum of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger may be explained by olivine-dominated relict chondrules occurring to a greater degree in the powder aliquot.A detailed μ-FTIR investigation on the thin sections of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger and L'Aigle will yield lithology-resolved spectra (e.g., Stojic et al., 2021) that will help to better our understanding of the complex bulk spectral analyses in the future.

CONCLUSIONS
In the early morning of February 13, 2023, the meteorite of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger fell about 10 km south of the English Channel in Normandy (France).Several fragments were recovered with the first one only 2 days after the fireball event.
Based on the results of the present study, the rock is classified as an L-group ordinary chondrite breccia.This classification is based on the mean compositions of equilibrated olivine and low-Ca pyroxene grains as well as on the results of the O-isotope and bulk chemical analyses.
The weak mosaicism of olivine in our sample indicates a shock degree of S4.Based on the brecciated features, a classification as an L6 (S4) breccia is appropriate for our sample.This is consistent with the official L5-6 (S3) classification of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, since the classified piece obviously contained type 5 and less-shocked clasts.
Interestingly, 220 years before this recent fall in Normandy, the historic meteorite fall of L'Aigle occurred on April 26, 1803, <120 km south of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger.L'Aigle belongs to the same chondrite group (L6 (S4) breccia) as Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, but textural differences between these two breccias exist: The brecciated texture of L'Aigle is significantly more pronounced than that of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger.Spectroscopic studies do not reveal significant differences between the two rocks.Data on the O-isotope composition of L'Aigle are very similar to related values in Saint-Pierre-le-Viger.

FIGURE 1 .
FIGURE 1.Estimated area in which samples from the Saint-Pierre-le-Viger meteorite fall were recovered so far including the location of the main mass of the studied piece (red dot).Source of base map: Google Earth https://www.google.com/maps/@49.8153287,0.8012793,7609m/data=!3m1!1e3.(Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com)

FIGURE 2 .
FIGURE 2. Typical images of the landscape within the Saint-Pierre-le-Viger strewn field between the villages of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, Angiens, and Houdetot: (a) stubble field, (b) grassland, (c) and (d) grain fields, and (e) old cornfield with stubble from the previous year's harvest; (f) a 175 g fragment was found very close to a sugar factory.(Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com)

FIGURE 4 .
FIGURE 4. Mineralogical details of L'Aigle: (a) The brecciated texture of the chondrite is easy to recognize.Large light-colored fragments are embedded in a dark fine-grained clastic matrix; (b) the large clasts are well recrystallized, with barely visible relict chondrules; (c) plagioclase grains reach a size of up to $100 μm; (d) backscattered electron image of a relict Na,Cr,Al-rich chondrule; Troi, troilite; Chr, chromite; Plag, plagioclase; Ol, olivine; (a) image in plane polarized light; (b, c) images in polarized light, crossed nicols.(Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com)

FIGURE 6 .
FIGURE 6. Triple oxygen isotope compositions (Δ 017 O vs. δ 018 O) of three individual chips each ($2 mg each) of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, L'Aigle, and Antonin compared to the compositions of ordinary chondrites (H, L, LL) and other non-carbonaceous clan meteorites (EC, enstatite chondrites; HEDs, howardites, eucrites, and diogenites; Aub, aubrites; Ang, angrites; Bra, brachinites; SNC, shergottites, nakhlites, chassignites) and the bulk silicate Earth (BSE).Small and large symbols represent measured values and averages, respectively.Meteorite reference compositions were compiled from the Meteoritical Bulletin Database and are shown with kernel density estimation contours, with the outermost contours for a given meteorite group encompassing 70% of the corresponding data populations.The composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) was taken from Peters et al. (2021).(Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com)

TABLE 1 .
Mean chemical composition of the main phases in Saint-Pierre-le-Viger.
Note: All oxide data in wt%.Abbreviations: n, number of analyses; n.d., not detected; Plag, plagioclase; Px, pyroxene; Te, tephroite (Mn) component in olivine.a Contains about 3.2 wt% Cl and 0.76 wt% F. b Not analyzed for Zn, V, etc., and not checked for Fe 3+ .

TABLE 3 .
Mean chemical composition of the main phases in L'Aigle.

TABLE 4 .
The oxygen isotope compositions of the analyzed fragments of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger, L'Aigle, and Antonin.