Strengthening advocacy and policy change for infant and young child feeding.

Abstract The creation of environments that are more supportive of optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) requires countries to enact policies, such as those related to the Maternity Protection Convention, the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (the Code), and the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative. However, challenges are experienced in the translation of international policy standards into national legal measures, and there is an important gap in understanding how countries achieve progress. Policy advocacy is a nearly universal feature, but there are methodological challenges and few studies evaluating strategies and effects. The purpose of this supplement to Maternal & Child Nutrition is to address those gaps. This supplement contains three papers that present findings from a real‐time evaluation of the advocacy efforts of Alive & Thrive (A&T), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and partners, that sought to support governments in fostering enabling environment for optimal IYCF in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Africa. A combination of two emergent, theory‐based evaluation approaches was used: developmental evaluation and contribution analysis. The overall objective of the evaluation was to document the extent to which policy objectives were or were not achieved in each country and to identify the key drivers of policy change. One contribution of the supplement is a distinction between and illustration of triggers and drivers of policy change. Three main drivers of policy change were identified: (a) the use of an explicit advocacy approach; (b) the creation of a strategic group of actors; and (c) the realization of 15 critical tasks (more specifically for the Code). Each of the critical tasks has been identified as having triggered progress on the Code in those countries. This supplement provides evidence that the advocacy efforts of A&T, UNICEF, and partners contributed to enhanced IYCF policies in SEA and reveals how it helped to achieve progress. The insights contained in this supplement can serve as a guide for policy advocates for enhanced IYCF policies. A short communication puts findings into perspective within global context.


| INTRODUCTION
Creating enabling environments for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) remains a major challenge globally (Rollins et al., 2016). Enacting relevant policies is one step in creating environments that are more supportive of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
There are several examples of policies that can help promote, protect, and support breastfeeding, as stipulated in the Innocenti Declaration of 1990 (UNICEF, 1990). The Maternity Protection Convention (No. 183) from the International Labour Organization is an instrument that provides for a minimum of 14 weeks of maternity benefit to women by ensuring sufficient time for birth, recovering, and nursing their children (International Labour Office, 2000). The International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (the Code) adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1981, and updated regularly through subsequent WHA resolutions (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018a), represents the international policy framework for protecting breastfeeding against inappropriate marketing practices that negatively impact on breastfeeding. Another example is the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) that was launched by the WHO and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in 1991 and recently updated following a comprehensive consultation process to address some key challenges identified in BFHI implementation and to provide a more robust program (World Health Organization, 2018b).
The original BFHI required compliance with the 10 steps for successful breastfeeding in addition to full compliance with the Code, which represented a separate condition (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 1989). In the updated guidelines, full application of the Code has been incorporated into Step 1 on infant feeding policies to better reflect its importance and inclusion in the initiative.
These international policy standards and frameworks are important norms and instruments, but countries experience challenges in translating them into their own legislation and in their enforcement.
There is limited evidence and understanding in how countries achieve progress. Policy advocacy is clearly involved, but there are methodological challenges in evaluating the strategies and effects of advocacy (Gardner & Brindis, 2017;Glass, 2017) and few empirical studies in nutrition. The purpose of this supplement to Maternal & Child Nutrition is to address those gaps.
This supplement contains three papers that present findings from an evaluation of the advocacy efforts of Alive & Thrive (A&T), UNICEF, and partners, that sought to support governments in fostering enabling environment for optimal IYCF in nine countries in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Africa. Each paper examines distinct aspects of the advocacy efforts by multiple organizations working together to achieve a common goal. The first paper presents two of the key drivers of policy change and details the progress on the Code in the nine countries. The second paper shows how this progress was achieved in seven SEA countries, using the advocacy approach (third driver). The third paper examines issues related to the governance of large policy change initiatives using the collective impact framework. The supplement ends with a short communication from A&T and UNICEF that relate the findings of this supplement to latest development in global initiatives. in the field of evaluation to address the problem of attribution, which is a challenge in the context of advocacy and policy change evaluation because of the many and complex influences and interactions in these processes. The overall objective of the evaluation was to document the extent to which policy objectives were or were not achieved in each country and to identify the key drivers of policy change. A combination of two theory-based evaluation approaches was used: developmental evaluation (Patton, McKegg, & Wehipeihana, 2015) and contribution analysis (Mayne, 2012). These methodologies

Key messages
• Fostering optimal environments for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) requires countries to enact policies, but challenges are experienced in the translation of international policy standards into national legal measures.
• Advocacy initiatives are an essential component, but the evaluation of their effects on policy change is rare and difficult.
• This real-time evaluation based on contribution analysis and developmental evaluation identified three key drivers and 15 triggers for progress on the Code.
• The advocacy efforts of A&T, UNICEF, and partners in nine countries contributed to enhance IYCF policies. and evaluation, learning, and adaptation. The paper illustrates how the strategic groups of actors in the participating countries have supported the governments in undertaking those tasks and how it influenced different stages of the policy cycle. The insights contained in this paper can serve as a guide for policy advocates who work on the Code in anticipating challenges at subsequent stages and develop more effective strategies. This is particularly important considering that the industry uses recurrently inappropriate marketing practices to reach more mothers, which negatively impacts breastfeeding. In addition, this paper describes the progress achieved in each of those countries during the evaluation period, based on major and intermediate accomplishments.  (Mayne, 2008;Van Melle et al., 2017). In addition to illustrating the methodology, the paper provides evidence that the advocacy efforts of A&T, UNICEF, and partners contributed to enhanced IYCF policies in SEA and reveals how it did so. This evidence identified the systematic use of the advocacy approach as the third key driver of policy change. Thus, this second paper demonstrates the value of contribution analysis to evaluate an advocacy initiative and adds to our understanding of the ways by which advocacy contributes to progress in policy change.
The third paper, "Enhancing governance and strengthening advocacy for policy change of large Collective Impact initiatives", helped examine the governance of large initiatives seeking to achieve social First, it reveals some challenges, adaptations, and key elements needed when expanding a collective impact intiative operating at one level (e.g., one country) into one operating at multiple levels (e.g., multiple countries). Second, it provides guidance on how collective impact initiatives can add and strengthen policy advocacy, including the need to overcome the fear of advocacy, build advocacy capacity, and promote an understanding of all phases of the policy cycle.
Finally, a short communication links the findings from this evaluation to latest development in global initiatives (Bégin et al., 2019). The paper describes two instruments developed to help countries in advocating for better IYCF policies, a scorecard and an investment case, and it illustrates their use in Nigeria and China. Updates on global and regional platforms to improve IYCF policies, strategies and financing are also presented.
In summary, this real-time evaluation undertaken in nine countries allowed the identification of three key drivers of policy change: (a) the use of an explicit advocacy approach; (b) the creation of a strategic group of actors; and (c) the realization of 15 critical tasks. These key drivers were instrumental in achieving significant progress. Whereas these substantive findings, and the evaluation methodologies applied in this study, relate to efforts to strengthen the Code, they also can provide guidance on other policy issues in nutrition and beyond.

ETHICS APPROVAL
Ethics committees at both the University of Sherbrooke and FHI360 approved the research protocol.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.