Applicability of spatial planning system package for the LADM Turkey country profile

Spatial planning plays a crucial role in shaping the future of urban development and land administration. While land registration information is necessary for spatial planning processes, it is also probable that changes in land registration data occur in line with spatial plan decisions. Development of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Edition II It also aimed to extend its existing conceptual model with spatial plan data, considering the close connection between the two systems. The study aims to design a conceptual model for Turkey's spatial planning system within the LADM Turkey country profile context. This article researches the capability of the proposed conceptual model for representing spatial planning data with instance‐level diagrams and the implementation opportunities of a technical model. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed model, the zoning status certificate, which contains spatial plan and land registration data and is provided to inform about the legal conditions before development, is chosen as the mission. The results show that the LADM Turkey country profile extended with spatial planning system data can represent spatial plan data and be implemented in a technical model to support land administration applications.


| INTRODUC TI ON
According to the United Nations (UN) data, approximately 55% of people live in cities today, and it is thought that this rate will increase to 68% by 2050 (United Nations, 2018).For whatever reason, the growing urban population requires effectively using limited spaces.In accordance with the UN-Habitat program, future cities will contain different urban structures and areas (UNECE, 2020).As the pressure of urbanization increases, the shrinkage of the living area per person causes the formation of various rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) regarding the use of different levels of land (underground or aboveground).The first edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard enables the representation of a range of complexity levels with different levels of accuracy through core classes (Lemmen et al., 2010).LADM provides a simple and basic structure for the representation of Land Administration Systems (LAS).The model is organized into three packages (Party, Administrative, and Spatial Unit) and one sub-package (Surveying and Representation).Figure 1 introduces the LADM packages containing entity classes, attributes, code lists, associations, etc.
Even though countries have different land administration approaches, they can present their LASs with LADM country profiles based on the framework provided by the LADM standard.Furthermore, it is also suggested that a new version should be developed to improve the representation of LASs and expand its scope (Lemmen et al., 2021).The LADM edition II is expected to have an extended scope, incorporating valuation information, spatial plan data, and the representation of marine space, as discussed in Lemmen et al. (2019).The released edition I enables external classes from external sources for data not within the scope of LADM (ISO, 2012).It allows new attributes to be added to core classes, new classes to be created and new values to be added to code lists for country-specific applications (Kalogianni et al., 2021).Expanding the LADM's scope in the development goals of edition II can be achieved through the use of core classes and external classes.Thus, the new version can make the LADM more inclusive for land administration.
Country profiles designed according to the conceptual model presented in LADM edition I vary in terms of the scope of RRR depending on their jurisdictions.However, fundamentally, they primarily embody rights such as mortgages, easements, and rights of way existing in countries' title and cadastre systems (ISO, 2012).As well as land tenure, there are many policies and activities that establish RRRs on the land.From these, spatial planning decisions enable compact areas to be used for various functions.The 3D development structure of spatial plan data is effective in this (Kara et al., 2024).The RRRs that spatial plans create on land use also create new situations on property rights and value.It also guides many land development decisions.This regulatory impact of spatial planning profoundly affects stakeholders (Hoekstra et al., 2010).The interconnected nature of spatial plans with these functions of land administration and the need for spatial planning processes to be supported by systematic systems in an organized and disciplined manner (González et al., 2020) demonstrates that a modern LAS should fulfill four functions, namely land tenure, spatial planning, land valuation, and land development (Indrajit et al., 2021).Aligning with the goals outlined in the development efforts for the LADM edition II, the inclusion of F I G U R E 1 Overview of the core packages and a sub-package available in the LADM standard (ISO, 2012).spatial planning data within the LADM conceptual model can bring us closer to the aim of comprehensive LASs.In addition to studies advocating the integration of land registry systems with spatial plans for legal-physical model integration (Cheng et al., 2006) and emphasizing the importance of spatial plans for 3D cadastre (Aien et al., 2015), a series of studies on developing a standard model for spatial planning systems and integrating spatial plans with land registry systems have been carried out by various actors.Among them in Switzerland, under Public Law Restrictions (PLR), a study was conducted to integrate data, including spatial planning decisions, with cadastral data (Eidgenossenschaft & Svizzera, 2015).In the study, the restriction information of cadastral parcels is presented to those interested through the geoportal.Within the scope of expanding the conceptual model scope of LADM edition I, a spatial planning package was developed focusing on the Indonesian spatial planning system, conceptual framework of Plan4all and INSPIRE Planned Land Use Schema (Indrajit et al., 2020).In addition, for the same purpose, Yılmaz et al. (2023) proposed a data model that can be adapted to LADM country profiles according to country practices and representation of spatial planning decisions and spatial planning system.
LADM provides a conceptual model that offers an official language to define land administration, parties, administrative and spatial units, resources, and representations (Rönsdorf et al., 2014).Country profiles designed using the LADM conceptual model and models built by extending its scope need to be tested for functionality.
Designed models can be tested against real-world use cases by creating instance-level diagrams for representative operations (Kalogianni et al., 2021).The model has revised accordingly if any problem arises during testing (Johnson & Henderson, 2002).Translating the conceptual model into a technical model enables the creation of databases that form the foundation for land administration applications.The foundation of a successful physical database is developing a good conceptual model (Kalogianni et al., 2021).
Many countries customize the conceptual model offered by LADM for their LASs as country profiles are tested with real-world use cases by creating Unified Modeling Language (UML) instance-level diagrams for representative transactions, as presented in Annex C (ISO, 2012).In addition to the country profile development work, many case studies using the conceptual model offered by LADM have tested their models using instance-level diagrams.
The model produced in the study (Alattas et al., 2021) on the 3D representation of the building unit's subdivision procedures using the LADM conceptual model was tested with instance-level diagrams for different ownership levels.In the study that proposes a valuation and tax package for Turkey's country profile, instance-level diagrams are used to determine whether the tax value in the case of rural land parcels is represented in the profile (Kara et al., 2018).Investigating the usability of the conceptual model provided by the LADM standard for indoor navigation in combination with IndoorGML, the study tests whether the combined model can represent the RRRs of parties on spatial units with instance-level diagrams (Alattas et al., 2017).The applicability of the LADM model developed in the study on agricultural reform in China for different scenarios was also tested with instance levels (Zhuo et al., 2020).Moreover, some studies use the conceptual model they have designed to develop applications after transforming it into a physical model.Among these, the study that produced a web-based municipal archive application for municipal land registry and cadastre transactions (Polat & Alkan, 2018) derived the application's data model from the LADM conceptual model.In the study demonstrating the compatibility between the Indonesia country profile and the spatial planning information package (Indrajit et al., 2021), the proposed conceptual model has been primarily utilized for the three-dimensional visualization application of spatial plans.There are also studies using the object-oriented language Interoperable Land Information System (INTERLIS) to check the conceptual model before it is translated into a physical model (Baron et al., 2018;Kalogianni et al., 2017;Kara et al., 2021).INTERLIS schemas are a modeling language that defines an XML-based data exchange format that can be directly processed by a computer, is automatically system-independent, and allows for fully automated quality control (Steudler et al., 2015).Using the LADM standard with the INTERLIS modeling language aims to facilitate the implementation of conceptual models.For this reason, an INTERLIS plugin for QGIS software has even been developed.This tool enables to creation physical models from INTERLIS models (Kalogianni et al., 2017).

| MATERIAL S AND ME THODS
In this study, Turkey's country profile is handled in line with the objective of expanding the scope of the LADM conceptual model with spatial plan data, which is among the objectives of the second version of LADM.The benefits of conceptually and physically testing the conceptual model resulting from spatial planning system data to be integrated with external classes into the country profile are investigated.In line with this motivation, the study phases are followed in the order presented in Figure 2.

| Conceptual modeling based on LADM
The conceptual data model represents the overall structure of the data needed to support business requirements, independent of any software or data storage structure (Sebastian-Coleman, 2013).LADM aims to provide a conceptual framework for LAS, enabling data exchange through the conceptual model in data models designed using the same conceptual model, thus facilitating interoperability.The presented conceptual model forms the basis for application systems' design and development processes (Thuy et al., 2012).The initial step in conceptual modeling involves defining the purpose and expected function of the model (Janečka et al., 2018).To develop a dataset that aligns with the model's objectives, it is essential to investigate the country's practices and legal framework relevant to the modeled activity (Kalantari et al., 2015).Following the requirements analysis (Section 2.1.1),if the conceptualized mission can be achieved by either inheriting from LADM classes or incorporating new attributes, it is implemented accordingly.However, if this approach is not feasible, new classes may need to be designed (Kalogianni et al., 2019).
UML Conceptual Schema Language (CSL) is often used in the ISO 19152 LADM standard country profiles (Alkan & Polat, 2019;Kalantari et al., 2018;Zulkifli et al., 2014).In order to develop a spatial planning system prototype compatible with the country profile of Turkey, UML CSL should be used.FeatureTypes are classes that represent abstractions of real-world entities (Alattas et al., 2017).Geographic entities with the same property and relationship are represented as a featureType.FeatureTypes can have attributes, constraints, operations and associations with other featureTypes.Enumerations are fixed-valued lists containing the exact allowed values of attributes.Code lists are flexible, extensible list classes listing the values attributes can take (ISO, 2014).In this study, featureType classes were created to represent entities with the same attribute.Attributes were added to the classes according to the features of the spatial planning system.Then, the value types corresponding to the attributes were determined.For the value types defined as code lists or enumerations, list elements were added according to the requirement analysis.

| Brief background of Turkish spatial planning system
In this section, the Turkish spatial planning system is analyzed to obtain the necessary data to be represented in the data model.The analysis carried out after the examination aims to determine the UML class diagram elements of the model to be designed.Thus, the level of detail of the Turkish spatial planning system requirements to be represented in the model can be presented (Table 1).In addition, the zoning status certificate process, which tests the functionality of the conceptual model to be designed, is explained.
Zoning Law No.3194 and the Spatial Plans Creation Regulation (SPCR), which set the production standards and processes of spatial plans, define the authorities, and determine the hierarchy between plans, constitute the legal basis for spatial planning.Spatial plans are formulated in line with the objectives set out by development plans, legal documents, and strategic documents published at certain intervals.
Turkey has a plan-led spatial planning system.In plan-led systems, land use decisions are determined at the time when the plan is legally binding, and there is little flexibility in land use decisions at the time of development.Land use plans in plan-led systems are expected to specify all development conditions and thus create a high level of certainty about future development possibilities (Gielen & Tasan-Kok, 2010).Additionally, planning processes in Turkey are developed with a top-down hierarchical approach.At the hierarchy level, the plan at the upper level directs the plan (if any) at the lower level (Keleş et al., 2000).The hierarchical and plan-led character of the Turkish planning system emphasizes the relationship between spatial plans.Land use decisions and objectives determined in the spatial plans in the upper hierarchy must be maintained in harmony with the spatial plans in the lower level.Four plans are at the main levels of Turkish spatial planning (see Figure 3).The highest-level plan, named the National Spatial Strategy Plan, can only be produced by the central government.This plan includes strategy and land use decisions at the level of the whole country or region.Although feasibility studies for preparing a national spatial strategy plan are ongoing, no spatial strategy plan is in force as of 2024.The next level of the hierarchy is Environmental Plans.The plan, which can be prepared by the central government and local authorities, can cover one or several provinces.An environmental plan is a land use plan that serves as a bridge by facilitating the transfer between national strategies and local land use decisions.Of the four spatial plans, local plans are produced under the guidance of the upper-level plans (OECD, 2017).Since coordinated maps showing the current state of the land are used as a base in the preparation of local plans, the boundaries of land use decisions are clearly presented in these plans.
The first of the local plans is the Land Use Zoning Plan, which is the upper scale of zoning plans and guides the creation of binding implementation plans.Land use zoning plans are prepared to show land use patterns, development patterns and sizes of urban and rural settlement areas, and population densities (Zoning Law, 1985).The Binding Implementation Plans, which contain detailed land use and construction decisions aimed at achieving planned urbanization, produced under the guidance of the Land Use Zoning Plan, are located at the lowest level of the planning system.In cases where there is no environmental plan in the region, there is no obstacle to preparing local plans.However, land use zoning plans must be prepared to prepare the binding implementation plan.Local authorities have the authority to establish local plans, but the central government can take over the planning authority if necessary.
Turkish spatial plans use multiple components to document and justify the decisions taken in the planning area.These elements are the spatial plan layout (cartographic representation), legend, plan notes, and plan report.A spatial plan layout is a map showing the geographical boundaries of plan decisions.The legend defines the symbols used on the map.Plan notes convey plan decisions that cannot be reflected graphically.Plan reports are produced to document and explain plan preparation stages and results (MEUCC, 2014b).

TA B L E 1
The level of detail of the Turkish spatial planning system requirements that the data model to be designed should meet.

Plan notes Spatial strategy plans
Central In the Turkish spatial planning system, the types of land use decisions that plans can cartographically specify are published as representation standards by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change (MEUCC, 2014a).
The standard plan representation table published by the ministry was taken as a guide in specifying the requirements in the conceptual model design in the study.Decisions that can be made in the plan notes are flexible to the extent permitted by the spatial plan level.Usually, plan notes are used to elaborate on the land use depicted in the cartographic representation of the spatial plan.While the environmental plan, which is a regional plan, contains more strategic land use plans, local plans contain land use, and construction decisions at the parcel block level.The categorized and generalized versions of the land use decisions expected to be represented in the model are presented in Table 1.
One of the documents required when applying for a permit to develop a land in Turkey is a zoning status certificate.This document is prepared by the local authorities upon the request of the relevant parties (Kırbay Reis, 2014).The document's content includes the land use and construction conditions established by spatial plans for development and land registration data.The document ensures that developers are informed about the land use and tenure RRRs of the land before applying for a permit from local authorities.The data constituting the zoning status document is presented in Figure 3.

| Testing the conceptual model
Use cases focus on tasks; they are expected to be expressed in a system-independent way so as not to specify the design of the system (Johnson & Henderson, 2002).the conceptual model is checked and validated for completeness, correctness, duplicates, and missing attributes (Kalogianni et al., 2021).In this study, the proposed LADM Spatial Planning System data model integrated with Turkey's country profile has been tested with two land zoning certificate use cases to investigate the operability of the model and whether it meets the requirements.Since it includes both land registration and spatial plan data, this study focuses on the zoning status certificate process.

GIS software
It is generally accepted in data modeling mission that modeling takes place in three stages: conceptual, logical, and physical (Simsion et al., 2015).Conceptual models are usually abstract models and show which data entities are included and how they relate to each other (Kalantari et al., 2015).It represents entities and relationships in a way that is independent of any software and hardware.The vast majority of standards are presented as conceptual models so that data models can be used in common and applied to country systems independent of software and hardware (Thuy et al., 2012).The logical data model, while still a standalone model, refers to transforming the conceptual model into structures that can be implemented using a Database Management System (DBMS).It means that the model specifies tables and columns (Simsion et al., 2015).There are entities behind these tables produced in the logical model, as well as the physical model ahead, and the process is followed within the framework of business reality (Chmura & Heumann, 2004).Physical modeling is the final stage of the data modeling process and involves transforming the data model into a physical database structure.There can be many valid physical models for a conceptual model, but the physical model must support the conceptual model (West, 2011).Conceptual models can also be reverse-engineered from physical data models (Janečka & Souček, 2017).
LADM is a conceptual model requiring certain relationships between entities (Kalantari et al., 2015).After the conceptual model proposed in the study was tested with instance-level diagrams and revised according to the problems encountered, logical and physical modeling stages, which are the other steps of data modeling, were followed to test its applicability (see Figure 2).In the logical modeling phase, tables have been determined for the featureType classes in the conceptual model.Then, the attributes required for the tables were analyzed, and the attributes were defined as columns of the tables.In the following process, key attributes for the tables are defined, and constraints (character limit, etc.) are set for the rows of values corresponding to the table columns.Finally, the relationships between the tables and how they can be expressed are investigated within the scope of logical modeling.
Database management systems focus on storing, managing and analyzing qualitative GIS data (González et al., 2020).DBMSs should support GISs to process large volumes of geographic data and ensure logical data consistency (Zlatanova & Stoter, 2006).Analyses such as optimal location, proximity, and overlay analysis performed in a GIS platform require a background database.These database-based analyses are also used in many application development activities (Indrajit et al., 2021;Polat & Alkan, 2018).In order to test the ability of the model produced in the study to be used as a technical model, the assets in the conceptual model were designed in coordinates in Netcad GIS software, a commercial software.A DBMS associated with the entities was created in the software environment, and the tables, columns, rows, and relationships defined in the logical modeling phase were physically created.Finally, the land zoning certificate instance-level cases where the conceptual model is tested are realized with overlay analysis, and the results are evaluated.

| RE SULTS
LADM implementations include the development of UML country profiles detailing country practices, the realization of the profiles as databases in the technical model, and the use as a data exchange format (Lemmen et al., 2015;van Oosterom et al., 2019).This section follows the methodology presented in the second chapter (Figure 2) to develop the LADM Turkey country profile with spatial planning system information and address the model's conceptual and technical test findings.

| Spatial planning system information package
The proposed data model should be designed to represent the data and relationship requirements of the Turkish spatial planning system (see Section 2.1.1).Spatial plans are plans that establish land use decisions.These lands are generally objects recorded in land registration systems with their legal and physical characteristics.In addition, the Turkish spatial planning system may have more than one spatial plan for the same land at different levels.The decision characteristics of plans at various levels of the main hierarchy are different.Based on these, the Turkish Spatial Planning System Information data model to be designed aims to represent the plans at different levels and the land objects affected by spatial plans.Since the main basis of the model design is the spatial planning hierarchy and the RRRs that spatial plans establish on the land, these entities are included in the class diagrams.The designed classes were named with the prefix TPS, which is short for Turkish Planning System.
Spatial plans have common production standards and land use types.In the designed model, the TPS_SpatialPlan class was created to represent common data such as scale, plan approval date, and plan transaction number that all spatial plans have.Classes that inherit common features from this class with a generalization association are created according to spatial planning levels.The purpose of representing common attributes in a superclass is to avoid the hassle of reproducing the same attributes for spatial plans at every level.Also, instead of creating a large number of classes, creating classes that are as generalized as possible will facilitate the implementation of the model (Kalogianni et al., 2021).The plan levels' classes are designed as TPS_EnvironmentalPlan, TPS_LandUseZoningPlan and TPS_BindingImplementationPlan based on the Turkish spatial planning system.In these classes, only decisions made at the relevant plan level and the specific features of that plan level are represented.Each subclass created for spatial plans corresponds to the decision area in the smallest polygon in the spatial plan.The relevant design aims to ensure that the scope of land use decisions will also vary when spatial plan levels differ.
Since there is a hierarchical relationship between spatial plan levels, spatial plans have various directives for each other (refer to Table 1).UML aggregation and composition relationships are established between plan classes to capture the hierarchical relationships of spatial plans in the model.Using the aggregation association, it is depicted that the decisions of the environmental plan guide land use zoning plans, but the absence of an environmental plan does not prevent the production of land use zoning plans.Similarly, it is conveyed with a strong composition association that binding implementation plans are created under the guidance of land use zoning plans, but binding implementation plans cannot be created in a region without a land use zoning plan.
Land use decisions established in spatial plans include a geographical reference.The area where the plan decision is taken corresponds to various objects on the land.The area where the plan decision is taken corresponds to various objects on the land, and these objects form RRRs (Yılmaz et al., 2023).In order to associate spatial plan decisions with lands and structures, the TPS_PlanningObject class was created to represent these objects.The classes that inherit features from the TPS_PlaningObject class with a generalization UML association are TPS_ Parcel, TPS_ParcelBlock, and TPS_Construction.These classes represent the land and constructions established through operations of cadastral or land development (land readjustment, etc.).The attributes of the classes were derived based on the data contained in the land registration documents.In the Turkish spatial planning system, there can be one spatial plan at each level for the same region.However, a spatial plan polygon may cover multiple parcel blocks, parcels, or structures.To establish this relationship between spatial plan level classes and lands, a one or more (1..*) and zero or one (0..1) association has been established (Figure 4).types means that the model provides certainty in terms of covering the decisions of the Turkish spatial planning system.As spatial plan decisions are often land use decisions detailed under a general category (see Table 1), the list is suitable for using value types.Therefore, the model uses code list classes for values that can be selected from a list of land use types.Since decisions that cannot be represented cartographically in spatial plans are conveyed through plan notes and there is flexibility in the decisions conveyed through notes, plan notes are included in the model with CharacterString data type.Numerical expressions are frequently used for building conditions, especially in binding implementation plans.Therefore, numeric value types are used in the model according to the character of the attribute.
The fact that spatial planning is a function of land administration (Enemark, 2006) allows the use of LADM core classes in developing the spatial planning system external model.This approach reduces the need to create new classes and simplifies the model.In this way, classes such as LA_Party for representing actors in the spatial planning system, LA_RRR for RRRs established by spatial plans and LA_Source for spatial plan documents, etc., can be used.
The Turkish LADM country profile was produced with LADM core classes.The core classes were used, and differences in the Turkish land administration system were provided in the classes and code lists inherited from the core classes (Alkan et al., 2020;Alkan & Polat, 2017).The associations between the Turkish spatial planning system information data model and the LADM core classes are valid for the Turkey's country profile.Furthermore, the attribute code lists of the LADM core classes used have been extended to represent the data of the Turkish spatial planning system package, and new code list classes have been prepared for the new attributes designed (Figure 5).

| Testing the conceptual model of Turkey country profile
Conceptual models present simplified or idealized versions of reality.The degree to which the models presented by LADM, offering a conceptual explanation for LASs (Ying et al., 2011) In the first case, a parcel of land whose physical and legal status is determined by a cadastral process (not by a land development method such as land consolidation) is considered.The representation of this parcel in Turkey's country profile is addressed.The proposed conceptual model presents the data resulting from the zoning status query (Figure 6).In the instance-level diagrams of this case, the parties that have the authority to produce plans, give advisory that guide the spatial plan production, and approve the plans are represented by the LADM Party decisions and features were represented by the TPS_SpatialPlan class and classes inheriting features from this class, and the LADM Administrative package was associated with spatial plan decisions.In the second case query, two parcels and one building are represented by the TPS_PlanningObject class.LA_Level is a class that allows the categorization of spatial objects that are similar in some way (Kalogianni et al., 2018).For example, objects with the same RRRs parcels, and buildings with the same quality can be represented in the LA_Level class.Parcels 2 and 3 in the second case study are grouped into level classes regarding a responsibility decision produced by the spatial plan (Figure 7).The instance-level diagram of this case shows that the zoning status query can be represented in the proposed model not only for the land, but also for the existing structures on the land.In the instance-level diagrams of both cases, the LADM core classes were often used with newly added code list values for the representation of spatial planning data.Thus, the conceptual model provided by LADM is reused whenever possible, avoiding complexity and ensuring efficiency.
F I G U R E 7 Spatial plan-land record data instance-level diagram for zoning parcels and construction case.

| Implementation in zoning status certificate query as a technical model
Netcad GIS commercial software is used to research how to transform the conceptual model into a physical one.The advantage of this software is that it allows computer-aided drawing (CAD) and database management processes by associating the designed objects with databases.In order to explore the operability of the physical model, an environment has been designed based on the use-case scenarios of the zoning status certificate prepared to test the usability and accuracy of the conceptual model.
First, a spatially fictional city was built in a CAD environment.Spatial plans at three different levels in the Turkish spatial planning system were created for this city in different scopes based on the display standards published by MEUCC.All three spatial plans have been produced for the same region with different scopes (Figure 8).
The environmental plan from these three plans includes land use decisions for the entire city, while the land use zoning plan is for development zones, and the binding implementation plan is for narrower areas, involving decisions related to construction (See Figure 3 for the scope of the plans).In Netcad GIS, among the three spatial plans designed for the same area, the environmental plan is at the top level and guides the land use decisions of the other two plans.There is also a relationship between the land use zoning plan and the binding implementation plan.Two independent parcel blocks were then designed in the planning area to perform the queries in the instance-level diagrams.One of these blocks consists of parcels whose physical and legal status has been determined by the cadastral process, while the other consists of zoning parcels suitable for construction from cadastral parcels by land readjustment (Figure 9).Additionally, a structure built on top of the parcels is also designed.These objects Foreign keys and the required option are used to reflect the relationships between conceptual model classes in the physical model.The model expresses the guidance association between spatial plans by aggregation and composition relations.Environmental Plan ID (EPID) has been added to the land use zoning plan data table as a foreign key to represent the relationship between the environmental plan and the land use zoning plan in the database.Since the land use zoning plan continues to be generated even when there is no environmental plan, it is not marked as required in the table.In other words, it is not defined as a mandatory attribute.However, since a mandatory production relationship exists between the land use zoning plan and the binding implementation plan, the Land Use Zoning Plan ID (LUZPID) attribute defined in the binding implementation plan table is defined as required (Figure 10).Ensuring that the same attributes can take more than one value is achieved by creating multiple columns for the same attribute.
The rows of the tables represent the decision polygons for spatial plans, while parcel blocks, parcels, and buildings represent these planning objects individually.The data used for the two cases tested conceptually have been entered into the rows of the objects and prepared to be tested in the physical model.In the experimental environment designed in Netcad GIS, this process is possible with overlay geographic analysis (refer to Figure 3).Overlay analysis is a type of analysis in which databases are actively involved.It involves the spatial overlay of different data layers and their attributes in the same space and creates a clip that connects these spatial data layers (Kreveld et al., 1997).The overlay analysis of parcel objects and spatial plan objects in Netcad GIS program creates the spatial plan decisions and parcel data on the parcels spatially and database-wise as a clip.The result of this analysis is the information requested in the zoning status query.It performs the analysis, a flow that overlays the data layers designed in the program's model builder function.As a result, the cases in instance-level 1 and instance-level 2 have been executed in basic outlines with overlay analysis in the GIS program containing the physical database, and the data in Table A1 in the appendices section have been obtained.

| D ISCUSS I ON AND CON CLUS I ON
In this study, a data model appropriate for Turkey's spatial planning system requirement is designed in line with one of the objectives of the second version of LADM, which is to extend its conceptual model.The relationship of the operationalization of the conceptual model, the zoning status certificate, which is one of the transactions in Turkish land administration and where land registration and spatial plan data are combined, was selected.However, there are also transactions such as permitting and expropriation that combine these two data sets.The proposed conceptual model can be tested for alternative transactions in additional studies to strengthen its usability and reliability.
The key benefit of the database application is to spot discrepancies and duplicate properties in the conceptual model and also missing or misspecified relationships between classes (Kara et al., 2021)  There should be no entertainment facilities within a 1 km radius of health facilities.
Literature studies have attempted to test the accuracy and functionality of the conceptual model either with instance-level diagrams or with the INTERLIS conceptual model language.However, testing the conceptual model proposed for LADM edition II with both instance-level diagrams and searching for opportunities to translate it into a physical data model is not included in the literature.The motivation behind this study involves of three linked stages.The study first objectives the design of a data model to represent the spatial planning system data in line with the LADM edition II objectives in the LADM Turkey country profile.The second stage is also one of the research questions, researching whether the proposed model can represent the plan decisions overlapping with lands through land zoning certificate query scenarios at the instance-level diagrams.The final research question is whether the applicability of the proposed conceptual model can be tested by manually transforming it into a technical (physical) model in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment.The study consists of the following sections: The second section presents the data requirements for conceptual model development and introduces testing methods.The third section provides the designed data model and test results.The last section includes comments on the results and suggestions for future work.
Whether the developed conceptual model can conceptually test the data and relationships targeted for representation is tested through real-world use cases.During the realization of use cases, instance-level diagrams can often be used to describe the interactions between objects (Inan et al., 2010; Paasch et al., 2015).During the transformation process from conceptual to physical model, F I G U R E 3 Overview of land administration data in the zoning status certificate.
The spatial plan representation standards published by MEUCC (MEUCC, 2014a) have been used to determine the land use decisions to be represented by the classes of the proposed model.The use of standardized decision F I G U R E 4 UML class diagrams of the Turkish spatial planning system information package.
, can accurately represent reality is necessary to assess the model's capacity.In order to test the functionality of the proposed conceptual model for cases in spatial planning and land registry transactions, the model was tested on two cases involving zoning certificate status queries.The zoning status certificate includes the registry data of the land and spatial plan information such as the planned use function, building density, floor height, use permissions, or restrictions.Developing the model as an external package to the country profile of Turkey provides a representation domain for land tenure and land use function data within the model.Two cases have been designed to test the conceptual model, using both LADM core classes and the proposed Turkish spatial planning system data model classes.In the designed cases, different actors in spatial planning, different types of RRRs, and lands with different legal statuses were used to demonstrate the representation capability of the proposed class diagrams.Additionally, the cases were integrated with ownership and RRR statuses from the land registration system.
package.LA_Party and LA_GroupParty classes were used according to the governance structures of the organizations.Spatial plan decisions are conveyed with the proposed Spatial Planning System classes.The RRRs produced by these decisions are included in the LAS system using the LADM_RRR class.In addition to the RRRs established by spatial plans, the 'agreement for care until death (OKVA),' which is based on contractual agreements among individuals added as annotations to land titles, was also represented in the LA_RRR class within the instancelevel diagrams.Thus, the representation of RRRs established by two different land administration functions in the same conceptual model was investigated.The land object for which spatial plan decisions establish land use decisions was represented in the TPS_Parcel class as cadastral parcel number 12.The land registration data of this F I G U R E 5 LADM core classes associated with the Turkish spatial planning system information package and designed new code lists.parcel was also input into the TPS_Parcel class as an attribute.The association of the TPS_Parcel class with the LA_SpatialUnit and LA_BAUnit classes has been established to ensure the spatial and legal status of the parcels.The second case representation differs from the first in that two zoning parcels, established through land development, were the subject of the inquiry.As parties, juridical and natural persons who develop spatial plans and direct planning with their opinions are represented by the class LA_Party.As in the first case, spatial plan F I G U R E 6 First zoning status case instance-level diagrams designed for cadastral parcels.
designed in CAD correspond to the spatial reflection of the featureType classes in the proposed conceptual model.A database engine for storing and managing geographic data is required to establish the database connection with the designed objects.Netcad GIS program uses Microsoft Access Database Engine for data storage and management purposes.The program has created connections to establish the relationship between the objects and the F I G U R E 8 Three spatial plans produced for the same city with different scopes: (a) environmental plan, (b) land use zoning plan, and (c) binding implementation plan.database.ParcelInfo and Constructions tables have been prepared for planning objects, and Environmental Plan (EP), Land Use Zoning Plan (LUZP) and Binding Implementation Plan (BIP) tables for spatial plans.Subsequently, the data determined as class attributes in the conceptual model have been entered into the tables to form the columns of the tables.Following the features specified as data types in the conceptual model classes, they are reflected in the tables with the data types offered by the Microsoft Access database engine (Figure 10).

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Planning object entities designed in the Netcad: (a) zoning blocks and parcels, (b) cadastral block and parcels.F I G U R E 1 0 Attributes and values specified in the conceptual model-based DBMS for planning objects and spatial plan objects: (a) parcel attributes, (b) spatial plan attributes and (c) construction attributes.the presented conceptual model with the LADM Turkey country profile is validated with instance-level diagrams to test its suitability and effectiveness for different scenarios and use cases.The implementation of the conceptual model to the technical model was carried out in a GIS-supported CAD program that includes a physical data model to demonstrate the design's practical use and potential challenges.The proposed conceptual model is based on the Turkish spatial planning system requirements analyzed in chapter two.The model can present the characteristics of spatial plans, the parties in the spatial planning process and the relationship between spatial plans.The model, designed using the Turkey LADM country profile classes, allows the spatial planning and land registration systems to be presented in an integrated LAS.The model covers spatial land use decisions in the main hierarchy but excludes special purpose plans and non-spatial strategic land use plans.In addition, the decisions of spatial strategy plans, which are still in the preparation phase and are at the highest level of the Turkish spatial planning system, are also kept out of the model.Considering that spatial plans are generally produced under the guidance of sectoral plans and strategic decisions, the scope of the model can be improved in this context so that spatial plans can be handled as a system in future studies.In this way, a comprehensive model can be designed for the background of land use decisions and all processes in the planning process.Spatial plans are closely related to two other functions of land administration besides land tenure: land value and land development.As a result of land use decisions established by spatial plans, the market value of land, demand and tax rates may change.Physical and legal land development processes are likely to be involved to realize the land use assigned by spatial plans.Improving the LADM Turkey country profile to represent other land administration function could be the subject of future studies.Thus, an illustrative conceptual model for integrated LASs that secures RRRs generated by all land administration functions can be proposed.Testing the developed model with instance-level diagrams according to use cases is helpful for questioning its usability and accuracy.This study determines the zoning status certificate query that can conceptually test the LADM Turkey country profile extended with the spatial planning system as a mission.Instance-level diagrams were prepared for two different cases.In line with these cases, UML class diagrams were updated for problems and improvements in the representation capability of the conceptual model.The conceptual model resulting from the revision can provide representativeness for spatial plan-land registration data and relationships for two different use scenarios, including cadastral or zoning objects and structures.It also provides an answer to the first research question.To demonstrate

BuildingHeight Overlay_BIP_ FrontYard Distance Overlay_BIP_ SideYardDistance Overlay_BIP_ BackYard Distance Overlay_LUZP_ LUZPID Overlay_LUZP_Scale Overlay_LUZP_
. One of the practices of LADM is to realize technical models for implementation(van Oosterom & Lemmen, 2015).Conceptual models can evolve into database applications through logical and physical model transformation.Whether desktop or webbased, applications need databases to store, manage, categorize data, and serve analytics.The proposed conceptual model was transferred to a database management system in a GIS environment employing Microsoft Access Data Engine without using an intermediate format.This process aims to identify the challenges of the conceptual model in terms of practice and to modify the conceptual model by addressing the challenges.Functions such as tables, rows, columns and key attributes used in the mapping to the physical model have counterparts to most database management systems (for instance Oracle Database, MySQL, and MongoDB).The application of the model to the The intersection table resulting from the overlay analysis (the table has been converted into a format that can be presented in the study).
query of the zoning status certificate in this study is strong proof that the proposed model can be used in different land administration applications by following a similar path.Tables and table elements can directly represent the classes and class properties provided by the LADM conceptual model in the physical database.The generalization, compositions and aggregation association types used in the proposed conceptual model can be transferred to the physical model with keys and the requirement option.However, how other association types, such as realization, can be transferred is not investigated since other associations are not included in the model.Furthermore, transferringTA B L E A 1Workspace A PPE N D I X A