Hypothesis on the evolution of the Cdkn2 locus. (a) Loss of Cdkn2 occurred multiple times. (b) Evolution of microsynteny at the Cdkn2 locus. Cdkn2e is a hypothetical transient gene.

After the first mitosis of a single epithelial cell embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM), the cell doublet typically displays “inverted” polarity, and correct cystogenesis requires polarity reorientation, a process containing apical protein endocytosis from the ECM-abutting periphery and apical vesicle exocytosis to the cell–cell contact site. In apical protein endocytosis, ECM-induced clustering of β1-integrin appears to activate Rac1 provably via Tiam1, a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Rac1–GTP formed interacts with its effector IQGAP1, and the Rac1-bound IQGAP1 then associates with the AP2 complex, leading to apical protein endocytosis.

Asymmetric cell division, which balances self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. Asymmetric division of cancer stem cells, called tumor-initiating cells, is closely associated with tumor formation. Further understanding of asymmetric stem cell division will contribute to the development of novel therapies.

A two-well silicone insert for cell co-cultivation was used because this method makes it possible to obtain photos of the two cell types simultaneously after immunostaining, with subsequent comparison of their protein expression levels. After MOC1 and MOC1-ZEB1 cells were seeded separately in two-well silicone inserts, actin cytoskeleton reorganization was visualized by tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-phalloidin staining.

We found that daily regular exercise suppressed liver cancer development in a mouse model. The exercise group showed upregulated circadian genes, potentially contributing to cancer prevention. Additionally, exercise led to post-translational degradation of E2F1 and c-Myc, possibly mediated by Cry2 binding to the SCF^FBXL3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This novel mechanism sheds light on exercise's impact on cancer prevention.