Cover: The cover image is from the Invited Review Article How does the lower urinary tract contribute to bladder sensation? ICI-RS 2023 by Grundy L, Wyndaele JJ, Hashitani H, et al. Neurourol Urodyn. 2024;43(6):1293-1302. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.25316. Figure 1. Sensory innervation of the bladder. Afferent nerves innervate throughout the bladder wall. Detrusor innervating afferents (muscular afferents) detect bladder stretch. Afferent nerves innervating the urothelium (mucosal afferents) do not respond to stretch, but may have a crucial role in detecting bladder inflammation, cell destruction, and neurotransmitters released from the urothelium. The urothelium releases an array of neurotransmitters during bladder stretch, including ATP, ACh, and NO, which can interact with bladder afferents, interstitial cells of the lamina propria, and urothelial cells. Muscular mucosal afferents respond to both bladder stretch and urothelial stroking. Sensory signals are relayed to the central nervous system via the hypogastric, pelvic, and pudendal nerves, which project to the dorsal horn of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord, respectively. Second-order neurons activated within the spinal cord synapse in the thalamus or the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain. Thalamic projections provide input into limbic and cortical structures to provide the emotional affective and conscious component of the voiding reflex pathway. Alterations in the intensity of sensory signals from the bladder can therefore have profound impacts on bladder sensation. ACh, acetylcholine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GAG, glycosaminoglycan; HGN, hypogastric nerve; NO, nitric oxide; PN, pelvic nerve; PP, pelvic plexus.