We describe a technique for triggering asexual reproduction by budding in vitro and have monitored bud development. The natural properties of Oscarella lobularis buds and the technical tools we developed make them a new biological system for getting insights into sponge molecular and cellular processes.

Karyotypes of sister cryptic species of narrow-headed voles differ in some chromosome characteristics; high B chromosome polymorphism was detected within one of the species, Lasiopodomys gregalis. Meiotic behavior of B chromosomes is similar to that of sex chromosomes which appears to help them overcome the pachytene checkpoint.

In this work, we evaluated the influence of paraphalanges on the organization of the limbs of gekkotans. One of our main results reveals that paraphalanges increase modularity along the proximaldistal dimension and generate greater integration of the neighboring digits across the lateromedial dimension.