(a) Hematoxylin and eosin staining reveals the morphology of the donkey cerebellum. Purkinje cells are characterized by a flask shape (P), dendrites with a tree-like appearance (arrowheads), an open-faced nucleus (arrow), deep-stained nucleus (thin arrow), stellate cells (S), basket cells (B), myelinated cells (A), molecular layer (Mol) and the granular cell layer (G). (b) Immunoreactivity of synaptophysin (SP) in the donkey cerebellum. SP immunoreactivity is observed in all layers of the cerebellar cortex, including the molecular layer (Mol), dendrites extending through the molecular layer (arrow), basket cells (B), Purkinje cell layers (P), the granular layer (G), and unipolar brush cells (arrowhead). (c) Immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the molecular layer of the donkey cerebellum, highlighting stellate cells (arrowheads), basket cells (B), and Purkinje cells. (d) Immunoreactivity of calretinin (CR) in the molecular layer (Mol). Dendrites show strong CR immunoreactivity (arrowheads), while the soma of Purkinje cells exhibits weak immunoreactivity (arrows). Purkinje cell layer (P) is also visible. (e) Immunofluorescent labeling of SP in green, with nuclei counterstained using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in blue. This image shows the outer molecular layer (Mol), granular layer (G), Purkinje cell layer (P), numerous Purkinje cells (arrows), and Purkinje cell dendrites (arrowheads). (f) Immunofluorescent expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in red, with DAPI counterstaining in blue. This image highlights the abundance of Purkinje cell soma (arrows) and Purkinje cell dendrites (arrowheads). (g) Scanning electron microscopy image of enlarged portions of the Purkinje and granular layers, revealing Purkinje cells (PC), dendrites (d), granular cells (g), axons (A), and small projections (s). (h) Transmission electron microscopy image showing the internal structures of Purkinje cells, including a spherical nucleus (N) with a prominent nucleolus (arrow) and granular cells (g). (a–f) (Mag: 400X, Bar = 50 µm), (g) (Bar = 500 nm), (h) ((Mag: 800X, Bar = 2 µm).

Tardigrades species exhibit differential sensitivity to synthetic acid rain and natural occurring acids based on pH, acid nature, exposure duration, and species (freshwater species exhibit greater resistance). Aragonite piercing stylets of feeding apparatus maintain their morphology when tardigrades are exposed to acids.

Urban diets impact House Sparrows. This study examines how bar snack food and pet food affect physical condition, nutrition, and oxidative stress in captive sparrows. Bar snack food causes anemia and malnutrition, while cat food increases oxidative stress. Unhealthy urban diets harm House Sparrows, irrespective of pollution.