• Issue
    Volume 19, Issue 9
    i, 667-721
    September 2014
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COVER IMAGE

Free Access

FoF1 ATPase (also known as ATP synthase) exists in mitochondrial inner membranes and bacterial plasma membranes to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by using electrochemical gradient of protons (H+) between inside and outside of the membranes. Fo is integrated in the membranes and thought to have a rotor ring that rotates horizontally. F1 has a dome–like structure comprised of three α and three β subunits that are alternately arranged, which is anchored to the membranes to prevent rotation. Shaft–like γ subunit connects the center of the rotor ring of Fo and F1. As protons flow down the gradient across the membranes through Fo, the rotor ring of Fo and γ rotate, and the spin force of γ against αβ complex is used to synthesize ATP molecules. In this drawing, a waterwheel (Fo) is rotated by the gradient of water (represents proton gradient), and series of three coins (which represent ATP) are generated from the ‘apparatus’ (αβ of F1), which is made from six boards being attached to the front side of the waterwheel. A man in the back takes a role to transport protons to the outside of membranes to produce proton gradient. Designed by TRAIS Co., Ltd. (Kobe, Japan)

  • Pages: i
  • First Published: 21 August 2014

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Free Access

Suppression of the TGF-β1-induced protein expression of SNAI1 and N-cadherin by miR-199a

Toshihiro Suzuki,  Kiyohito Mizutani,  Akihiro Minami,  Kentaro Nobutani,  Souichi Kurita,  Masato Nagino,  Yohei Shimono,  Yoshimi Takai, 
  • Pages: 667-675
  • First Published: 10 July 2014
Free Access

Effect of truncated neurokinin-1 receptor expression changes on the interaction between human breast cancer and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Yunli Zhou,  Duo Zuo,  Meng Wang,  Yongci Zhang,  Man Yu,  Jie Yang,  Zhi Yao, 
  • Pages: 676-691
  • First Published: 06 August 2014
Free Access

JSAP1 and JLP are required for ARF6 localization to the midbody in cytokinesis

Baljinnyam Tuvshintugs,  Tokiharu Sato,  Radnaa Enkhtuya,  Katsumi Yamashita,  Katsuji Yoshioka, 
  • Pages: 692-703
  • First Published: 06 August 2014
Open Access

Formation of nuclear bodies by the lncRNA Gomafu-associating proteins Celf3 and SF1

Akira Ishizuka,  Yuko Hasegawa,  Kentaro Ishida,  Kaori Yanaka,  Shinichi Nakagawa, 
  • Pages: 704-721
  • First Published: 21 August 2014