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ISSUE COVER
Issue Cover (July 2022)
- Pages: i
- First Published: 08 June 2022

Front cover:
Cover image by Ayman Alzu'bi: Localisation of Sonic Hedgehog mRNA expression by RNAScope in situ hybridisation on a sagittal section of a Carnegie stage 23/8 post-conceptional week human embryo close to the midline. See G. Clowry and colleagues, ‘Tyramide signal amplification coupled with multiple immunolabeling and RNAScope in situ hybridization in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded human fetal brain’, this issue.
ISSUE INFORMATION
ORIGINAL PAPERS
Morphological correspondence between brain and endocranial surfaces in mice exposed to undernutrition during development
- Pages: 1-12
- First Published: 07 February 2022

Size and shape variation was studied in brain and endocranial surfaces of mice exposed to different diets with the purpose to determine the effect of early nutrient restriction on morphological correspondence between both structures. 3D reconstructions were obtained from micro-computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Results suggest that morphological variation and association between the brain and the endocast is modulated by maternal nutrient intake.
Utility of a flexed neck sagittal magentic resonance imaging sequence for the assessment of cerebellomedullary cistern in dogs
- Pages: 13-19
- First Published: 09 February 2022
REVIEW ARTICLE
Von Economo neurons: Cellular specialization of human limbic cortices?
- Pages: 20-32
- First Published: 17 February 2022
METHODS
Tyramide signal amplification coupled with multiple immunolabeling and RNAScope in situ hybridization in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded human fetal brain
- Pages: 33-41
- First Published: 27 February 2022
ORIGINAL PAPERS
Comprehensive expression analysis for the core cell cycle regulators in the chicken embryo reveals novel tissue-specific synexpression groups and similarities and differences with expression in mouse, frog and zebrafish
- Pages: 42-66
- First Published: 10 February 2022

Coordinated cell division is important for embryonic development and for the adult body to work correctly; deregulated cell division causes diseases such as cancer. This study comprehensively investigated the expression of cell cycle control genes in the chicken embryo. Novel tissue expression domains and sites of subcellular transcript accumulation were found. Moreover, unexpected differences between mouse, chicken, frog and zebrafish came to light, suggesting that care has to be taken when extrapolating from one model organism to another and to humans.
Growth and development of trabecular structure in the calcaneus of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) reflects locomotor behavior, life history, and neuromuscular development
- Pages: 67-81
- First Published: 17 February 2022

Age-related variation in trabecular bone structure of Japanese macaques is shaped by locomotor development, which, in turn, is shaped by interactions between neural circuits that develop in parallel to body size. These findings can be used to reconstruct locomotor ontogeny, neuromuscular maturation, and aspects of life history in fossil mammals.
Ontogenetic changes to metacarpal trabecular bone structure in mountain and western lowland gorillas
- Pages: 82-100
- First Published: 04 February 2022

This study investigates the ontogenetic changes in trabecular structure in western lowland and mountain gorilla third metacarpals and how these changes may reflect locomotor behaviour throughout development. We found that metacarpal trabecular structure reflects a higher frequency of grasping in early ontogeny and a shift to predominant knuckle walking locomotion in later ontogeny, but with an 'adaptive lag' between adult-like behaviour and adult-like trabecular structure that should be considered when analysing juvenile or young adult fossil specimens.
A proposed standard for quantifying 3-D hindlimb joint poses in living and extinct archosaurs
- Pages: 101-118
- First Published: 03 February 2022

We propose a standard approach for measuring the relative position and orientation of the major segments of the archosaur pelvis and hindlimb in 3-D. A set of shared conventions for describing pose and kinematics is essential for fostering comparison among species and for maximizing communication. We describe the construction of anatomical and joint coordinate systems using the extant guineafowl and alligator as examples and then apply our new standards to three extinct archosaurs.
Muscular anatomy of the forelimb of tiger (Panthera tigris)
- Pages: 119-144
- First Published: 02 February 2022

We describe the muscular anatomy of the tiger forelimb, and compare muscle origins, insertions, and relative muscle masses to other felids. Our results reiterate the conservative nature of felid anatomy across body sizes and behavioral categories. We find several differences in regional muscle mass between the two felid subfamilies, Pantherinae and Felinae, and identify modifications of tiger musculature that may reflect an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion and a preference for large prey.
How does bone microanatomy and musculature covary? An investigation in the forelimb of two species of martens (Martes foina, Martes martes)
- Pages: 145-167
- First Published: 09 March 2022

Species-specific muscular adaptations are not reflected in the bone microanatomy. Yet we observe a thickening of the bone cortex in the zeugopod of the more arboreal pine marten, as well as a muscular difference in the elbow of the two species, that we attribute to their different locomotor modes. We find a qualitative link between cortical thickness repartition and muscle strength in the humerus while it appears rather linked to bone contact zones and ligament insertions in the radius and ulna.
Aponeurosis linguae—Myocutaneous or myotendinous junctions of skeletal muscle fibres in the human tongue?
- Pages: 168-172
- First Published: 08 February 2022

The superficial tissue of the human tongue shows three distinct regions: 1. As seen in the figure, the central region shows a thick aponeurosis linguae and myo-tendinous insertions of the muscle fibers. 2. The lateral region showed a reduced aponeurosis and no muscle insertions. 3. The edge-wise and lower region showed no aponeurosis but myo-cutaneous junctions.
Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate
- Pages: 173-190
- First Published: 06 February 2022
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Correspondence: A combination of sectional micro-anatomy and micro-stereoscopic anatomy is an improved micro-dissection method
- Pages: 191-192
- First Published: 06 February 2022

It is easy to make errors in estimating the exact size and positioning of neural structures, especially when only using tomographic methods, as a lot of imagination and little precision is required. We found that combining the use of sectional micro-anatomy and micro-stereoscopic anatomy is much more accurate. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we believe that using improved methods to examine the neural structure is vital in future research on the micro-stereoscopic anatomy of the brain.
Correspondence: In reply to the correspondence by Jing-Zhan Wu and Chun-Hai Tang
- Pages: 193
- First Published: 02 February 2022
BOOK REVIEW
Photographic Atlas of Anatomy, 9th Edition
- Pages: 194
- First Published: 04 February 2022